Parent-Child Relationship Scale Research Articles

Relationship of Behavioral Disorders in Girls With Learning Disabilities With Parental Stress and Spiritual Well-being in Mothers in Shiraz City, Iran Mediated by Mother-child Interaction

Background and Objectives: Raising children with behavioral disorders is a stressful experience and many mothers experience parental stress. The present study aims to investigate the relationship of behavioral disorders in girls with learning disabilities (LDs) with parental stress and spiritual well-being in mothers in Shiraz City, Iran through the mediating role of mother-child interaction. Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included mothers of girls with learning disabilities in Shiraz, Iran in 2022. A total of 227 mothers of girls with learning disabilities were selected through random sampling. To collect data, the child behavior checklist, the parenting stress index (PSI), the child-parent relationship scale (CPRS), and the spiritual well-being scale (SWBS) were used. The proposed model was assessed using path analysis in SPSS, version 27 and AMOS. Results: The results showed that all direct paths except parenting stress to behavioral disorders in children were significant (P<0.01). In addition, indirect paths of parental stress and spiritual well-being to behavioral disorders in children mediated by mother-child interaction were significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results suggested that the corrected and final model had a good fit to the data and can be considered a helpful step towards understanding factors contributing to behavioral disorders in children with learning disabilities.

Relationship of Spiritual Well-being, Social Health, and Parent-Child Interaction with Health-Related Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Specific Learning Disorders

Background: Health encompasses physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and social dimensions. Parents' spiritual well-being can affect their social health and, therefore, their health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Objectives: In this study, we investigated the relationship between spiritual well-being, social health, parent-child interaction, and HRQOL in parents of children with specific learning disorders. Methods: This study investigated the relationship between spiritual well-being, social health, and the statistical population in this descriptive-correlational study comprised all parents of children with certain learning disorders in Andimeshk, Iran, in 2020. Through convenience sampling, 174 parents were selected as the sample. The study used instruments, including the Health-related Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire, Keyes's Social Wellbeing Questionnaire (KSWBQ), and the Pianta Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS). Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using Pearson correlation coefficients and simultaneous regression models. Results: There was a significant positive relationship between HRQOL and spiritual well-being, social health, and parent-child interaction (P < 0.001). In addition, the regression analysis demonstrated multiple correlations between HRQOL and spiritual well-being, social health, and parent-child interaction (R = 0.48, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The study found that spiritual well-being, social health, and parent-child interactions were essential in the HRQOL of parents of children with specific learning disabilities.

Beyond Screen Time: Exploring the Associations between Types of Smartphone Use Content and Adolescents' Social Relationships.

The past two decades have witnessed controversy over whether the use of digital technology has damaged or enhanced adolescents’ social relationships, which influences their development. In this study, we addressed this debate by specifying the effect of different types of smartphone use content on social relationships, rather than simply relying on screen time spent on digital media. To avoid selective analysis and report of different variables, we used specification curve analysis (SCA) in a large dataset (N = 46,018) to explore the correlations between 20 types of smartphone use content and adolescents’ social relationships (parent–child, peer, and teacher–student). The types of smartphone use content were measured by the revised version of Mobile Phone Use Pattern Scale, the Parent-Child Relationship Scale, the Peer Relationship Scale, and the Teacher-Student Relationship Scale assessed three different social relationships, respectively. Of the 20 types of smartphone use content, only playing games (negatively explaining 1% of the variation), taking online courses (positively explaining 1.6% of the variation), using search engines (positively explaining 1.2% of the variation), using a dictionary (positively explaining 1.3% of the variation), and obtaining life information (positively explaining 1.5% of the variation) showed a significant effect size. The association between smartphone use and adolescents’ social relationships depends on the various types of content with which adolescents engage during smartphone use. The various effects of different types of smartphone use content deserve the attention of both the public and policy-makers.

Parent-child relationship and academic achievement

Parent-child Relationship is an amalgamation of emotions, beliefs and practices followed by parents to nurture the psychological, physical and social development of the child. All these elements blend in unique ways for each parent and child to create improbable multiplicity in the qualities of these relationships. Parent-child relationship is an exceptional source to determine the personality and psycho-social development of children. It also affects academic achievement of the child in diverse ways. The rationale behind the study is to evaluate the relationship between academic achievement and parent child relationship of students. Researcher employed survey method to conduct the study. “Parent child relationship scale (PCRS-RN) developed by Nalini Rao (2016)” was used to collect data from 300 students of secondary school selected by following random sampling approach. Analysis of data was done by using statistical techniques, t-test and product moment correlation. The results of study showed that students having favourable and unfavourable parent-child relationship differ significantly in the academic achievement. It was observed that female secondary school students have more cordial relationship with their parents than male students. A significant positive correlation was observed between parent-child relationship and academic achievement of secondary school students.

The Influence of Parent-grandparent Co-parenting on Children’s Problem Behaviors and Its Potential Mechanisms

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the influence of parent-grandparent co-parenting on children’s problem behaviors and its potential mechanisms. Participants were 412 children aged 3 to 6 years from four kindergartens in Shanghai, China. Their mothers were asked to complete a series of questionnaires including the parent-grandparent co-parenting scale, parenting style scale, parent-child relationship scale, and their grandparents were asked to complete children’s behavior evaluation scale. Research Findings: The results showed that: (1) Supportive co-parenting was associated with less internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in preschool children, and unsupportive co-parenting was associated with more internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors; (2) Supportive parent-grandparent co-parenting was negatively associated with children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors mainly through maternal authoritative parenting and mother-child conflict, and unsupportive parent-grandparent co-parenting was positively associated with children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors mainly through maternal authoritarian parenting and mother-child conflict, or directly through mother-child conflict. Practice or Policy: These findings provide valuable information on the importance of parenting styles and parent-child relationships between parent-grandparent co-parenting and children’s problem behaviors in Chinese culture.

Examination of Home-Based Number and Operation Training Program on Early Mathematics Ability and Mother-Child Relationship

This study aims to examine the effect of the "Number and Operation Training Program" on early mathematics ability and mother-child relationship at home. In an experimental design, pre-test, post-test, permanence test were used with control groups. A total of 21 children and their mothers participated in the research; consisting of 13 children in the experimental group and 8 children in the control group in the Aksaray province (in Turkey). Personal Information Form, Early Mathematics Ability Test-3, Child-Parent Relationship Scale and Mother Interview Form were used as data collection tools. The training program had been implemented for 13 weeks prior to the data collection. The study found that the training program increased children's scores on early mathematics ability and the positive relationship with their mothers. Mothers stated that the most important contributions of the training program to their children were "recognizing numbers, learning numbers, learning geometric shapes, knowing the total number of objects displayed in the group, learning new games and playing games with family members". They also stated that the most important gains for them were “better relationship and quality time with their children and increased use of mathematics in daily life”.

The Effectiveness of Group Schema Therapy-based Parenting Education of Mothers on Modifying Maladaptive Schemas of the Child and Improving the Quality of the Parent-Child Relationship

Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of group schema therapy-based parenting education in modifying the child’s early maladaptive schemas and improving the parent-child relationship quality. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study’s statistical population includes all mothers and their daughters (8 to 10 years old, living in District 2 of Tehran City, Iran, who are students in 2020-2021). Among 65 mothers willing to participate in the study, 40 were selected by the available sampling method, according to the inclusion criteria. Then, they were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 people in the experimental and control groups. In this study, the schema inventory for children (by Rijkeboer & De Boo) and the parent-child relationship scale (by Pinata) were used. The data of this study were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: Data analysis showed that parenting education had a significant effect on schemas of vulnerability, mistrust/abuse, failure, submission, unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness, self-sacrifice, and entitlement/grandiosity, but on the schemas of loneliness, defectiveness/shame, enmeshment/undeveloped self, and insufficient self-control/self-discipline had no significant effect. Data analysis also showed that parenting education significantly affects the subscales of closeness, dependence, and total positive relationship but has no significant effect on the conflict subscale. Conclusion: The present study shows that group schema therapy-based parenting education for mothers is effective in modifying some of the early maladaptive schemas of children and improving the quality of the parent-child relationship.

Effectiveness of Conscious Parenting Training Based on Imago Therapy Approach on the Interaction of Mother-child Mothers of Children With Learning Disabilities

Objective: This research aimed to investigate the effect of Conscious Parenting Training Based on the Imago therapy approach on the interaction of mother-child mothers of children with learning disabilities. Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test design, and control group. The statistical population included all mothers who have learning disabilities children in Hamedan city in the year of 2019 from which a sample of 30 people was chosen through available sampling and were randomly divided into two control (n=15) and experimental groups (n=15). Both groups sat for the pre-test and the experimental group received Conscious Parenting in 4 sections with 8 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive this treatment. In the end, for both groups, the post-test was performed. The research tool included Pianta Child-Parent Relationship Scale (1994). Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for analyzing the data. Results: The results showed that Conscious Parenting had a significant effect on the interaction and also conflict, closeness, and dependency subscale in mothers of children with learning disabilities (P<0.001). Conclusion: It is recommended that this method can be used to inform parents about conscious communication with their children.

A Study on the Impact of Parent-child Relationship and Socioeconomic Status on Problem Behaviour among Children

Aim: The aim of study was to examine whether there exists significant difference in problem behavior among children with the variation in socioeconomic status in the family and parent child relationship (mother-child and father-child relationship).
 Study Design: A cross-sectional analytical study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Data collected in group (maximum with 20 participants by maintaining necessary Covid protocols) at schools in Kolkata with special appointment and after taking consent from the school authority and the participants in November, 2021.
 Methodology: 100 Bengali parents as participants from Kolkata with 30 to 45 years of age and having children within 10 years of age were included following necessary inclusion criteria. The tools used for the study were an information schedule, modified Kuppuswamy SES scale, the Child Behaviour Checklist and parent child relationship scale.
 Results: Results revealed that the problem behavior in children differed significantly due to the variation in socioeconomic status of the family and parent child relationship (in terms of mother child and father child relationship). Thus, the impact of socioeconomic status and parent child relationship on problem behavior among children is significant (P< .001).
 Conclusion: The present study concludes that there are significant impact of socioeconomic status and parent child relationship on problem behavior of the children. The present study has implications in emphasizing that socioeconomic status of the family and nature of parent child relationship play a pivotal role in generating internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors sometimes separately and sometimes together which gradually may turn into developing chronic psychological disturbances. Therefore, immediate measures should be taken to develop concern and to implement psychological intervention.

The Relationship between Parent-Child Relationship and Perceived Stress among Adolescents in Kerala

The 21st century has been plagued with the advent of technological advances that has significantly diminished the value of parent-child relationships among adolescents. The present quantitative study examines how parent child relationship affects stress levels among adolescents and was conducted among a young adolescents group with a sample size of 60 individuals. The tools used for conducting the study was Perceived Stress scale, Parent-Child relationship scale and the socio-demographic sheet. A correlational analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between stress and parent-child relationship along with simple linear regression to explain the relationship. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between stress and parent-child relationship with respect to both, mother and father-child relationships. By establishing parental warmth, care, and affection it is possible to regulate any distress resulting in lower stress for adolescents. The effects of a positive-parent child relationship can also be extended to helping manage academic stress by providing parental support and alleviating concerns of loneliness in managing crisis. Other noteworthy benefits of a positive parent-child relationship are in helping children to build confidence among themselves thereby enabling them to handle potentially demanding future events as well. In light of these findings, it may be argued that the effects of parent-child relationship, explored in the present study have long-term implications for children in general.

The Use of Advanced Integrative Therapy with C-PTSD and Intergenerational Trauma Transmission

Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) pose health problems in the United States, and intergenerational relational trauma plays a role in the continuation and transmission of these issues. Advanced Integrative Therapy (AIT), a novel treatment, was used to treat a case of C-PTSD. The client’s chief concern was a flare-up of anxiety, relational distress, and fibromyalgia that occurred when they (chosen pronoun) accepted custody of their nephew. Over a span of nine 90-minute sessions, the clinician assessed progress using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5; Weathers et al., 2013) to measure PTSD symptoms; the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ; Cloitre et al., 2018), which measures C-PTSD symptoms according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision (ICD-11); the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS; Pianta, 1992), which measures connection and conflict in the caregiver-child relationship; and the Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) scale (Wolpe, 1969), which rates the client’s current level of distress or discomfort. The clinician also used the self-report questionnaire Helpful Aspects of Therapy (HAT; Llewelyn et al., 1988) and the Change Interview (CI) method (Elliott et al., 2001) to measure client experience and perspective. After treatment with AIT, the client no longer met criteria for C-PTSD and showed dramatic improvement in intergenerational relationship satisfaction. In addition, there was a rapid reduction of hard to eradicate C-PTSD symptoms as well as reduction in the quantity and intensity of fibromyalgia induced pain. Use of AIT with caregivers could interrupt the transmission of intergenerational trauma thereby reducing or preventing ACEs by increasing emotional regulation and resilience.

Parental relationship with children during covid-19 lockdown in Punjab Pakistan

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The Western studies had reported a change in parent child relationship during COVID-19 lockdown. The present study was conducted to assess the parental relationship with children during COVID-19 lockdown in Punjab province of Pakistan.
 METHODOLOGY: The study involved correlational research design. 529 parents from the Punjab province were recruited using a Google Form based questionnaire, which also contained information about the nature of the study and informed consent. The study was conducted from March 2020 to May 2020. The study was duly approved by Research Ethics Committee at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur vide No. REC/B/G-3/2020-S. The participants were required to give their consent for participation in the online study. The Child Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) was appended to a single questionnaire to collect the data. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 25, was used for statistical analysis. The correlation analysis, t-test, and analysis of variance were used to compute results.
 RESULTS: The study found a statistically significant positive correlation between closeness and dependence and a positive significant but weak correlation of conflict with both closeness and dependence. The mothers had more closeness and dependence with their children as compared to fathers. There were found no age wise differences in a parental relationship for conflicts, closeness, and dependence.
 CONCLUSION: The study concluded that mothers had more closeness and dependence with their children as compared to fathers. Moreover, the age of parents had no effect on their relationship with children.

Effect of acceptance and commitment therapy combined with compassion-focused therapy on behavioral problems and mother-child interactions in children with hearing impairment

Background and Aim: Hearing loss is and invi­sible disability that adversely affects the quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) combined with compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on behavioral problems and mother-child interactions in children with hearing impairment. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest/posttest design using a control gro­up. The study population consists of all mothers of children with hearing impairment in Yazd, Iran. A total of 30 mothers were selected using a purposive sampling method, and randomly assi­gned into control (n = 15) and intervention (n = 15) groups. The intervention group received ACT combined with CFT at eight sessions of 90 minutes, one session per week, while the control did not receive any treatment. Data collections tool were the Parent-Child Relationship Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist. Data were ana­lyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The intervention had a significant effect on mother-child interaction and behavioral prob­lems in children with hearing impairment. Conclusion: ACT combined with CFT can be used for intervention of mothers of children with hearing loss to reduce the behavioral problems of their children and improve their interactions with them. Keywords: Acceptance and commitment therapy; compassion focused therapy; behavioral problems; parent-child interaction; children with hearing impairment

An analysis of parents’ perceived stress and the parent-child relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objectives: The measures taken by governments to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have changed millions of people’s daily lives. This study analyzes parents’ perceived stress and parent–child relationship while staying home due to lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The sample for this descriptive and cross-sectional study comprised 521 parents with children aged 4–18 years. Data were collected online using a Personal Information Form, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4), and Child Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) between 2 and 27 April 2020 in Turkey. Findings: The mean age of the study participants was 38.98±6.578 years, and 53.2% of participants were female. The parents’ mean PSS-4 and CPRS scores were 8.45±2.37 and 53.62±11.71, respectively. Of the parents, 44.0% stated that the days spent in the “Staying Home” period strengthened their relationships with their children, and 56.4% thought that it had provided them with the opportunity to take better care of their child. Mothers’ mean CPRS conflict scores were significantly higher than those of the fathers, and a negative relationship was found between the PSS-4 and CPRS positive-relationship sub-dimensions. Conclusion: Psychosocially supporting interventions should be planned for parents, especially mothers, who hold the most responsibility concerning housework and childcare during situations affecting the life adversely. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(5) 2021 p.97-107

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Suicidal Ideation Among Children and Adolescents Attending a Pediatric HIV Clinic in Uganda.

Background: Suicidal behavior and HIV/AIDS are vital public health challenges especially in low and middle-income countries. As suicide in adults is perturbing for those closest to them, this sentiment is much more intense and generalized in the case of a child or adolescent. Knowledge of factors associated with suicidal ideation in HIV infected children and adolescents may inform suicide prevention strategies needed to improve their quality of life. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation among HIV infected children and adolescents attending a pediatric HIV clinic in Uganda. Methods: Data from a sample of 271 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years living with HIV/AIDS attending a pediatric HIV clinic was analyzed. Child characteristics and clinical variables were assessed using a socio-demographic questionnaire and medical records respectively. Suicidal ideation and depression were assessed using the Child Depression Inventory. The types of behavioral problems and the parent–child relationship were assessed using Child Behavioral Check List (6–18 years) and the Parent Child Relationship Scale respectively. Child exposure to different stressful life events was assessed with a series of standardized questions. Logistic regression models were used to explore factors independently associated with suicidal ideation. Results: The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 17%. In the multivariate analysis; Child exposure to family or friend’s death (prevalence rate ratio (PRR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.01–4.03), p = 0.046), HIV wasting syndrome (PRR = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.21–0.75, p = 0.04), Depression (PRR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03–1.12, p = 0.001), Anxiety symptoms (PRR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01–1.20, p = 0.024) and Rule breaking behavior (PRR = 1.06; 95% CI, 0.99–1.13, p = 0.051) were independently associated with suicidal ideations. Conclusion: The prevalence of suicidal ideation among children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS is substantial. Children and adolescents with exposure to family or friend’s death, those with higher depression scores, anxiety symptoms and rule breaking behavior are more likely to report suicidal ideation. Those with HIV wasting syndrome were less likely to report suicidal ideation. There is urgent need for HIV care providers to screen for suicide and link to mental health services.

Effectiveness of Training Child-Oriented Mindfulness Skills on the Parent-Child Interaction and Social Behaviors of the Children with Low Self-Control

Introduction and purpose: Behavioral problems such as low self-control cause communicational and psychological damages in the children. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of child-oriented mindfulness skills on the parent-child interaction and the children’s social behaviors with low self-control. Methodology: The present study was experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. The statistical population of the present study included the children with low self-control in the city of Isfahan in academic year 2020-21. 40 children were selected through multi-stage clustered random sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 20 children). The experimental group received ten seventy-five-minute sessions of intervention regarding child-oriented mindfulness skills (Burdic, 2017) during two-and-a-half months. Three children from the experimental group and two from the control group were omitted from the study. The applied questionnaires in this study included Children's Self-control Questionnaire, Parent child relationship scale or PCRS by and social skills questionnaire. The data from the study were analyzed through ANCOVA method via SPSS23 software. Findings: The results showed that training child-oriented mindfulness skills have significant effect on the parent-child interaction (0.57) and social behaviors (0.50) of the children with low self-control (p<0.001). Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that training child-oriented mindfulness skills can be employed as an efficient method to improve parent-child interaction and social behaviors of the children with low self-control through employing techniques such as mindful emotions and thoughts and being in the present time.

Modelling the potential for parenting skills interventions to reduce inequalities and population prevalence of children's mental health problems: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study.

Parenting programmes can improve parenting quality and, in turn, children's mental health. If scaled-up, they have the potential to reduce population inequalities and prevalence in child mental health problems (MHP). However, this cannot be investigated with trials. Using data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (18,000 children born 2000–2002), we simulated population impact of scale-up of seven parenting programmes. Predicted probabilities of child MHP (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) by household income quintile (Risk ratios [RRs] and differences [RDs], 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were estimated from logistic marginal structural models, adjusting for parenting quality scores (Child-Parent Relationship Scale at 3 years) and confounders. The impact of scaling-up parenting programmes was simulated by re-estimating predicted probabilities of child MHP after increasing parenting scores according to intervention intensity, targeting mechanisms and programme uptake levels. Analyses included data from 14,399 children, with survey weights and multiple imputation addressing sampling design, attrition and item missingness. Prevalence of child MHP at 5 years was 11.3% (11.4% unadjusted), with relative and absolute income inequalities (RR = 4.8[95%CI:3.6–5.9]; RD = 15.8%[13.4–18.2]). In simulations, universal, non-intensive parenting programmes reduced prevalence (9.4%) and absolute inequalities (RR = 5.0[95%CI:3.8–6.2]; RD = 13.6%[11.5–15.7]). Intensive programmes, targeting a range of potential risk criteria (e.g. receipt of means-tested benefits), reduced inequalities (RR = 4.0[95%CI:3.0–4.9]; RD = 12.4%[10.3–14.6] and, to a lesser extent, prevalence (10.3%). By simulating implementation of parenting programmes, we show that universal non-intensive and targeted intensive approaches have the potential to reduce child MHP at population level, and to reduce but not eliminate inequalities, with important implications for future policy and practice.

The Role of Mental Health of Mothers of Children With Learning Disabilities in the Relationship Between Parental Stress, Mother-child Interaction, and Children’s Behavioral Disorders

Background: Behavioral problems are common in childhood, presenting debilitating conditions that cause numerous difficulties for the affected children and their families. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental stress and mother-child interaction, and children’s behavioral disorders with the mediating role of mental health in the mothers of children with learning disabilities. Methods: The research population of this descriptive-correlational study consisted of the mothers of all students with learning disabilities in Adnimeshk City, Iran, in 2020. Applying the convenience sampling method, 210 students were selected as the study sample. The research instruments included the Child Behavior Checklist, the Parental Stress Scale, the Child-Parent Relationship Scale, and the Mental Health Questionnaire. The proposed model was evaluated using path analysis in AMOS v. 24. Results: The obtained results indicated a direct and significant relationship between parental stress and children’s behavioral disorders (β=0.321, P=0.0001), as well as mother-child interaction and mothers’ mental health (β=0.255, P=0.001). There was a negative relationship between mother-child interaction and children’s behavioral disorders (β=-0.148, P=0.019), as well as parental stress and mothers’ mental health (β=-0.581, P=0.0001). Furthermore, the collected results presented a reverse and significant relationship between mothers’ mental health and children’s behavioral disorders (β=-0.360, P=0.0001). The indirect path analysis data revealed that mothers’ mental health played a mediating role in the relationship between parental stress, mother-child interaction, and children’s behavioral disorders (P=0.001). Conclusion: According to the present research results, the model proposed in this study was favorably fitted; thus, it can be considered as an important step in identifying the factors affecting behavioral disorders in students with learning disabilities.

Association of Peer Support and Parent-Child Interaction with Subjective Well-Being through the Mediation of Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Students with Hearing Impairment

Background: Subjective well-being is considered as one of the most important indicators of adolescents’ health. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy beliefs in the causal relationships of peer support and parent-child interaction with the subjective well-being of students with hearing impairment in Kermanshah city in 2019.Methods: The study was a descriptive correlation performed employing path analysis. The statistical population comprised 268 girl students with hearing impairment in Kermanshah city, 146 of which were selected as the sample using stratified random sampling. In the present research, we utilized Ryff ’s Psychological Well-Being Scales, the Peer Support Questionnaire, Child-Parent Relationship Scale, and Self-Efficacy Beliefs Questionnaire.Results: The mean±SD of subjective well-being, peer support, parent-child interaction, and self-efficacy beliefs were respectively 53.10±23.86, 47.72±13.51, 101.20±23.78, and 43.20±12.96. A direct and positive association was observed between peer support and subjective well-being (β=0.167, P=0.0001), peer support and self-efficacy beliefs (β=0.398, P=0.0001), parent-child interaction and self-efficacy beliefs (β=0.544, P=0.0001), and between self-efficacy beliefs and subjective well-being (β=0.429, P=0.0001). The results of path analysis indicated that self-efficacy beliefs played a mediating role in the association between peer support (β=0.177, P=0.0001) and parent-child interaction (β=0.193, P=0.0001) with subjective well-being.Conclusion: According to our results, the proposed model was of good efficiency. Accordingly, by strengthening and improving peer support relationships, parent-child interaction and self-efficacy beliefs can improve the subjective well-being of deaf adolescents.

Parent-Child Relationship and Students’ Academic Achievement: A Study of Secondary School Students

Parent-child relationship has been considered as part of parental involvement process and consists of a combination of behaviours, feelings and expectations that are unique to a particular parent and particular child. This study explores how parent-child relationship is influenced by taking into account demographic factors viz. gender, type of school and academic achievement. Data has been collected by using parent-child Relationship Scale (PCRS-RN) developed by Rao (2011) from the 200 secondary school students selected from four schools of Sidhwan Belt Block of Ludhiana District following non-probability approach of sampling. The results of the study indicated that secondary school students perceive their parents differently on different dimensions of parent-child relationship on the basis of gender, type of school and academic achievement. It seems that not only academic achievement but other socio-contextual variables also play an important role in shaping the relationship between parents and children.