Nutritional Status Of Children Research Articles

Evaluation of Weight, Height, Body Mass Index, and Nutritional Status of Children With and Without Orofacial Cleft in Nigeria.

To compare the weight, height, BMI and nutritional status of patients with and without cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CLP). Cross-sectional study. Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Patients with CLP and a control group of participants without CLP aged between 1 month and 6 years. All patients in the CLP group had not received surgical or nutritional intervention. Weight, height, BMI, their respective percentiles, and nutritional status according to the WHO 2006 growth curves of participants. Patients with CLP (n = 60, 21 males, 39 females, mean age: 19.1 months) had significantly lower percentile weight and height compared to those of controls (n = 60, 26 females, mean age, 23.6 months) in univariate analyses (all p < 0.01). Multivariate linear regression revealed significant interactions with age group for weight. In addition, proportions of underweight and short stature were significantly higher in the CLP group compared to the control group (all p < 0.05), and these significant differences were dependent on the age group with between-group significant differences only in age groups less than 25 months. Overall, patients with CLP had significantly lower weight, height, BMI and nutritional status than their unaffected peers, and these differences were dependent on age group. Significantly lower nutritional status was seen in patients with CLP up to 24 months of age, which highlights the need for early nutritional intervention in the management of CLP.

Do we neglect nutrition in childhood interstitial lung disease?

Growth failure and inadequate weight gain are common problems in childhood interstitial lung diseases (chILD) and these children usually need high calories. It is important to manage both pulmonary functions and nutrition as part of their overall treatment plan and early interventions will help children to improve their quality of life and slow the progression of chronic lung disease. Nutritional evaluation on routine clinical follow-up is important, although there are not any specific guidelines for chILD. Nutritional education, high balanced energy, protein, and fat diet will assist to improve weight gain and maintenance of adequate nutrition status in children with ILD.

Relationship between macro- and micronutrient intakes with undernutrition among toddlers aged 12-23 months in Aceh, Indonesia

Introduction: Foods consumed contain macro- and micronutrients necessary for the growth and development of children. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between macronutrient and micronutrient intakes with undernutrition in toddlers aged 12-23 months. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 Integrated Healthcare Centres (Posyandu) in Simpang Tiga, Aceh Besar Regency. A total of 138 toddlers were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data collected included family demographics, characteristics, nutritional status of children, and food consumption for macro- and micronutrient intake analyses. Results: Prevalence of malnutrition in toddlers was relatively high – severe underweight and underweight totaled 23.2%, severe wasting and wasting 18.1%, and severe stunting and stunting 27.5%. Significant associations (p&lt;0.05) were found between underweight and intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, thiamin, and niacin. Wasting was significantly associated (p&lt;0.05) with intakes of energy, protein, and vitamin A. Stunting was significantly associated (p&lt;0.05) with intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. Conclusion: Certain macro- and micronutrient intakes were correlated with undernutrition in toddlers. The results of this study can be used as a reference for planning the development of supplementary feeding programmes for children aged 12-23 months, considering that the critical period of child growth and development is in the first 1000 days of life.

The Contribution of Forgotten Foods for Supporting Food Security in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta – Indonesia

Background: Gunungkidul, one of the districts in the special region of Yogyakarta – Indonesia, was reported to have a significant number of food-insecure villages. However, it conserved various forgotten protein-source food as a regional heritage delicacy. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of forgotten foods (edible insects, aquatic animals, indigenous plants) to support food security among poor households in Gunungkidul district, Indonesia. Methods: Food security status was evaluated according to the method by Maxwell. The characteristics of socio-economic households, food consumption behaviour, nutritional status of children under five, and health status of mothers and children among the targets were also assessed through an interview using a structured coded questionnaire. The food consumption pattern was analyzed by using food recall 2 x 24 hours and a semi food frequency questionnaire. This study involved 240 poor households below the poverty line, mainly farmers (60%). Results: This study revealed that 48% of households were food-insecure, 39% were food-vulnerable, 8% were less food-secure, and 5% were food-secure. Aquatic animals and edible insects contributed as many as 22 making up for 1% of daily protein needs, respectively. A preference shifting on those forgotten foods seems to become one barrier to this contribution. Conclusion: The forgotten foods might be an alternative to a future challenge in supporting human well-being. In this case, aquatic animals and edible insects are considered as future protein sources.

Nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy in Ghana.

Limited knowledge on nutritional epidemiology in Ghanaian children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) necessitates a comprehensive investigation for an improved understanding of malnutrition in this population. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of malnutrition among children with CP in Ghana. The study used data collected as part of the Ghana CP Register (GCPR). The GCPR is an institution-based surveillance of children with CP aged < 18 years in Ghana. Between October 2018 and April 2020, N = 455 children with CP were registered. Data were collected on (i) weight, length or height, mid-upper-arm-circumference of children with CP; (ii) socio-demographic characteristics; (iii) motor type and topography, gross motor function classification system level (GMFCS); (iv) associated impairments; (v) educational and rehabilitation status for each child. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. Mean and standard deviation age of the registered children at assessment was 5.9 ± 4.1 years, and 42.1% were female. Two-thirds of the children had ≥ one form of undernutrition (underweight or severely underweight: 38.9%, stunted or severely stunted: 51.2%, thin or severely thin: 23.8%). In the adjusted analysis, low maternal education, GMFCS-IV, speech impairment and epilepsy significantly increased the odds of undernutrition among participating children (aOR: 2.6 [95% CI:1.3-5.4]; 2.2 [95% CI:1.0-4.8]; 2.0 [95% CI:1.1-3.6]; 2.9 [95% CI:1.1-7.5] respectively). The high malnutrition rate indicates an urgent need for nutrition interventions and translational research to improve nutritional status and prevent adverse outcomes among children with CP in Ghana. Our study contributes important data and a framework to develop guidelines and evidence-based interventions for children with CP in Ghana.

Analysing the drivers of stunting reduction in twelve sub-saharan African countries using the RIF decomposition approach

BackgroundThis study examines how significant is the changes in child stunting in Sub-Saharan African countries (SSA). Then, it investigates factors that contributed to the reduction in child stunting in those countries. For each country, we distinguish the contribution of compositional effects and structural effect.MethodsThis paper uses data from Demographic and Health Surveys of 12 sub-Saharan African countries conducted between 2000 and 2020. The z-test to compare two independent proportions was used to assess changes in child stunting and explanatory variables over the period. Recentred influence function (RIF) decomposition method was used to decompose changes in stunting over the year in each country, and to determine the contribution of each variable to the changes.ResultsThe prevalence of child stunting declines significantly in 11 countries over the year. The decline varies from 6.8% in Cameroun to 19% in Mali. The average year of education of the child’s mother and father, and the proportion of households with access to an improved drinking water source have contributed to the reduction in child stunting. This result was found in all the countries. Improvements in living standards, child vaccination, antenatal care attendance, delivery to health care centres, maternal education, improved drinking water sources, and improved sanitation make the largest contribution to the composition component, hence reducing child stunting.ConclusionsThis study sheds light on what has contributed to the achieved improvement in child nutritional status and suggests how to possibly accelerate the reduction in undernutrition in countries that lag.

Birth order and intrahousehold allocation of food: Unequal allocation for unwanted children

Background: Food allocation is a fundamental aspect within households, seemingly capable of being distributed evenly among household members, especially among siblings. However, several factors can lead to differences in food allocation among siblings. Method: Using data from IFLS 4 and 5, with food variety as a proxy for food allocation, this study examines two influential factors on food allocation: birth order and imperfect fertility control status. Additionally, this study attempts to elucidate the mechanism of the birth order effect using the aforementioned imperfect fertility control status. FIndings: The findings of this study reveal a negative effect of birth order on household food allocation. Moreover, children with undesired status or belonging to families with undesired status due to imperfect fertility control tend to have lower food variety. Conclusion: However, this study cannot causally explain the mechanism behind the negative effect of birth order through imperfect fertility control status. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study analyzes the effects of birth order and fertility control status on household food allocation, finding adverse effects of birth order and unwanted status on food variation. As a novelty, this study proposes the development of a family-based nutrition intervention program that considers intra-household dynamics, aiming to reduce the gap in food allocation between siblings and improve children's overall nutritional status.

PREDICTING UNDERNUTRITION RISK FACTORS USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES IN NIGERIAN UNDER FIVE CHILDREN

Childhood undernutrition remains a critical global health challenge with far-reaching consequences. This study developed and compare predictive models for three key indicators of under-five child undernutrition in Nigeria: stunting, wasting, and underweight. By leveraging various machine learning (ML) algorithms, we identified the most significant socio-demographic determinants of these nutritional outcomes. The study utilizes data from the Nigerian Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS6) 2021, a comprehensive nationwide survey. Four ML algorithms were employed to predict the risk factors for the under-5 child nutritional status: k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), and logistic regression (LR). These models were evaluated and compared based on their predictive performance. The study encompasses households across Nigeria, providing a broad representation of the country's diverse population. Preliminary analysis reveals significant regional disparities in the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among Nigerian children. Among the four ML algorithms tested, the KNN model demonstrated superior predictive capability across all evaluation metrics, including accuracy (89.65%, 95.00%, 80.04%), precision (91.02%, 87.79%, 93.53), recall (99.98%, 100%, 100%), and F1-score (94.44%, 98.83%, 88.60%). This outperformance was consistent for all three undernutrition indicators. The KNN model, identified as the most effective predictor, highlighted several key determinants of childhood undernutrition. These factors varied somewhat across the three outcomes but commonly included: household wealth index, geopolitical zone, source of drinking water, child age, birth size, mother's education level, and residential area (urban/rural) among others. This study demonstrates the efficacy of machine learning approaches, particularly the KNN algorithm, in predicting and understanding the determinants of children undernutrition in Nigeria. The findings provide valuable insights for targeted interventions and policy formulation. These results can inform evidence-based decision-making and resource allocation in Nigeria's efforts to improve child nutrition and achieve related Sustainable Development Goals.

Effect of Intervention Program on Maternal Participation for Management and Nutritional Status of Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Effect of Intervention Program on Maternal Participation for Management and Nutritional Status of Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

The role of community health and nutrition volunteers in improving the health and nutrition status of infant and young children in remote areas, Hajjah, Yemen

BackgroundIn Yemen, morbidity and malnutrition are major public health problems. The Community Health and Nutrition Volunteers (CHNVs) program was launched to tackle these problems through providing services to mothers and their children residing in remote villages. Since establishment of the CHNVs program in Yemen, its outcome has never been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the role of CHNVs in improving the immunization, morbidity and nutritional status of infant and young children (IYC).MethodsA comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted in Al-Maghrabah and Bani-Qais districts, Hajjah governorate. It was carried out between January and April 2023. A three-stage cluster sampling method was used. A total of 926 IYC with their mothers were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. SPSS 26 was used for data analysis. The multinomial logistic regression and chi-square or fisher exact tests were used to compare the vaccination, morbidity and nutritional status of IYC between the volunteer and non-volunteer villages. Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were calculated. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe IYC in volunteer villages were more likely to be fully or partially vaccinated compared to those in non-volunteer villages [OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.5–3.7, p < 0.0001, and OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3–2.8, p = 0.001, respectively]. The specific coverage rates for BCG, and the 1st and 2nd doses of OPV/Pentavalent/Pneumo/Rota vaccines were significantly higher in the volunteer compared to non-volunteer villages [(OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3–2.5, p < 0.0001), (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2–2.1, p = 0.003), and (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-2.0, p = 0.002), respectively]. Moreover, the prevalence of diarrhea and fever among IYC was significantly lower in the volunteer compared to non-volunteer villages [(OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–0.9, p = 0.004) and (OR = 0.7 95% CI: 0.5–0.9, p = 0.045), respectively].ConclusionsThe study found that CHNVs play a significant role in improving vaccination status and the coverage rate for BCG, and 1st and 2nd doses of OPV/Pentavalent/Pneumo/Rota vaccines, and reducing the prevalence of diarrhea and fever among IYC in their villages compared to non-volunteer villages, in Hajjah governorate. Future follow-up study and expansion to other settings in different governorates is recommended.

Pengukuran Antropometri dan Penentuan Status Gizi Balita di Posyandu Balita Bina Sejahtera Kadipiro Banjarsari Surakarta

The nutritional status of toddlers is an indicator of health status in Indonesia. Good nutritional status can help children's growth and development process to achieve optimal maturity. Nutritional status can help to detect the risk of health problems early. The role of posyandu is very necessary in efforts to prevent nutritional disorders in toddlers, so it is necessary to measure and determine the nutritional status of babies and toddlers. This community service aims to carry out anthropometric measurements of babies and toddlers and provide counseling to mothers of babies and toddlers about their children's nutritional status. This service activity is anthropometric measurements, namely weighing, measuring height or body length and Lila. Activities to determine nutritional status using WHO Antro. The results of measuring the nutritional status of BMI/U toddlers show that the majority of toddlers are in the normal category, 51 toddlers (80.96%), the nutritional status of BB/U toddlers shows that the majority are in the good (normal) category, 54 toddlers (85.71%). ), the nutritional status of PB/U or TB/U toddlers shows that the majority of toddlers are in the good (normal) category, amounting to 53 toddlers (84.13%), the nutritional status of BB/PB or BB/TB toddlers shows that the majority of toddlers are in the category good (normal) for 52 toddlers (82.55%). It is necessary to explain the results of anthropometric measurements to mothers of toddlers so that mothers of toddlers understand the nutritional status of their children and need to carry out nutritional education to prevent nutritional problems in babies and toddlers.

Relationship Between Eating Pattern, Home Sanitation and Parenting Mother with Stunting in Children Under Two Years in The Working Area of Puskesmas Puuwatu Kendari City

Stunting is one of the nutritional problems that adversely affects the quality of life of children in achieving optimal growth and development points according to their genetic potential. Stunting is more dangerous for baduta, because it is more likely to inhibit the growth process. The 2018 of Indonesia resistance increased to 36.4%. This research aims to determine the relationship between eating patterns, house sanitation, maternal parenting patterns and the nutritional status (stunting) of children under two years of age in the Puuwatu Health Center Working Area, Kendari City. This research was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach and was conducted in March at the Posyandu Dian Palupi and Posyandu Membiri in Puuwatu Village. The sample used in this study was 58 baduta. The sampling technique is a random sampling, The data was analyzed using the chi square test. This study showed no significant relationship (p = 0.095) between diet and child nutritional status, no significant relationship (p = 0.265) between parenting and child nutritional status and no significant relationship (p = 0.620) between sanitation home with the nutritional status of children

Remedial effects of Formula-100 therapeutic milk and Bregas Nutriroll ready-to-use therapeutic food on Indonesian children with severe acute malnutrition: A randomized controlled trial study

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a global health concern that affects children and leads to delayed growth. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of F100 milk and Bregas Nutriroll, a local ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), on SAM children. An unmasked, non-blinded, two-group, and simple randomized controlled trial was conducted. Indonesian children aged 12–59 months with SAM were randomly assigned to receive either F100 milk or Bregas Nutriroll. After eight weeks, the increase in the mean weight gain in both groups was assessed. The Bregas Nutriroll group (n=19) had a mean weight gain of 1.07±0.09 kg, while the F100 group (n=17) had a mean weight gain of 1.05±0.11 kg. The Bregas Nutriroll group had a slightly higher gain of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) than the F100 group (0.62±0.34 cm vs 0.50±0.37 cm). The gain of children’s height of the Bregas Nutriroll group was 0.96±0.42 cm, while the F100 group was shorter at a mean of 0.81±0.44 cm. Statistically significant differences (p&lt;0.001) in nutritional status were observed based on weight, MUAC, and height/length after F100 and Bregas Nutriroll interventions. The intervention with F100 increased hemoglobin (Hb) levels of 0.71±1.25 mg/dL, while the Bregas Nutriroll intervention led to an increase of 0.11±1.39 mg/dL. In conclusion, our study showed that community-based treatment with F100 milk or Bregas Nutriroll resulted in nutritional status in children with SAM. These findings suggested that both treatments could be effective in treating SAM in improving nutritional status and child health outcomes.

Exploring the Multifaceted Influences on Childhood Nutritional Status: A Study Conducted in South Punjab, Pakistan

Exploring the Multifaceted Influences on Childhood Nutritional Status: A Study Conducted in South Punjab, Pakistan

Implementation of School Nutrition Policies to Address Noncommunicable Diseases in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes, account for over 80% of mortality in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in 2019, and unhealthy dietary behaviors are a major risk factor for NCDs in both countries. In 2021, national stakeholders, in consultation with the World Health Organization, identified school nutrition policies (SNPs) as a major approach to reducing the burden of NCDs in both countries. The SNPs included interventions implemented through a multistakeholder and multisectoral arrangement that aimed to improve the health and nutrition status of children and young people by providing healthy food/beverages and restricting unhealthy foods or beverages in schools. We used a multimethod approach of document review, participatory workshops, and key informant interviews to generate theories of change for the large-scale implementation of SNPs and describe the implementation processes to date, including key implementation and health system challenges, salient implementation strategies, and implementation outcomes in both countries. Multiple pathways for enacting and implementing SNPs successfully were identified. However, significant health system challenges, such as the lack of accountability for contracting and tender processes and coordination among different sectors, continue to hamper the large-scale implementation of these policies in both countries. The pathways, theories, and implementation outcomes identified will facilitate the development of implementation strategies and systematic learning and evaluation around SNPs for NCD prevention and control programs in the Central Asian region and other low- and middle-income countries more broadly.

Effectiveness of water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutritional interventions to reduce pathogenic infections and improve nutritional status in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial

Effectiveness of water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutritional interventions to reduce pathogenic infections and improve nutritional status in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial

Increasing the Capacity of Mothers of Toddlers in Early Detection of Stunting in Quality Family Village, Bengkayang Regency

Introduction: Stunting is one of the serious nutritional problems experienced by toddlers in the world as well as toddlers in Indonesia. Stunting has a negative impact on the quality of life in the future because it can interfere with the growth and development of toddlers, and can affect children's learning abilities. One of the factors causing stunting is the lack of parental knowledge about the importance of nutritional status in children. Meanwhile, the problems found in the field are errors and inaccuracies in the use of anthropometric tools used by posyandu cadres. One of the efforts to detect early stunting can involve the participation of parents, especially mothers, an activity is needed that aims to improve mothers' skills by providing anthropometric training and stunting prevention education. Objective: Increase the knowledge capacity and skills of mothers of toddlers in efforts to detect early stunting with anthropometric measurement training and stunting prevention education in Quality Family Village, Bengkayang Regency. Method: This research is a quantitative study conducted directly with a Quasy experimental design of one group pre-test and post-test. The research was conducted in the Quality Family Village of Bengkayang Regency. The research sample was mothers who had toddlers who met the inclusion criteria. Samples were taken by purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out through direct interviews regarding the characteristics of respondents, taking anthropometric measurements on toddlers, filling out pre-test and post-test research questionnaires by mothers. Result: This study showed that there was a change in the mother's knowledge score before and after education was given. The pre-test score obtained was 3.87%. Meanwhile, the post-test score obtained was 5.78%. The results of measuring the mother's skill level score in conducting early detection of stunting. The mean value obtained was 1.70% before the intervention and then obtained a value of 4.98% after the intervention. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was an effect on the level of knowledge and skills of mothers before and after being given an intervention on early detection of stunting in the Quality Family Village (Kampung KB) Bengkayang Regency.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Dan Pendidikan Ibu Dengan Status Gizi Balita Di Puskesmas Padang Garugur Kabupaten Padang Lawas Tahun 2024

The factors that influence the nutritional status of children under five are very substantial to be studied. This aims to find out what factors are related so that power action and efforts to improve nutrition can be taken in the community. Because health is a form of human right which is explicitly mandated by the 1945 Constitution. Education and time for mothers and the health of parents, especially mothers, are one of the causes of malnutrition in toddlers. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal characteristics and the nutritional status of children under five at the Padang Garugur Public Health Center, Padang Lawas Regency. The research procedure was by measuring body weight, mothers of children under five were given a nutritional status questionnaire. Data analysis using the Chi-square test showed that from 45 samples. The majority of children's nutritional status is good (77.8%). There is a relationship between mother's knowledge and nutritional status of children under five at the Padang Garugur Public Health Center, Padang Lawas Regency (p = 0.001). There is a relationship between maternal education and the nutritional status of children under five at the Padang Garugur Health Center, Padang Lawas Regency (p = 0.005). From the results of the study, it can be concluded that knowledge, , education of mothers are related to the nutritional status of children under five. It is recommended that all mothers continue to seek information about children's health, especially the procedure for providing nutritious food to toddlers."

Nutritional parameters following first episode of pediatric acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) carries the risk of subsequent nutritional deficiencies. The prevalence of these deficiencies following a single episode of AP in children is unknown. We aimed to determine prevalence of anthropometric and laboratory-based measures of nutritional status in children following their first (index) admission for AP. Prospective observational cohort study of patients ≤21 years of age with first episode of confirmed AP. Anthropometric and laboratory values were obtained at time of AP onset and at follow up time points of 3 and 12 months (m) post AP. AP attack was classified as either: mild, moderately severe or severe (which were combined in one group (SAP)). 181 patients met criteria and were followed prospectively with 52% male, a median age of 13.7 years (IQR 9.4-16.0) and median Body Mass Index (BMI) Z-score of 0.6 (IQR -0.5, 1.6). Most patients had mild AP (140, 77%), with 23% meeting criteria for moderate or severe (41/181). 6 (3%) had diabetes mellitus (DM) predating AP and were excluded from further analysis. BMI Z-score remained stable during the follow up period. 13% of patients developed pre-DM or DM at 3m or 12m. Nearly one third of patients had low ferritin at 3m (29%) or 12m (29%). At 12m, 8% of patients had Vitamin A deficiency. 6% of patients had low Vitamin E levels at 3m and 5% at 12m. Over half of patients at both 3m and 12m had 25 OH Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency (56% and 56%). Prolonged International Normalized Ratio (INR) (>1.3) was seen in 9% of patients at 12m. Very low albumin (<3.5g/dL) was found in 24% of patients at 3m and 18% at 12m (Table1). Patients with very low albumin at 3m were younger (median 10.7 vs. 14.2 years, p=0.04), however sex, BMI Z-score and AP severity were not associated with albumin level. Although BMI Z-score did not differ between the groups, those with SAP had a significant decrease in BMI Z-score from first attack compared to mild AP at 3m (-0.4 vs. 0.0, p=0.0002, Figure2). At 3m, Vitamin E deficiency in SAP versus mild AP was found in 20% vs 2% (p=0.04) and SAP had a lower median hematocrit (35.8 vs. 37.6, p=0.046). There were no other laboratory significant differences at 3m in mild versus SAP groups. At 12m, those with SAP were more likely to have pre-DM or DM compared to mild AP (31% vs. 7%, p=0.002). No other significant laboratory differences occurred at 12m. After the first AP attack patients experience nutritional deficiencies, including ferritin, all fat-soluble vitamins, and low albumin. SAP is associated with a decrease in BMI Z-score, increased prevalence of vitamin E deficiency at 3m, and an increase in pre-diabetes and diabetes at 12m. Serial monitoring of vitamin and mineral values post AP is warranted and further prospective studies are needed.

PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF MALNUTRITION AMONG UNDER- FIVE CHILDREN OF HOUSEHOLD IN SLUM AREAS OF DISTRICT FAISALABAD

Malnutrition refers to a pathological condition characterized by a lack of nutrients necessary for healthy body function. Malnutrition is one of the most common causes of death and disease among children under the age of five. About 96% percent of children in Pakistan do not receive adequate nutrition during childhood, such as soft food, milk, fruit, and vegetables. Food insecurity is a serious problem in Pakistan as a significant portion of the rural population is food insecure. A staggering 36.9% of households in the country are &amp;#39;food insecure&amp;#39; and 18.3% are &amp;#39;severely&amp;#39; food insecure. Pakistan is self-sufficient in basic food items, but only 63.1% of households have food security. Food insecurity is common, leaving women and children at greater risk of malnutrition. Drought-affected communities have exceptionally high rates of malnutrition. According to statistics in Pakistan, about 40, 29%, and 18% of children under the age of five are a stunt, underweight, and wasted, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence and determinants of malnutrition status in children under 5 years of age in the slums of Faisalabad District, Punjab, Pakistan. The data is based on household demographic and socioeconomic factors, including anthropometric information on children under the age of five living in a slum in Faisalabad. Anthropometric data were obtained from 150 randomly selected children from three slum areas of Faisalabad. Socioeconomic and behavioural data were collected from each mother. Three indicators were used to measure the nutritional status of children: (i) stunting, height–for– age, (ii) wasting weight–for–height, and (iii) under-weight¸ weight–for–age. These values ​​were transformed into z-scores to classify the child&amp;#39;s nutritional status. Descriptive and logistic regression techniques were used to identify factors associated with children&amp;#39;s nutritional status. According to this study, the prevalence of stunting, being underweight, and wasting among children under five years of age in Faisalabad District, Pakistan were 28%, 22.6%, and 18% respectively. Testing with logistic regression techniques revealed that demographic, socio-economic, and behavioural factors were significant predictors of all three indicators of child nutritional status. These main factors were household calorie intake and maternal education, father education, access to clean water, and maternal access to health facilities.