Child Labor In Brazil Research Articles

Labor Inspections as Law Enforcement on Child Labor in Brazil

Empirical evidence on the effect of the inspection activities conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and Employment is rare. This paper puts forward the hypothesis that inspection activities reduce the child labor rate in Brazilian states. To reach that conclusion, we used aggregate data from National Household surveys, the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and the Ministry of Social Development to estimate a dynamic panel data model. Results show that inspection activities contributed to reduce the child labor rate. However, the reduction resulting from such law enforcement measure is still modest compared to that resulting from cash transfer programs.

The Short- and Longer-Term Effects of a Child Labor Ban

Abstract This paper investigates whether the 1998 Brazilian law that increased the minimum employment age from 14 to 16 lowered child labor and increased school attendance and whether those effects persisted beyond age 16. Using a regression discontinuity design, the results indicate that the ban had a significant impact on urban boys, a cohort that represents half of all paid child labor in Brazil. This cohort had a 35 percent decrease in paid labor, driven mainly by a decrease in informal work, and an 11 percent increase in the share of those only attending school. In addition, there is evidence that these effects persist past the age of enforcement where the affected cohort was less likely to work and more likely to be only attending school beyond age 16. Overall, the results suggest that enforced bans on child labor can have significant immediate and persistent impacts on affected populations.

Increased child labor in Brazil in the pandemic: myth or reality?

This article aimed to analyze the reality and changes in child labor in Brazil during the period of the pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus and how the State dealt with this fact led to an increase in inequality and social difficulties in the country, resulting in the current situation, as well as understanding what are the possible ways to reduce this practice, increasing the rights of these children and adolescents and improving their experience. According to UNICEF (United Nations Emergency Fund for Children), globally, 8.9 million children and adolescents are at risk of being pushed into child labor by the end of 2022, thus, the ways to fight the virus used by the government may have failed with this class, since the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 places it as the duty of the State, society and the family, to ensure health, education, and freedom, in addition, to protect them from any form of exploitation, cruelty, neglect, and oppression, therefore, this type of work should be decreasing rather than increasing. That being said, the research used the qualitative methodology in its development, presenting information that explains the subject, through primary and secondary sources, such as laws, articles, and news, presenting numbers and measurable information to exemplify the reality and arguments discussed in the process.

Association of child labor with risk and protective factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in Brazilian schoolchildren: National School Health Survey 2015.

To analyze the sociodemographic profile of adolescents working in Brazil and the association of child labor with risk and protection factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases. Cross-sectional study with data from sample 2 of the 2015 National School Health Survey (PeNSE). The variables gender, age, ethnicity/skin color, administrative dependence on school and maternal education, eating habits, physical activity and drug use were analyzed by prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and calculation of crude and adjusted Odds Ratio. A total of 10,926 students participated in the survey, of which 16.9% (95%CI 15.1-18.9) were currently working/employed. Child labor was higher among male adolescents (ORa: 1.82; 95%CI 1.55-2.15); aged between 16 and 17 years (ORa: 2.96; 95%CI 2.37-3.69); enrolled in public schools (ORa: 1.69; 95%CI 1.14-2.52); whose mothers had incomplete high school (ORa: 1.54; 95%CI 1.11-2.13); living in the South region of the country (ORa: 2.17; 95%CI 1.60-2.94). Adolescents who worked were more likely to smoke (ORa: 1.94; 95%CI 1.52-2.48); use alcohol (ORa: 2.01; 95%CI 1.71-2.36) and drugs (ORa: 1.76; 95%CI 1.35-2.31); perform physical activity (ORa: 1.24; 95%CI 1.07-1.44); consume sweets (ORa: 1.30; 95%CI 1.13-1.49), fried snacks (ORa: 1.41; 95%CI 1.15-1.74), and soft drinks (ORa: 1.23; 95%CI 1.06-1.44); however, they were less likely to present sedentary behavior (ORa: 0.68; 95%CI 0.59-0.79). Child labor in Brazil is related to sociodemographic differences. Those who worked were more likely to show risk behaviors for NCDs, but they were more physically active.

Domestic Child Labor in Brazil from a Racial and Gender Perspective

Domestic Child Labor in Brazil from a Racial and Gender Perspective

Child Labour in the Light of the Right to the Dignity of the Person

The present work aims to discuss the role of the social worker in the fight against child labor, so that there is a minimization of data where children have labor relations. In terms of methodology, the research consisted of a bibliographic context filtering data from journals, scientific articles, theses, dissertations that addressed dialogues about child labor in Brazil. It was found through this mapping theoretical approaches of the main authors, Martins, Amin, Ramidoff and Ramidoff, among others. The data point to the existence of laws that aim to protect children from actions related to work, to which access to education is entitled, not allowing the exemption of this activity for any reason. The index in the retrospect of the years presents a high quantity regarding the number of children who are in child labour practices. As adherence to strategies, in order to minimize data on child labour, agencies and governments present the creation of programs and projects that aim to adapt the reality of children within educational concepts, making labor practices unfeasible.

Labor Inspections as Law Enforcement on Child Labor in Brazil

Labor Inspections as Law Enforcement on Child Labor in Brazil

Child Labor in Family Tobacco Farms in Southern Brazil: Occupational Exposure and Related Health Problems.

Tobacco farming is considered Hazardous Child Labor in Brazil. This study examined the work of children and adolescents in tobacco farming, characterizing the level of urinary cotinine and the occurrence of Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS), pesticide poisoning, respiratory symptoms, and musculoskeletal disorders. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with a random sample of tobacco growers under 18 years old in Southern Brazil. Ninety-nine young people were interviewed at 79 family farms. The majority began working in agriculture before they were 14 and worked harvesting and tying hands of tobacco; 60% were 16 or 17 years old, and 51.5% were male. During their lifetime, 24.5% reported GTS, and 3% reported pesticide poisoning. In the previous year, 29.3% reported low back pain, 6.1% wheezing, and 16.2% coughing without having a cold. Half of the 12 young people evaluated had over 100 ng/mL of urinary cotinine. The study indicates that child laborers do various activities and present a high prevalence of health problems. Health workers should be trained to identify child laborers and their impacts on health. Full-time farm schools could provide knowledge about sustainable agricultural production, reducing the rates of age-grade mismatch, without taking young people away from rural areas.

GÊNERO DO CHEFE DE FAMÍLIA E INCIDÊNCIA DE TRABALHO INFANTIL NO BRASIL

The present study aims to analyze the influence of the gender of the head of household on the incidence of child labor in Brazil in 2016. For this purpose, information from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNADC) and a Bivariate Probit model were used, which allows to verify simultaneously this effect on the decisions of insertion of the children in the job market and / or at school. The results indicated that the fact that the head of the family is female increases the likelihood that children will work, but does not impact the likelihood that they will attend school.

The deterrent effects of Brazilian child labor law

Brazilian law prohibits all forms of work for children under the age of 14 years old. Therefore, work performed by children under 14 years of age is subject to sanctions that do not apply to work performed by those over 14 years of age. We use this quasi-experiment generated by Brazilian law to test the deterrent effects of such sanctions. For this purpose, we use the 2013 Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílios (PNAD) data to estimate the local average treatment effects (LATE) using the regression discontinuity approach. The results indicate that on average, this law results in 88% fewer weekly working hours when individuals living in rural and urban areas are considered. The effects in rural areas are thus inconclusive. The paper concludes that the law has a deterrent effect and reduces child labor in Brazil, but the effects are ambiguous in rural areas, where law enforcement is weaker and more children work.

The influence of Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on child labor in Brazil

PurposeThe Brazilian Government created the Bolsa Familia program to combat poverty and the insertion of so many children into the labor market. This program is an income transfer program subject to certain conditions such as a minimum school attendance for children under 17 years of age. In 2006, almost half of the people with an income per capita of R$300.00 (US$139.53) per month declared that they received this benefit. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of Bolsa Familia on child labor in Brazil in 2006.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a propensity score matching model with data from the National Household Sample Survey PESQUISA NACIONAL POR AMOSTRA DE DOMICÍLIOS (PNAD), for 2006.FindingsResults indicate that the program increased the number of hours of child labor in Brazil. However, this outcome might be explained by the fact that those families who received Bolsa Familia were also those with higher socioeconomic vulnerability. Thus, they need to guarantee their survival with the income generated via child labor.Social implicationsThe Brazilian Government needs to invest not only in monetary transfer policies but also in the improvement of the job market to create opportunities for the social development of children.Originality/valueThe contribution of the paper is the investigation into the effect of the Bolsa Familia program on the average time allocated to child labor; the authors find that this time allocation could be reduced by requiring a compulsory school attendance.

Análise Crítico Constitucional dos Contratos de Menores em Atividades Artísticas e Desportivas

O presente trabalho tem como fundamento a abordagem da celebração do contrato de trabalho infanto-juvenil, em face dos inúmeros casos de abusos e exploração do braço juvenil na mão de obra exaustiva das atividades artísticas e desportivas sem exclusão do uso de imagens de impúberes em marketing, comerciais e propagandas. Visa demonstrar as ilegalidades praticadas dia após dia, diante das câmeras de televisão e nos palcos teatrais, picadeiros circenses e nos centros de treinamentos esportivos destinados a crianças e adolescestes, entre outros. A permissão do trabalho prematuro sem o mínimo de dignidade vai contra as determinações legais elencadas em nosso ordenamento jurídico, tanto em nossa Lei Maior quanto no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Lei 8.069/90). Utilizando-se do método dedutivo de pesquisa, foram realizadas leituras em obras e artigos científicos pautando sempre na legislação pertinente ao contrato de trabalho infantil, historicidade do labor infantil no Brasil e tratados internacionais dos quais somos signatários. Na interpretação da sociedade hodierna com um olhar totalmente capitalista, contratam com crianças e adolescentes ignorando o bojo da legal que, por sua vez, veda a concessão de autorização aos menores de dezesseis anos para os trabalhos artísticos como filmes, comerciais, novelas, publicidades, atividades circense, desportivas e qualquer outra forma de trabalho precoce, vez que o objetivo maior de quem contrata com crianças e adolescentes nada mais é do que o retorno financeiro em detrimento dos seus direitos fundamentais.

Trends in child labor and the impact on health in adulthood in Brazil from 1998 to 2008.

There is little evidence in Brazil on the impact of child labor on health status in adulthood. This study aimed to investigate trends in child labor in Brazil and estimate the long-term effects of child labor on the health of Brazilian adults, using nationally representative databases (Brazilian National Household Sample Survey) from three different years (1998, 2003, and 2008). The models were based on a two-stage linear equation and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results suggest that child labor has declined in Brazil, although the data still show patterns of early entry into the country's labor market. Regardless of the type of work, child labor adversely affected health outcomes in adulthood, both directly (impacts on health outcomes) and indirectly (losses in educational attainment). Child labor places a long-term burden on Brazilians, jeopardizing the formation of human capital through negative impacts on health outcomes in adulthood.

Kids at risk: children's employment in hazardous occupations in Brazil

While the literature on child labor in Brazil is large, it is not comprehensive: in particular, there are few studies on children's work in risky occupations, and those that exist tend to be qualitative and based on limited samples. In this paper, we aim to paint a broader picture of children's engagement in risky labor force work, based on quantitative evidence from PNAD data. We document associations between parental characteristics and children's work, using both descriptive statistics and multivariate modeling to understand the determinants of child participation in risky labor force work. Brazilian children engaged in risky occupations are less likely than other employed children to be enrolled in school, and more likely to work long hours and experience a variety of working conditions that may be unsafe. Parental education, indicators of household wealth and owning a family farm are particularly strongly associated with the incidence of risky work among children, and girls are over-represented in risky jobs due to their work in domestic service.

As medidas de enfrentamento à exploração do trabalho infantil no Brasil: forças em luta

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre as soluções encontradas para o problema da exploração do trabalho infantil no Brasil. Para isso, apresenta as atuais políticas públicas destinadas à eliminação do trabalho infantil no país - legislação, políticas de transferência de renda e de escolarização - e revela, por meio de dados do IBGE, a persistência da exploração do trabalho infantil. Procura, assim, mostrar que, embora as políticas públicas para a erradicação do trabalho infantil sejam importantes, o problema persiste, pois as medidas para enfrentá-lo não atingem as suas origens.

Children’s Work and Mothers’ Work––What is the Connection?

Summary This paper examines the relationship between the employment of children and their mothers, with the aim of informing discussion on efforts to reduce child labor in Brazil. The analysis builds on the largely separate literatures on children’s time use and mothers’ work in two ways—by examining characteristics of employment which are often not available in survey data, and by modeling both children’s work and mothers’ employment. The results suggest that the relationship between children’s and mothers’ work is complex, with substantial evidence of positive correlation. The findings are consistent with the argument that anti-poverty programs that target women’s employment could result in increased child labor. This possibility warrants further analysis in order to better inform policy regarding child labor.

Costs and benefits of eliminating child labour in Brazil

The objective of this research is to calculate the economic costs and benefits of the elimination of child labor in Brazil. The framework focuses on three sources of cost: the cost of providing education to all children in lieu of work, the cost of program interventions to alter attitudes and practices, and the opportunity cost of eliminating this work, i.e. the value of children's labor. On the benefit side, it calculates economic gains from a more educated population and the economic advantages resulting from a healthier population, since both more widespread education and the elimination of hazardous or unsuitable work have prospective health benefits. The costs obtained are close to seven billion dollars PPP and the benefits is more than thirty five billion dollars PPP. It is clear from the results that benefits outweigh the costs.

Is There a Child Labor Trap? Intergenerational Persistence of Child Labor in Brazil

This article examines the intergenerational persistence of child labor empirically by looking at household survey data from Brazil. Previous empirical work on child labor has focused primarily on isolating the determinants of child labor using survey data. We take a different approach by asking “Does the child labor status of parents affect the child labor incidence of their children?” We look at this question in two ways. Our working assumption is that financial need creates this generational link but we also ask if there exists an intergenerational link over and above that which is transmitted through the production of income (perhaps through norms). We find strong evidence that this link exists and that it appears to persist even when income is held constant. Moreover we find that children who did not work as child laborers command higher salaries later in life which suggests that the potential human capital gains through apprenticeship as children are outweighed by the human capital gains children receive through schooling. (excerpt)