Child Development Research Articles

Effects of Child Street Trading on Educational Outcomes in Lagos Nigeria

This study examines the effects of child street trading on educational outcomes in Lagos, Nigeria. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with parents and teachers to explore how street trading impacts school attendance, academic performance, and the cognitive and emotional development of children. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which involved emergent open coding to identify recurring patterns and themes. The analysis revealed four major themes: (1) disruption of school attendance and engagement, (2) academic performance and learning challenges, (3) cognitive and emotional development, and (4) socioeconomic pressures and educational aspirations. The findings show that street trading significantly disrupts children’s school attendance, leading to tardiness, missed classes, and exhaustion, which hinder their ability to concentrate and engage in learning. As a result, academic performance suffers, with children experiencing gaps in knowledge and declining grades. Additionally, the emotional toll of street trading was evident, with many children struggling with low self-esteem and feelings of failure, further diminishing their motivation to succeed academically. The study concludes that child street trading poses substantial barriers to educational success, perpetuating poverty and limiting future opportunities. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted policies and interventions to mitigate the negative impact of street trading on children’s education in Lagos, Nigeria.

Effectiveness of Play Therapy Programme in Promoting Early Child Development of under-5 Children visiting Tertiary Care Hospital in Rural Settings: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Good care and conscious, mindful parenting are the essential requirements of the early childhood period. Good care in early childhood consists of mindful handling of children’s needs like hunger, care in sickness, socio-emotional needs, safety, love and affection. Good care promotes children’s development and provides a favourable environment for learning. It’s a well-known fact that hospitalization is a stressful situation for child of any age. Play is an integral part of early childhood period which is virtually restricted in hospital settings. This study will try to explore the effectiveness of play therapy delivered in hospital settings, on early child development. Methods This will be a randomized control trial conducted in the Paediatrics department of a tertiary care hospital in Wardha, India. The sample size will be 360 children, 180 each in intervention and control arm. The hospitalized children from intervention arm will receive customized Play Therapy sessions from trained research assistants and will be followed up at scheduled home visits for one year from the date of enrolment. All children will be assessed for changes in cognitive, motor and socio-emotional development scores. The differences in development scores between intervention and control groups will be compared and effect sizes of changes will be calculated. Discussion Implementation of play stimulation activities have been reported as useful strategies for promoting child development and good recovery during hospitalization. This trial will attempt to explore the effectiveness of play therapy on changes in child development scores of children from intervention group compared to the control group. The customized play therapy program will be adapted to paediatric inpatient settings, and attempts will be made to improve the Play Therapy kit for hospitalized children. Registration Clinical Trial Registry of India Registration No.: C.T.R.I./2022/03/041355, dated 24/03/2022. Protocol Version: v6 Dated 04/10/2024.

Moringa Leaf Cookies: A Nutritious Snack to Prevent Stunting in Sawocangkring Village

Stunting is a global health issue that significantly impacts the growth and development of children, particularly in regions facing nutritional deficiencies. In Sawocangkring Village, there is a pressing need for innovative nutritional interventions. This study aims to utilize moringa leaves in the production of cookies as a nutritious snack solution to combat stunting. The community service program was designed with distinct stages, including preparation, implementation, and evaluation, employing observation techniques to assess community engagement. The activity centered on developing moringa leaf cookies while monitoring the community's acceptance of the product. The findings indicate that these cookies not only enhance the nutritional value of snacks but are also positively received by the local population. The novelty of this initiative lies in integrating moringa leaves into a familiar food product, thereby promoting both health benefits and local agricultural resources. The implications of this program suggest that the sustainable production of moringa leaf cookies could serve as a viable livelihood strategy for the community, while also contributing to the broader effort of reducing stunting through improved nutrition. Highlights: Moringa leaf cookies enhance nutritional value, addressing stunting in children. The community service program involved preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages, fostering local engagement. Positive community acceptance suggests potential for sustainable production as a livelihood strategy. Keywords: Stunting, moringa leaves, cookies, nutrition, community service.

Urban green spaces in early childhood education and care: insights from teachers in Stavanger, Norway

ABSTRACT This study explores the role of urban green spaces (UGSs) in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) teachers’ pedagogical practices and their impact on young children's environmental and sustainability learning. Utilizing observations, teacher interviews, conversations, and a comprehensive survey conducted in Stavanger, Norway, the study reveals the crucial role of UGSs in shaping both teachers’ pedagogical practices and children’s learning across various subject areas. The research highlights the educational significance of diverse UGSs in providing varied and tailored learning experiences that are crucial for children's education and development. In line with this, the study provides findings supporting the application of experiential learning theory within UGSs and ECEC settings. Additionally, the findings reveal a growing concern among teachers about the reduction of UGSs due to increasing urbanization. These results underscore the need for both teachers’ advocacy and strategic policy to preserve UGSs, ensuring their availability for future generations.

The Effectiveness of Traditional Game Therapy in Improving Social Skills in Elementary School Students 060952 Medan Labuhan District

Social skills are very important for the development of elementary school children. Traditional play therapy offers an alternative method for education that has the potential to improve social skills through group interactions and real-life experiences. This is different from the conventional approach which often centers on academic aspects. The aim of this study was to evaluate how effective traditional play therapy is in improving the social skills of children in elementary school and compare it with more conventional methods. This is the experimental design used for this study with a control group. Children in elementary school are divided into two groups. The experimental group received traditional play therapy, while the control group carried out routine activities. Data was collected through teacher observations, assessments, and social skills questionnaires before and after six weeks of intervention. The results of the analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant improvements in social skills. Communication, cooperation and conflict resolution show improvement. These results indicate that traditional play therapy is effective in improving the social skills of elementary school children. According to this research, traditional play therapy can be included in the school curriculum as a tool to improve social skills in a comprehensive and enjoyable way.

Child and adolescent social withdrawal predict adult psychosocial adjustment: A meta-analysis

This systematic review and set of five meta-analyses synthesized the results of prospective longitudinal publications on childhood and/or adolescent social withdrawal as a predictor of adult psychosocial adjustment. Meta-analyses were conducted with results for five adult outcomes from 31 publications derived from 14 longitudinal samples and a combined sample size of 19,806 adults (50% women, M = 38.88 years, 83% White) with childhood and/or adolescent ( ≤ 16 years) histories of social withdrawal and their offspring (N = 175). Dependency among publications derived from the same longitudinal samples was explicitly modeled in meta-analyses with clustering. Meta-analytic results support childhood and/or adolescent social withdrawal as a medium-sized risk factor for adult social anxiety and intergenerational difficulties in mothers and their offspring (both p < 0.0001); a small-size risk factor for delayed adult developmental milestones (p < 0.05), adult social withdrawal (p < 0.0001), other anxiety (p < 0.05), and depression (p < 0.01); and a small-size protective factor against adult substance use (p < 0.01). However, meta-analytic results did not support childhood and/or adolescent social withdrawal as a predictor of physical health, likely due to the heterogeneous nature of the investigated health outcomes. Consistent with a Developmental Science Model, results are interpreted as supporting interpersonal mechanisms (missing out, interpersonal stress, and poor relationship quality) and developmental cascades (cross domain-influences) in socially withdrawn children's life-course development. Because evidence for intergenerational difficulties was based on a single longitudinal sample, confidence in intergenerational effects would be increased by replication in other samples. Heterogeneity among effect sizes included in most meta-analyses suggests that the relation between childhood and/or adolescent social withdrawal and adult outcomes is likely to be moderated by other factors. Future directions in this area of research are discussed.

Fathers' engagement in a parenting program primarily intended for female caregivers: An early qualitative process evaluation in Western Kenya.

Parenting programs predominantly target one caregiver of the child or most commonly the child's mother. However, fathers are also important caregivers whose engagement in interventions can benefit child health, nutrition, and development. In August 2023, a qualitative process evaluation was conducted during the first quarter of implementation to assess initial fidelity, quality, and outcomes of a parenting program in rural Western Kenya. In-depth interviews were conducted with female and male caregivers along with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with program delivery agents. This secondary analysis specifically focused on stakeholders' perceptions of father involvement in the program and aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to fathers' participation, initial program impacts when fathers were involved, and recommendations for increasing father inclusion. Thematic content analysis was conducted, and data were triangulated across stakeholder groups. Overall, relatively few fathers participated in the program. Nevertheless, for the rare cases of participating fathers, stakeholders highlighted positive changes in fathers' caregiving attitudes and practices. Key barriers to fathers' program engagement included restrictive gender norms and perceived opportunity costs. Stakeholders suggested several strategies for better reaching fathers, including providing financial incentives and flexible scheduling of sessions. Overall, we found that fathers' participation and program experiences were starkly different from those of mothers. Gender-responsive program adaptations and father-targeted implementation strategies are likely to increase the fathers' engagement in parenting programs, which in turn may facilitate greater program impacts on family caregiving and child outcomes. Future evaluations of parenting programs should combine qualitative and quantitative approaches to more comprehensively assess program impacts on fathers and over time.

COMPARISON OF NAÏVE BAYES AND K-NEAREST NEIGHBOR MODELS FOR IDENTIFYING THE HIGHEST PREVALENCE OF STUNTING CASES IN EAST JAVA

Indonesia will experience a demographic bonus in 2030, where the productive age group will dominate the population and become a buffer for the economy. However, this potential is in vain if human resources experience stunting. According to WHO (2015), stunting is a disorder of child growth and development due to chronic malnutrition and repeated infections, characterized by below-standard length or height. Based on the background of the problem, the author wants to compare the prediction of the prevalence of the highest stunting cases in East Java using the Naive Bayes method and the K-Nearest Neighbor method. The stages carried out in this study are data collection, initial data processing, advanced data processing using the Naïve Bayes Method and K-Nearest Neighbor, and comparative analysis. The results of the implementation of the Naïve Bayes and K-Nearest Neighbor methods are in the form of stunting prevalence prediction charts with variables that affect LBW and TTD. The results of simulations conducted in 6 regions, the Naive Bayes method gets the highest accuracy value of 83.33% in simulation one and 66.67%. The smallest RMSE value is 0.382 simulation 1 and 0.469 simulation 2. This shows that the Naive Bayes method can predict well.

A Feasibility Study of a Music Enrichment Program on Relative Reinforcing Value of Food and Home Environmental Enrichment among Families of Low Socioeconomic Status.

Emerging evidence suggests that low socioeconomic status (SES) home environments may play a role by promoting excess energy intake through a lack of access to non-food reinforcers. Because of the deleterious effects of SES-related disparities on child health and development, feasible and culturally acceptable interventions are urgently needed. Community-based music enrichment programs may be an ideal intervention strategy. In collaboration with a local non-profit organization and music studio, we conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of a music enrichment program versus a play date control in a group of 9-24-month-old healthy infants (N = 16). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City. This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05868811). Overall, we found some intervention effects on the relative reinforcing value of food (RRVfood) and the home environmental enrichment measures (i.e., increased music use at home and the home language environment). Our intervention demonstrated large effects on the increased use of music at home. We did not find significant group differences in the RRVfood and home language environment, but some of the effect sizes were medium-to-large. Results also suggest that our intervention is feasible and acceptable. Parent feedback indicated that the intervention was well-liked and that the steps we took to help reduce barriers worked. Music enrichment programs may be a high-impact, low-cost strategy to address socioeconomic disparities.

Preventing Stunting Through Mujaer Fish Nuggets in Early Childhood Education

Background: Stunting significantly affects early childhood development, highlighting the need for effective nutritional interventions. Specific Background: The development of fish nugget products offers a novel strategy to enhance dietary diversity among young children through parental engagement. Knowledge Gap: However, there is limited understanding of how parental participation influences nutritional programs and stunting prevention in early childhood settings. Aims: This study investigates fish nugget production as a nutritional strategy and the role of parental involvement in a preschool context. Results: Through qualitative methods, including interviews and observations, the study reveals that 90.48% of parents expressed interest in preparing fish nuggets at home, leading to increased nutritional awareness and strengthened community ties. Novelty: This research presents a community-based model that utilizes local resources to address stunting while promoting parental engagement. Implications: The findings underscore the importance of collaborative efforts in nutritional education, suggesting that similar initiatives could be adopted in other communities to effectively combat stunting. Highlights : Emphasizes the role of parental involvement in improving children's nutrition. Highlights the effectiveness of community-based interventions in combating stunting. Demonstrates increased interest in healthy food preparation among parents. Keywords: Stunting, Nutritional Education, Parental Engagement, Fish Nuggets, Early Childhood

Automated Detection of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Using Face-to-Face Mobile Technology Among Typically Developing Greek Children: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are characterized by heterogeneity, complexity, and interactions among multiple domains with long-lasting effects in adulthood. Early and accurate identification of children at risk for NDs is crucial for timely intervention, yet many cases remain undiagnosed, leading to missed opportunities for effective interventions. Digital tools can help clinicians assist and identify NDs. The concept of using serious games to enhance health care has gained attention among a growing group of scientists, entrepreneurs, and clinicians. This study aims to explore the core principles of automated mobile detection of NDs in typically developing Greek children, using a serious game developed within the SmartSpeech project, designed to evaluate multiple developmental domains through principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 229 typically developing children aged 4 to 12 years participated in the study. The recruitment process involved open calls through public and private health and educational institutions across Greece. Parents were thoroughly informed about the study's objectives and procedures, and written consent was obtained. Children engaged under the clinician's face-to-face supervision with the serious game "Apsou," which assesses 18 developmental domains, including speech, language, psychomotor, cognitive, psychoemotional, and hearing abilities. Data from the children's interactions were analyzed using PCA to identify key components and underlying principles of ND detection. A sample of 229 typically developing preschoolers and early school-aged children played the Apsou mobile serious game for automated detection of NDs. Performing a PCA, the findings identified 5 main components accounting for about 80% of the data variability that potentially have significant prognostic implications for a safe diagnosis of NDs. Varimax rotation explained 61.44% of the total variance. The results underscore key theoretical principles crucial for the automated detection of NDs. These principles encompass communication skills, speech and language development, vocal processing, cognitive skills and sensory functions, and visual-spatial skills. These components align with the theoretical principles of child development and provide a robust framework for automated ND detection. The study highlights the feasibility and effectiveness of using serious games for early ND detection in children. The identified principal components offer valuable insights into critical developmental domains, paving the way for the development of advanced machine learning applications to support highly accurate predictions and classifications for automated screening, diagnosis, prognosis, or intervention planning in ND clinical decision-making. Future research should focus on validating these findings across diverse populations integrating additional features such as biometric data and longitudinal tracking to enhance the accuracy and reliability of automated detection systems. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06633874; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06633874. RR2-https://doi.org/10.3390/signals4020021.

Grandparent support moderates the relation between socioeconomic status and children's cognitive development.

Grandparents support American families in many ways, but they have often been overlooked in research on typical families (e.g., parents raising children). We examined whether grandparents have a positive influence on children's development by buffering the relation between parents' socioeconomic status (SES) and children's cognitive development. Parents (N = 437) from 45 U.S. states reported on 1,047 grandparent relationships with their 3- to 5-year-old children (Mage = 4.18 years) and how helpful grandparents are regarding financial, instrumental, emotional, and informational support, which were summed together across all grandparent relationships. We found that SES (a composite of family income and parents' average education) was significantly related to preschoolers' cognitive development (a composite of receptive and expressive language, literacy, and numbers). However, this relation was weaker when grandparents provided a higher level of support. Most families received grandparent support of basic child needs (e.g., clothing) and educational resources that could contribute to children's cognitive development (e.g., books). Grandparents provided greater financial, instrumental, emotional, and informational support to parents when they were emotionally close to the grandchild and interacted frequently. However, only emotional support was related to the geographical distance to the grandchild. These results suggest that even in parent-led American families, grandparents play a supportive, buffering role against the potential negative effects of lower SES on children's cognitive development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Factor Associated with Nutritional Status Among Children Aged 6 – 59 Months in Colol Public Health Center: A Cross-Sectional Study Article Sidebar

Objective: Malnutrition is one of the main factors influencing growth and development in children. Undernourishment still became a significant public health issue, including in Indonesia. This study aims to assess the prevalence and risk factors of nutritional status among children aged 6-59 months in Colol Public Health Center, East Manggarai Regency, and Indonesia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional observational community-based study was conducted in the working area of Colol Public Health Center in August 2023. This study included 138 parents and children aged 6 to 59 months who visited Posyandu, chosen by a simple random cluster sampling technique. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire, secondary data from the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) book, and anthropometrical measurements. Three anthropometric indicators (underweight, stunted, and wasted) were assessed according to the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards and analyzed by SPSS 25.0. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with children’s nutritional status. The statistical significance was stated at p-value <0.05 with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunted, and wasted among children aged 6-59 months was 18.8%, 22.4%, and 6.5%, respectively. The multivariable logistic regression model showed that low birth weight increased the risk of underweight (AOR = 13.73 (95% CI: 2.40-78.63)), stunted (AOR = 30.55 (95% CI: 3.16-295.09)), and wasted (AOR = 12.16, 95% (CI: 2.02-73.37)) among children aged 6-59 months. Children with mothers aged <20 or > 35 years old increased odds for underweight (AOR 2.99 (95% CI: 1.13-7.94)). Meanwhile, children aged 24-59 years old were more likely stunted (AOR 4.89 (95% CI: 1.89-12.64)). Conclusion: Undernutrition still becomes a public health problem among children aged under 5 years old in the working area of Colol Public Health Center, East Manggarai Regency. Low birth weight, age of the mother <20 or > 35 years old, and age of the children 24-59 years are significantly associated with nutritional status. The primary health center should cooperate with stakeholders across sectors, especially promoting programs to prevent low birth weight

ASSISTÊNCIA DE ENFERMAGEM NA SAÚDE MENTAL DA MULHER PUÉRPERA COM DEPRESSÃO PÓS-PARTO

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a multifactorial condition that affects the mental health of many women after childbirth, with impacts on child development. Factors such as income, education, and social support influence the prevalence and severity of symptoms. Early identification and proper management are essential, and the nurse’s role is central in this process. Nurses, due to their privileged position, can provide emotional support, conduct screenings, and educate new mothers about the signs of PPD. Ongoing training in mental health is fundamental for these professionals to perform their roles effectively. Research indicates that interventions focused on strengthening social support and improving socioeconomic conditions can be effective in preventing PPD. However, current research has limitations, such as the lack of diversity in samples and interpretive biases. Future studies should include more representative samples and explore new approaches that nurses can adopt in different contexts. Understanding PPD should go beyond identifying symptoms and consider the socioeconomic context and social support available to postpartum women. Proactive nurse intervention is fundamental to ensuring adequate care during this critical period, promoting both maternal mental health and healthy child development. Evidence highlights the importance of public policies that integrate the role of nurses in maternal mental health care.

Supplemental Material for Overcoming the Streetlight Effect: Shining Light on the Foundations of Learning and Development in Early Childhood

Supplemental Material for Overcoming the Streetlight Effect: Shining Light on the Foundations of Learning and Development in Early Childhood

Childhood psychosocial adjustment and midlife obesity, diabetes and hypertension: prospective study from two birth cohorts.

Understanding how childhood psychosocial adjustment (CPA) influences later life health outcomes is crucial for developing interventions to mitigate the long-term risk of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). To investigate the association between CPA and incident CMDs in mid-life, and the mediating roles of educational attainment, smoking habits and depression during young adulthood. A prospective cohort study utilised data from the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS; 1958-2013) and the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70; 1970-2018), encompassing 22 012 participants assessed for CPA in childhood, who were subsequently evaluated for educational attainment, smoking habits and depression in young adulthood, followed by assessments for CMDs in mid-life. CPA was assessed using the Bristol Social Adjustment Guides in the NCDS and the Rutter Child Behaviour Scale in the BCS70, with higher scores indicating poorer psychosocial adjustment. The primary outcomes were the mid-life incidences of hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Compared with children in the lowest tertile for CPA scores, those in the middle tertile had an adjusted odds ratio for hypertension of 0.98 (95% CI 0.90-1.06), whereas those in the highest tertile had an odds ratio of 1.17 (95% CI 1.08-1.26). For diabetes, the corresponding odds ratios (95% CI) were 1.15 (0.98-1.35) and 1.39 (1.19-1.62). For obesity, the corresponding odds ratios (95% CI) were 1.08 (1.00-1.16) and 1.18 (1.09-1.27). These associations were partially mediated by educational attainment (2.4-13.9%) and depression during young adulthood (2.5-14.9%). Poorer CPA is correlated with the development of hypertension, diabetes and obesity in mid-life. Interventions aimed at improving CPA may help in reducing the burden of these diseases in later life.

The Assessment of Anthropometric Measures and Changes in Selected Biochemical Parameters in Obese Children in Relation to Blood Lead Level.

Our paper draws attention to the impact of lead (Pb) on the specificity of obesity development in children exposed to environmental pollution. An advantage of this paper is the homogeneous study group comprising children of identical age from a single geographic region. Moreover, while the influence of environmental toxins on adults has been extensively explored, this study delves into pediatric populations, which have yet to receive comprehensive scrutiny within the scientific literature. Initially, a group of 136 obese children (the research program lasted three consecutive years: 2016, 2017, and 2018) living in the north-western region of Poland, from whom biochemical tests and auxological data were obtained, were enrolled for analysis. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were determined in 115 children. The age of the children ranged from 7.1 to 10.4 years. The body mass index (BMI) of children averaged 21.5 ± 2.2. The results showed that a large proportion of the participants had BLLs above the threshold for Pb. BLLs ≤ 5 µg/dL (considered safe for children and pregnant women) were found in over 70% of the participants, with BLLs in the range of 5.01-10.00 µg/dL in over 26% of the children, and concentrations > 10 µg/dL (considered toxic threshold for adults) in nearly 2% of the children. The results of our research revealed a positive association between BLLs and average systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the studied children. Moreover, we found a negative correlation between BLLs and absolute fat tissue content and triglyceride concentration. Among the included biochemical factors, only insulin demonstrated a statistically significant relationship with fat mass. This result suggests that early carbohydrate metabolism disorders in overweight children involve decreased peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity. Lead exposure may significantly contribute to the development of hypertension, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism disorders in overweight and obese children. It is essential to implement multidirectional actions to increase awareness of the harmful effects of xenobiotic exposure, including lead, in order to prevent early-life exposure.

Uncovering etiologic genes through whole exome sequencing in pediatric epilepsy: A case series from Thailand

Introduction Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) is characterized by seizures that are difficult to control for a long time and affect development in children who are previously normal or delayed. Therefore, children with DEE should be diagnosed promptly because certain types of the disease respond well to specific medications. In developing countries with limited universal coverage for whole exome sequencing (WES), identifying key clinical features in this patient group will help us make more accurate selections for investigations. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of WES and its common clinical features in children with epileptic encephalopathy. Methods Ten volunteers aged 0-15 years were diagnosed with epilepsy with two or more symptoms of drug-resistant epilepsy, developmental delays, and abnormal nervous system/or dysmorphic features, and their electroencephalogram (EEG) showed abnormal background or specific patterns of epileptiform discharges. These were subjected to WES for the standard > 400 genes in the epilepsy panel. Results The established diagnosis was 4/10. Two known pathogenic variants, SCN2A and PCDH19. Two novel pathological variants, CHD2 and SCN1A. These are drug-resistant epilepsy, which is initially difficult to control and cannot stop antiseizure medications. Out of the 2/4 had moderate to severe intellectual disability. 3/4 had generalized epileptiform discharge activities. Conclusions This study showed a similar detection rate to that of a previous WES study. All the patients had difficult-to-treat epilepsy. For those who have not found abnormalities with the same clinical symptoms, further examinations using other methods should be conducted.

Impact of Adenoidectomy on Emotional, Social, and Academic Development in Children: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Impact of Adenoidectomy on Emotional, Social, and Academic Development in Children: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Effectiveness of early childhood education interventions to improve complementary feeding practices in children 4 to 36 months of age: a systematic review protocol.

Healthy eating habits, which start with food introduction, can influence children's growth and development. Therefore, the educational actions carried out at school for children who are beginning to eat, involving families and school staff who attend daycare centers, can serve as strategies to improve complementary feeding practices. This review will analyze the effectiveness of early childhood education interventions to improve complementary feeding practices in children aged 4 to 36 months. The review will consider randomized clinical trials, cluster-randomized clinical trials, and controlled clinical trials that evaluate the effectiveness of early childhood education interventions involving children aged 4 to 36 months, their families, or school staff to improve complementary feeding. In their absence, observational cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies may be considered. This review will be conducted in line with the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of effectiveness. The search for relevant studies will be conducted in PubMed, Embase (Ovid), BIREME, Scopus, the Cochrane Library (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), and the ProQuest Databases (ProQuest Central). No date or language limitation will be applied. Two independent reviewers will select studies by screening titles, abstracts, and keywords against the inclusion criteria. This will be followed by full-text screening. Two independent reviewers will then conduct the study method quality evaluation and data extraction. GRADEpro will be used to assess the certainty in the findings, which will be reported in a systematic review, and, if possible, grouped in a meta-analysis. PROSPERO CRD42022384704.