Child Labor Research Articles

“It Will Be Our Job to Make Them Workers”: Child Labor and Youth Employment in Postwar America

“It Will Be Our Job to Make Them Workers”: Child Labor and Youth Employment in Postwar America

Mental health and decision-making participation of adolescent orphans: A pilot study

Background: Mental health has been brought to attention lately, with the increase of mental health problems during adolescence. In Indonesia, it is reported that one-third of adolescents develop mental health disorders. Childhood grief, separation from the family, child labor, or abuse affect the orphans’ mental health, including their decision-making participation. Purpose: As a pilot study, this study would like to investigate the mental health conditions and decision-making participation among orphans in one orphanage in Mojokerto district, East Java, Indonesia.Methods: This cross-sectional study utilizes the Depression Anxiety Scale Youth version (DASS-Y) and Child and Adolescent Participation in Decision Making Questionnaire (CAP-DMQ). Thirty-five adolescent orphans of one orphanage in Mojokerto were recruited using convenience sampling. The frequency of respondents’ mental health and decision-making participation were measured, and the mean differences between each group of sociodemographic factors were measured using the Mann-Whitney U test or the Kruskal Wallis test. Association between mental health and decision-making participation was calculated using Chi-square test.Results: The results show that 40% of respondents were categorized as having mild mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress. Mental health problems are mostly found in males (22.90%) and elementary school (20%). The participation of the orphans in decision-making is considered good, with a median of 25.5. The bivariate analysis concludes the association between anxiety, age, grade, and decision-making participation (p= 0.024, p= 0.029, p=0.029, respectively).Conclusion: Taken together, attention to orphans, especially adolescents, and their problems are necessary to reduce the health discrepancies within these vulnerable groups. Broader respondents are needed to understand the complete picture of mental health conditions among Indonesian adolescent orphans, including late adolescents.

Impact of children’s appropriate work participation in cocoa farms on household welfare: Evidence from Ghana

This study examines how children engaged in cocoa farming in Ghana affect household welfare. Data was gathered from 384 cocoa producers using a multistage sampling technique and analysed employing the Cragg double hurdle and propensity score method. The study found that only 2.3 % of cocoa farmers highly used children for cocoa activities. Additionally, household size, cooperative membership, and credit access were found to have significant impacts on both the use and extent of use of children on cocoa farms. Moreover, cocoa farmers who used children experienced improvements in their income, food security and assets compared to those who did not use children. The study also confirms the reality of the practice of employing children on cocoa plantations in Ghana. Harnessing the considerable advantages of credit access and cooperative membership, we emphasize the importance of extension agents sensitizing cocoa farmers about the merits of forming cooperatives. This approach could serve as a means of obtaining group/individual credits to support cocoa production. Furthermore, in light of the notable improvements in the welfare of cocoa farmers, it is imperative for COCOBOD to take decisive action in invigorating the regulation against child labor and instead embrace agricultural technologies as viable alternatives.

Eliminating child labour: what needs to be done?

Eliminating child labour: what needs to be done?

THE NETWORKING OF RECRUITERS OF CHILD LABOUR IN SOME SELECTED BORDER COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Child labourers constitute a growing proportion globally, as more children engage in it, in a bid to meet up with the financial situation for themselves or family support. Poverty, networking of recruiters and other circumstances could be responsible for this. This paper reviewed studies that have examined the networking that exists between recruiters of child labour and parents of child labourers. The Google Scholar search engine was used to search for published studies on the subject in the last ten years, between the 1st of January, 2011 and to 31st of December, 2021. A total of 40 studies were sampled, of which the majority based their conclusion using primary data and only two were retrospective studies, using secondary data. Only 30% of the studies were conducted in Nigeria, and 7% by social scientists with quantitative and triangulation methodologies with very few recruiters. Ninety percent (90%) of the studies reviewed, provided explanations why child labourers could fall into the hands of recruiters due to abject poverty, risk in child migration, lack of education, and cultural belief system. Others are, - the lack of jobs by the parents, parents low income, parents migration, myth of recruiters of child labourers. The study recommends the need for more sociological studies on the networking of the recruiters of child labour in border Communities, using only qualitative methodology to complement the existing literature on child labour.

AI Based Missing Person Search System

Abstract: Every day, children, young people, disabled people, underage children, elderly people with Alzheimer's disease, etc. Many people went missing, including many, and many are still missing. According to the latest data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), 59,262 children went missing in India in 2020. We propose a method that can assist police and the public by using facial recognition to speed up the search process. When a person goes missing, police can send that person's photo and keep it on file. Whenever anyone comes across a complaint, they can take a photo of that person and upload it on our portal. The facial recognition model in our system will try to find matches in the data using facial coding. The face coding of the uploaded image is done by comparing it with the face coding of the image in the database. If a match is found, the police will be notified. The app will keep track of all missing persons and when a match is found the relevant authorities in the area will be notified. In addition to the photo, the user's location at the time the video was recorded may also be useful to the police. Also children, runaway teenagers, mentally ill, Alzheimer's patients, criminals, etc. Information on all missing persons will also be classified. Many families and even governments offer rewards to people who provide information leading to disappearances. The missing person was found. We can provide information about this gift through the application. When a new photo of a missing person is uploaded to the database, all users of the app will receive a notification with the person's name, appearance, rewards offered and more. We may also combine our data with government Aadhar data, which includes biometric data that can be used in our system, if permitted. Since many mobile phones are now equipped with fingerprint sensors, fingerprint matching is also possible. In addition to all the features mentioned above, we also plan to create a child labor section where users can upload images of all child labor practices they may be engaging in and authorities will then be notified about these practices so that action can be taken.Every day, children, young people, disabled people, underage children, elderly people with Alzheimer's disease, etc. Many people went missing, including many, and many are still missing. According to the latest data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), 59,262 children went missing in India in 2020. We propose a method that can assist police and the public by using facial recognition to speed up the search process. When a person goes missing, police can send that person's photo and keep it on file. Whenever anyone comes across a complaint, they can take a photo of that person and upload it on our portal. The facial recognition model in our system will try to find matches in the data using facial coding. The face coding of the uploaded image is done by comparing it with the face coding of the image in the database. If a match is found, the police will be notified. The app will keep track of all missing persons and when a match is found the relevant authorities in the area will be notified. In addition to the photo, the user's location at the time the video was recorded may also be useful to the police. Also children, runaway teenagers, mentally ill, Alzheimer's patients, criminals, etc. Information on all missing persons will also be classified. Many families and even governments offer rewards to people who provide information leading to disappearances. The missing person was found. We can provide information about this gift through the application. When a new photo of a missing person is uploaded to the database, all users of the app will receive a notification with the person's name, appearance, rewards offered and more. We may also combine our data with government Aadhar data, which includes biometric data that can be used in our system, if permitted. Since many mobile phones are now equipped with fingerprint sensors, fingerprint matching is also possible. In addition to all the features mentioned above, we also plan to create a child labor section where users can upload images of all child labor practices they may be engaging in and authorities will then be notified about these practices so that action can be taken.

The Role of Government in Combating Child Labor: India as a Case Study

The issue of child labour has been a persistent thorn in India’s growth story. Despite the existence of several national and international level legislations pertaining to this issue, completely eradicating the practice of employing child labour has been a difficult and arduous task. This policy paper attempts to explore the reasons behind the persistence of this issue, analyse the adverse impacts on children engulfed in this practice and further suggest some policy-based solutions to this issue by looking at the impact of landmark court cases.

Child Labour in India.

Child labour is the exploitation of children who are denied access to education. In India, one can observe many children below the poverty line engaged in labour to meet their basic needs. Child labour causes social, psychological and physical harm. Access to education is essential for children to improve their standard of living. They must be protected from involvement in hazardous industries such as fireworks and chemical production. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant factor contributing to the increase in child labour as the socio-economic condition has worsened. According to a new report by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and UNICEF, the number of children in child labour has risen to 160 million worldwide – an increase of 8.4 million children in the last four years – with millions more at risk due to the impacts of COVID-19. Despite numerous measures taken by the government, the number of children being employed is increasing day by day. This article tends to explain the hardships faced by child labourers, the sectors in which they are employed, legislation to prevent child labour and its effects

Dramaturgi Pekerja Anak Dalam Pengelolaan Ekonomi Sebagai Bentuk Pemenuhan Interpretasi Keluarga

Children are part of the family who have rights and obligations through the process of growth and development. The purpose of this study is to uncover and understand the dramaturgical process involved in the role of child labourers as they are involved in managing the family economy. This research will examine how child labourers choose certain characters or roles in carrying out the profession. The research was conducted in Alun- Alun as a public facility that is often used as a location for child labourers to carry out their activities every night. This research uses a qualitative approach by using data collection instruments directly in the field. This research was analysed from the observation, interview, documentation and data presentation process. The theory used is Social Dramatugi theory to find out the character shown by child workers in their profession and Interpretation Fulfilment theory to find out the experience of child workers in helping families. The results of this study show that the behaviour patterns of child workers from the frontstage show the attitude of child workers in the internal and external character of children. The backstage part of child labourers is also able to show the life of child labourers in the family. So that the pattern of responsibility owned is the basis for their encouragement to continue working every day even though there are children's time that must be sacrificed.

Threads of Transformation: Exploring the Influence of Systems Leadership on Sri Lanka’s Apparel Industry

By 1990, the agricultural share in Sri Lankan exports had fallen to less than half of what it was fifteen years ago, while the apparel industry's share was expanding threefold. The "Garments without Guilt" campaign, which ensured fair wages and prevented sweatshops and child labour, has reached a pre-COVID earning capacity of $5 billion annually the industry is geared to achieve its revenue goal of US$8 billion per year by 2025. Although the importance of effective leadership has been established as an absolute necessity for the development of an organization, the effects of leaders in other tiers outside the organization have rarely been explored. This study is an attempt to fill this gap in literature using the qualitative case study method to explore the impact of systems leadership (or lack thereof) on the development of the apparel industry in Sri Lanka. The industry has transitioned from its traditional methods of exporting and tailoring garments in the late '70s to the utilization of R&D and innovation to improve designs, production, marketing, logistics, and green garments. Most of the goals have been achieved through systems leadership that addresses a wide range of strategies, such as product and market diversification, improved organizational culture, achieving the highest standards of ethical compliance, and human resource development through a positive and nurturing environment that promotes 'green manufacturing’.

Hierarchy of Child Exploitation by Parents in Makassar City, Indonesia

The problem of poverty is formed by the structure itself, even if it is formed by a culture that keeps it in the same condition and has no motivation to change. Family poverty makes children vulnerable to exploitation by parents because children have to take a role in fulfilling family life. In this research, we examine the hegemonic hierarchy of child exploitation in child labor practices as a form of parental exploitation. This research uses qualitative research with the aim of finding out the mechanisms of child exploitation by parents and the hegemony hierarchy of child exploitation. The subjects in this research were 5 children who were victims of exploitation, 5 parents who exploited their children, 3 people from women's empowerment and child protection, 2 people from community development officials, and 5 people from the community around victims of exploitation. Data collection was carried out by observing the research location and finding problems, in-depth interviews to find complete information and documentation. The research results show that there is a hegemonic hierarchy in the form of exploitation of children by parents in Makassar City. The hierarchical form of hegemony in the process has three levels, namely minimum hegemony (there is a feeling of fear in the child, there is frightening pressure or sanctions from parents, and the child's trust decreases), declining hegemony (there is a sense of dependence in the child, the child's trust begins to disappear, and there is the potential for conflict between children and their parents), total hegemony (a sense of responsibility/obligation within the child, no compulsion to work, full or total trust, integration between children and people), and "happy" hegemony (the existence of a sense of joy in the child, an inner drive to work, full or maximum trust, integration between the child and parents). Happy hegemony is the end of the hegemony process, namely a consensus that is built because of a feeling of happiness because children receive rewards after working.

Challenges and needs of children removed from child labor: implications for support and reintegration policies

Challenges and needs of children removed from child labor: implications for support and reintegration policies

Awareness of Public Elementary School Parents on the Legal Provisions of Anti-Child Labor Law: Basis for Intervention Plan

The Philippine Anti-Child Labor Law (Republic Act 7658) is a statutory law aimed at protecting children under 15 years old from working in public or private establishments. It consists of two areas: Information Dissemination and Penalties. The law aims to promote awareness and prevent violations, with penalties such as fines or imprisonment. A study was conducted to determine the level of awareness of public elementary school parents in a second-class municipality during the 2021-2022 school year. The results showed that the majority of respondents were older, female, and from larger families. The overall awareness of parents on the law was "High," with a high level of awareness grouped by age, sex, family size, and average family income. However, there was no significant difference in awareness among respondents based on age, sex, family size, or average family income. The findings suggest that barangay authorities and school administration do not collaborate to address child labor issues, as the community lives in poverty and relies on cheap manual labor. Additionally, older respondents should be made aware of the penalties for violating provisions of Article 12 of the law.

Relationship between selected economic factors and enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County, Kenya

The gist of this study was to examine the relationship between selected economic factors and the enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County, Kenya. Persistent low enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County has been conspicuous despite efforts by the government, as addressed in the Kenyan Constitution and Basic Education Act, 2013. For this reason, the objectives of this study were to establish the relationship between household wealth, rural infrastructure, child labour, family residence, as well as school facilities and meals at school and enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County, Kenya. It employed a descriptive correlation survey design and was guided by Social Conflict Theory by Oberschall. The target population of the research was 136 female teachers and 135 headteachers from rural public primary schools in Samburu County. The sample size for the study was 136 female teachers and 27 headteachers. The census method for female teachers who responded to the questionnaires was used, while a purposive sampling technique was applied for head teachers whose data was obtained using interview schedules. Result analysis by Pearson Correlation Coefficient yielded a significant negative correlation of -0.348 and a low p-value (Sig.) of 0.005, signifying significance at the 5 per cent level, indicating a significant relationship between economic factors and girls' enrolment in rural public primary schools in Samburu County. The study recommended infrastructure improvements, transportation and resolving water scarcity issues in Samburu County as means for enhancing girls' enrolment in rural primary schools.

Relationship between selected economic factors and enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County, Kenya

The gist of this study was to examine the relationship between selected economic factors and the enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County, Kenya. Persistent low enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County has been conspicuous despite efforts by the government, as addressed in the Kenyan Constitution and Basic Education Act, 2013. For this reason, the objectives of this study were to establish the relationship between household wealth, rural infrastructure, child labour, family residence, as well as school facilities and meals at school and enrolment of girls in rural public primary schools in Samburu County, Kenya. It employed a descriptive correlation survey design and was guided by Social Conflict Theory by Oberschall. The target population of the research was 136 female teachers and 135 headteachers from rural public primary schools in Samburu County. The sample size for the study was 136 female teachers and 27 headteachers. The census method for female teachers who responded to the questionnaires was used, while a purposive sampling technique was applied for head teachers whose data was obtained using interview schedules. Result analysis by Pearson Correlation Coefficient yielded a significant negative correlation of -0.348 and a low p-value (Sig.) of 0.005, signifying significance at the 5 per cent level, indicating a significant relationship between economic factors and girls' enrolment in rural public primary schools in Samburu County. The study recommended infrastructure improvements, transportation and resolving water scarcity issues in Samburu County as means for enhancing girls' enrolment in rural primary schools.

On historical origins of preschool education: Pedagogical activity and concept of Marie Pape-Carpantier (1815-1878)

The system of preschool education, which is currently undergoing the process of transformation, needs to have its contents updated and innovative technologies implemented into the organization of educational process in preschool education institutions. To implement the abovesaid, it is valuable to make an attempt at retrospective consideration of the origins of the preschool education system, which outlines the relevance of the suggested research. The purpose of this scientific inquiry lied in performing a historical and pedagogical analysis of the activities and concept suggested by the founder of French preschool education, Marie Pape-Carpantier, and in identifying its progressive views in accordance with modern considerations. To achieve the stated goal, a combination of the following methods was used: theoretical analysis, synthesis and concretization, historical and pedagogical (retrospective and chronological-structural), pedagogical historiography, systematization and generalization. The article reveals peculiarities in development of public preschool education in France in the middle of the 19th century, based on the study of pedagogical heritage by Marie Pape-Carpantier (1815-1878). The author highlights historical significance of the French pedagogue Marie Pape-Carpantier in the context of biographical data regarding both her immediate work with preschoolers in shelter rooms and training of qualified personnel for such institutions. The research puts emphasis on the means of education applied by the French pedagogue in shelter rooms to engage in physical, mental, moral, labor and aesthetic education of children. The article singles out main progressive ideas regarding organization of educational process with children of preschool age: consideration of every child’s individual development and current level of their knowledge, compliance with principles of cooperation, moral behaviour, visual aids, activity-based approach (in particular, use of games), and requirements to teachers. The scientific and practical value of this research is envisaged in supplementing the teaching material of the educational component “History of Preschool Pedagogics” with information on the founder of French public preschool education Marie Pape-Carpantier

ANALISIS FENOMENA SOSIAL PEKERJA ANAK DI DESTINASI WISATA PANTAI KUTA BALI

The existence of Pantai Kuta Bali as a favorite tourist destination on the Pulau Dewata is able to open the job vacancies for local people. Also for the children. Children under 18 years old here also work for 16 hours a day. Then this is becomes a social phenomenon which until now has not been resolved. This study aims to: 1) Knowing the background of the child labor in Pantai Kuta Bali; and 2) Knowing the perception of non-Balinese tourists and Balinese local people towards this social phenomenon. The research method used is qualitative. Data collection was carried out through the process of observation, interviews and documentation. Research informants consisted of 3 key informants with the technique of selecting informants using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data analysis and making conclusion. The result of this thesis show that the children in Pantai Kuta Bali work based on economic factor, encouragement from parents, environmental influences and the belief in myths in Desa Muntigunung. Meanwhile, the perception of tourists and the local people for this phenomenon show a perception that does not support the activities of working children.

The Socio-cultural Determinants of Child Labour in Tanzania

The purpose of the study was to examine the socio-cultural determinants of child labour in small scale gold mining in Tanzania. Specifically, the study examined polygamy, early marriage and family conflict among the respondents which influence child labour practices in small scale gold mining (SSGM) in Geita region. Furthermore, the study used the case of Nyang’hwale district which is one of the districts in Geita region where SSGM activities are rampant compared to the rest of the districts. The study used a cross-sectional survey researches design. The primary data were collected by using questionnaires from 209 individuals who were randomly sampled from Nyang’hwale district in Geita region. Moreover, the study applied a newly developed method of measuring the age risk of children working under 18 years known as Eta Value. The researcher analyzed the data using the Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM PLS) with a combination of analytic techniques - statistics and artificial intelligence software. The study found that the child labour determinants under socio-cultural factors were polygamy, early marriage and family conflict. Moreover, the researcher found that micro-sociology focuses on the individual's micro aspects – polygamy, early marriage and family conflicts which are socio-cultural oriented. The study concludes that the fundamental sociocultural determinants are polygamy, early marriage and family conflict. Therefore the study recommends that the polygamy, early marriage and family conflict are significant sociocultural factors that contribute to the child labour practices in Geita.

Indian Parents’ Perceptions of Children’s Psychological Wellbeing and Academic Learning during COVID-19

Indian children experienced large-scale disruption in educational, psychological, and social welfare access when schools abruptly closed due to COVID-19. In addition to education, the Indian public school system provides services such as meals and benefits related to improving gender parity and indirectly preventing child labor, child marriages, and abuse. Therefore, sustained school closures led to an unfolding disaster in terms of learning loss and multiple unknown effects on children’s social and psychological wellbeing. This descriptive study attempts to understand these consequences by asking Indian parents about the emotional, psychological, and academic impacts on their children. Results suggest an adverse impact on children’s education and wellbeing. Families reported higher levels of psychological distress, anxiety, and aggression among children. However, the manifestations and ramifications seem to be different—while families from low-income segments struggled to get access to digital devices, others in upper-income segments had to confront excessive device time use. The results suggest that there is a need for a concerted, sustained, multipronged, differential response from the government and civil society to ensure that families can handle these challenges accordingly.

Association between age people started working and missing teeth in an elderly population in Ecuador: Evidence from a cross-sectional study.

Child labor has significant physical, psychological, and social consequences, which can persist into adulthood. This study investigates the association between the age at which an individual begins working and tooth loss in older adults in Ecuador. We analyzed data from the SABE 2009 survey (Survey of Health, Well-being, and Aging), using binary logistic regression to examine potential relationships. Our analytical sample comprised of 3,899 older adults from mainland Ecuador, with 42.50% having started working between the ages of 5 and 12. Unadjusted logistic regression results indicated that older adults who began working at ages 5-12 had a 42% higher risk of missing more than 4 teeth compared to those who started working at ages 18-25. After adjusting for potential confounders, the resulting risk was 28% higher than for the reference group [OR 1.28 95% CI 1.25-1.30]. Our findings demonstrate that early engagement in labor is a risk factor for tooth loss among older adults, displaying the long-term impacts of child labor on oral health. Health education and benefits should be provided to this vulnerable population for tooth loss prevention.