Child Maltreatment Perpetration Research Articles

Kekerasan Anak Pada Keluarga Buruh di Jepara Perspektif Pendidikan Islam

Child abuse within the family sphere is often a hidden crime phenomenon because it is kept secret by both the perpetrator and the victim. This article seeks to uncover the practice of child abuse in labor families in Geneng, Jepara, identify the causes, and offer solutions. The data collection used interview, observation, and documentation. The key informants are children, parents who work as laborers, and the Head of Geneng Village. The collected data is then analyzed using descriptive qualitative research from the perspective of Islamic education theory. Doctrinaire, Islam never allows parents to behave rudely to children. Unfortunately, not a few of those who fail to understand and become perpetrators of child abuse. The forms are varied, ranging from psychological violence such as insults, insults, and shouting. The main causes are family economic poverty factors and poor understanding of parents' religion. The way out for parents who are busy working is to get their children in Madrasah Diniyah (Madin). No less important, after Maghrib, children are encouraged to take part in studies conducted by local religious teachers around their homes.

A Criminological Outlook of Cyber Crimes in Sexual Violence Against Children in Indonesian Laws

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cybercrimes in sexual violence against children in Indonesian laws. Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, concerning cybercrime specifically regulated in Indonesia. Of the various types of cybercrime that occur in Indonesia, it is interesting to study the vacuum norms governing cyber pornography carried out on children in Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. The crime can be said as violence against children whose punishment can be aggravated as stipulated in the Child Protection Act. This research is a normative legal study by examining the absence of norms in the ITE Law regarding sanctions imposed on perpetrators of child abuse in cyberspace. The study was conducted by using normative research methods so that utilizing primary legal materials such as the Criminal Code, Child Protection Act, Pornography Law, and Electronic Information and Transaction Law. Based on the collection and analysis of the legal material, the results showed that there is a need for criminal penalties for cyber pornography against children. This is done by considering the impact of the crime on the development of children and aims that the perpetrators deter and prevent similar crimes. The results practically contribute that the government is expected to play an active role in continuing to provide protection and assistance for psychological recovery from victims.

Dual-system Involvement: Exploring the Overlap Between Domestic and Family Violence and Child Maltreatment Perpetration.

This longitudinal population-based study aimed to understand the dual-system involvement of males who engage in domestic and family violence (DFV) and child maltreatment perpetration. Specifically, this study investigates the prevalence of male perpetration of DFV, child maltreatment, and dual-system involvement, and compares the frequency and nature of perpetration by males with single-system contact and males with dual-system contact. The effect of race (Indigenous Australian/non-Indigenous Australian) and parental status on dual-system involvement is also examined. This study utilizes data from the Queensland Cross-sector Research Collaboration repository. These data contain each contact an individual male born in 1983 or 1984 had with the Queensland civil court system as a respondent to a domestic violence order (DVO) and the Queensland statutory child protection system, where, after an investigation, they were identified as the person responsible for substantiated harm to a child. The results from the study show a high level of overlap between males who perpetrate DFV and child maltreatment. Of males identified as being responsible for substantiated harm to a child, 58% have also been a respondent of a DVO, and approximately 16% of male DVO respondents were identified as being responsible for substantiated harm to a child. Differences were found in the frequency and nature of perpetration by males with dual-system involvement compared to those with single-system contact for either DFV or child maltreatment. Our results also show differences for Indigenous status, parental status, number of maltreatment events, harm type, number of DVOs, and number of breaches of a DVO. The implications of this study for both policy and practice are discussed.

Impact of intimate partner violence and childhood maltreatment on maternal-infant maltreatment: A longitudinal study.

This study identifies the impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy, and childhood maltreatment on mothers' perpetration of child maltreatment on 1-month postnatal infants. A longitudinal study was conducted on women in the third trimester of pregnancy in two obstetric hospitals in Tokyo, Japan, from June 2016 to September 2017. Participants were asked to complete online self-reported questionnaires during their pregnancy period and at 1 month postnatal. The relationship between suffering from IPV during pregnancy, experiencing childhood maltreatment before the age of 18 years, and perpetration of child maltreatment toward infants was measured among mothers using the Violence Against Women Screen and a survey of four and 14 ad hoc questions. To identify the impact of poly-victimizations of IPV and childhood maltreatment on maternal-infant maltreatment, the study implemented logistic regression models. The data from 533 respondents to the first and second surveys were analyzed. Maternal-infant maltreatment at 1 month postnatal was strongly associated with poly-victimizations of IPV during pregnancy and childhood maltreatment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.17; p < .001; 95% CI = 2.39-11.20), single victimization of IPV (AOR = 3.43, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.76-6.72), and single victimization of childhood maltreatment (AOR = 1.75, p = .03, 95% CI = 1.04-2.93; neither = reference). The results emphasize the importance of individuating pregnant women with poly-victimizations of IPV during pregnancy and childhood maltreatment and providing intensive and continuous support for such women to prevent maternal-infant maltreatment after childbirth.

Are Dual-System Offenders Different? An Examination of Prevalence and Specialization in Criminal Offending and Child Maltreatment Perpetration.

Although most theoretical and policy approaches treat criminal behavior and child maltreatment as different issues, we examine the prevalence of those involved in both the criminal justice system and child protective services as perpetrators, assessing how several criminal career characteristics differ between dual-system and single-system offenders. Using longitudinal cohort data from the Queensland Cross-Sector Research Collaboration (QCRC), we found that while dual-system-involved offenders made up only 4% of the population, their proportion was much higher among those with a delinquent history, especially among females (males = 21%, females = 38%). Those involved with both systems were more serious offenders and child maltreatment perpetrators with respect to the number and versatility of system contacts. These findings suggest involvement in both the criminal justice and child welfare systems are part of an underlying vulnerability or predisposition toward antisocial behavior and represent an important overlap of service delivery that must be managed effectively.

Child Abuse and Neglect Among Iranian High School Students

Background: Millions of children and families suffer from child abuse worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the related variables for different types of child abuse and their perpetrators. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted on high school students in Hamadan, Iran in 2016. Samples were selected by multiple cluster sampling method in which 571 students were enrolled in the study. A standard, valid and reliable self-reported questionnaire was used for recording child abuse and another part for demographic variables and perpetrators of child abuse (including: parents or other relatives, teachers, friends or classmates, strangers). After data collection, SPSS V. 21 software was used for data analysis. All P values less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: The most common types of neglect were students' discomfort and lack of welfare at home (51.0%), attention ignorance to students' demands (46.6%), and parent’s excessive expectations (39.2%). In physical abuse domain, corporal punishment conducing abrasion and burns scare (51.8%) was in top of the list and the most common forms of psychological abuse were parent’s strict behaviors (25.7%), insulting and disrespecting the students (25.4%) and humiliation of them (24.9%). Psychological and physical abuse in girls and private schools were significantly higher than others (P < 0.001). There was significant relationship between psychological abuse and smoking or substance experience in adolescents (P < 0.001). Addicted and low educated parents were reported as perpetrators for all kinds of abuse. Conclusions: Understanding related variables and perpetrators of child abuse could raise the society perspectives about the importance of the subject and help decision makers for intervention programming aimed at reducing child abuse.

Caregiver Vulnerabilities Associated With the Perpetration of Substantiated Child Maltreatment in Canada: Examining the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS) 2008.

Most of the research on caregiver vulnerabilities associated with the perpetration of child maltreatment (CM) focuses on perpetrators of child physical or sexual abuse. Less is known about the association of specific caregiver vulnerabilities and the risk of other CM types or how these vulnerabilities are related to child harm. The aim of the study was to examine the association of caregiver's vulnerabilities with types of substantiated CM and child physical and mental/emotional harm as a result of maltreatment. Data were from the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect collected in 2008 (CIS-2008). The CIS-2008 consisted of investigations of children aged 15 years and younger from 112 child welfare sites across Canada (N = 15,980). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to examine relationships between caregiver vulnerabilities and outcomes of interest. Caregiver vulnerabilities were prevalent among cases of CM substantiated by child welfare agencies across Canada. Low social support, domestic violence, mental health issues, and substance abuse problems were noted among a substantial proportion of abusive caregivers. Caregiver cognitive impairments and domestic violence perpetration were associated with increased odds of child physical harm, but only among children aged 0 to 4 years. Most individual types of caregiver vulnerabilities were associated with increased odds of child mental or emotional harm across all child age groups. Insight into caregiver vulnerabilities associated with the perpetration of CM may help inform intervention targets prior to a family's involvement in the child welfare system.

Karakteristik anak yang mengalami child abuse dan neglect di RSUP Sanglah, Denpasar, Indonesia tahun 2015-2017

Background: Child abuse and neglect is any form of physical, emotional, sexual abuse, or neglect of children. Child abuse causes various consequences that are harmful to the child and the future of the nation. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of children who experience child abuse at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar.Methods: A cross sectional study design was conducted using secondary data taken from medical records of the Forensic Medicine Department, Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar from January 2015 to December 2017. Data related to age, gender, origin, types of abuse, and perpetrator’s house were analyzed as percentage using SPSS version 17 software. Ethical clearance was carried out prior study conducted. Result: From 2015 to 2017, 173 subjects were recorded as child abuse. The age group of 13-15 years and 16-18 years is the highest age group that experiences child abuse which is 28.3% and 33.5%. Subjects of female sex were 56.0%. The highest distribution of subject origin comes from Denpasar area 20.8% and the highest education level of parents is 45.0% senior high school. Subjects who experienced physical violence and threats were 93.6%, sexual violence was 50.8%, and 1.7% experienced neglect. The perpetrators of child abuse are mostly people who are known to the victim. The perpetrator's or subject's house is the place where most physical, emotional, or sexual violence occurs, which is 72.2%, 69.7%, and 89.7% respectively.Conclutions: Most cases of Child abuse occur in the age group of 13-15 years and 16-18 years. Child abuse is more common in women; most of the perpetrators are people who are recognized. Home is the most common place of physical, emotional, or sexual violence.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CHILD ABUSE PERPETRATORS WORLDWIDE: CHARACTERISTICS AND RISK FACTORS

Child abuse is a part of violence and maltreatment towards a child. It has led to many immediate and long-term consequences. The factors pertaining to the perpetrators of physical and emotional abuse were least explored in the literature. The aim of this systematic review is to comprehend the factors of vulnerability among the perpetrators of child abuse, and to identify the most common reported characteristics of child abuse perpetrators in the literature globally. A systematic search of articles published between 2013 and 2018 was conducted in several databases (Scopus, Ovid Medline, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar). Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The risk factors and characteristics of child abuse perpetrators are classified into three different levels; individual, relationship and community. The most common reported characteristics are at the individual level. Family background plays an important role in determining the risk of being a child abuse perpetrator. Low socioeconomic status of the family is the prominent contributing risk factor for abusing own children. Keywords: child abuse, characteristics, perpetrator

Becoming Informed About Trauma

Becoming Informed About Trauma

Long-term trends in child maltreatment in England and Wales, 1858–2016: an observational, time-series analysis

It is unclear whether child maltreatment is increasing or decreasing in England and Wales. More evidence is needed, from multiple sources and over longer periods of time, to explore trends in child maltreatment. We investigated whether the annual incidence of child maltreatment has changed over time, using official record data and time-series methods to establish long-term trends. In this observational time-series analysis, we used six data sources (Government records for child mortality, police-recorded child homicides, crimes against children, child protection, and children in care; and NSPCC data) to estimate the incidence of child maltreatment in England and Wales and examine long-term trends. We included nationally representative data that could estimate the incidence of child maltreatment for more than 25 years. Our primary outcomes were the number of victims (age <20 years) or perpetrators (age >16 years) of child maltreatment per 12-month period in England, including or excluding Wales. We fitted Poisson regression models with year as the exposure and the number of victims or perpetrators of child maltreatment as the outcome (adjusted for population age-structure and size). When a linear trend was not appropriate, we fitted generalised additive models with penalised splines to visualise trends. The incidence of child mortality by homicide or assault decreased by 90% (2·7 per 100 000 children) between 1858 and 2016 and the incidence of people guilty of child cruelty or neglect decreased by 83% (6·7 per 100 000 adults) between 1893 and 2016, whereas child protection registrations increased by 182% (328·7 per 100 000 children) between 1988 and 2016. Crimes against children and children entering care increased between 2000 and 2016. In 2016, 40 children died by homicide, with twice as many adolescent (15-19 years) deaths than infant (age <1 year) deaths. In 2016, 67 700 children were placed on the child protection register and neglect and emotional abuse were the most common reasons. Although long-term trends have decreased, child maltreatment remains a major public health problem in England and Wales. Further research is needed to establish whether adolescents are a particularly vulnerable age group and whether neglect and emotional abuse are increasing. Future child protection policies and practices should respond to these areas of growing need. Andrew W Mellon Foundation and Clarendon through The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities, Oxford.

Community-based care of children affected by AIDS in Swaziland: a gender-aware analysis.

Care of children affected by AIDS in Swaziland is predominately provided by families, with support from 'community-based responses'. This approach is consistent with United Nations International Children's Fund's (UNICEF) framework for the protection, care and support of children affected by AIDS. However, the framework relies heavily on voluntary caregiving which is highly gendered. It pays limited attention to caregivers' well-being or sustainable community development which enables more effective caregiving. As a result, the framework is incompatible with the social justice principles of primary health care, and the sustainable development goals (SDGs).AimOur aim was to examine the effects and gender dimensions of providing voluntary, community-based, care-related labour for children affected by AIDS. We conducted multiple-methods research involving an ethnography and participatory health research, in a rural Swazi community. We analysed data related to community-based responses using an abductive, mixed-methods technique, informed by the capabilities approach to human development and a gender analysis framework.FindingsTwo community-based responses, 'neighbourhood care points' (facilities that provide children meals) and the 'lihlombe lekukhalela' (child protector) program were being implemented. The unpaid women workers at neighbourhood care points reported working in challenging conditions (eg, lacking labour-saving technologies), insufficient and diminishing material support (eg, no food), and receiving limited support from the broader community. Child protectors indicated their effectiveness was limited by lack of social power, relative to the perpetrators of child abuse. The results indicate that support for community-based responses will be enhanced by acknowledging and addressing the highly gendered nature of care-related labour and social power, and that increasing access to material resources including food, caregiver stipends and labour-saving technologies, is essential. These strategies will simultaneously contribute to the social and economic development of communities central to primary health care, and achieving the poverty, hunger, gender and work-related SDGs.

Multiple Factors Associated With Child Abuse Perpetration: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Study.

Differences in child abuse perpetration between individuals with and without mental disorders remain obscure. This study compared the risk difference and further investigated the association between the category of mental disorders and child abuse perpetration. A total of 681,970 adults from the 2002 to 2013 Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were analyzed, including 340,985 patients with psychiatric disorders (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] codes 290.x-319.x) and 340,985 sex- and age-matched individuals without psychiatric disorders. Child abuse perpetration (ICD-9-CM N-codes 995.5x and E-code E967) was the outcome variable. Matched analyses indicated that the risk of child abuse among patients with psychiatric disorders (0.25%) was significantly higher than that among those without psychiatric disorders (0.16%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.464, p < .0001). Among the six categories of mental disorders, the prevalence rates of committing child abuse were significantly higher for personality disorders, substance use, and affective disorders (0.56%, 0.45%, and 0.40%, respectively; p < .0001). Compared with anxiety disorders, substance use disorders were significantly associated with higher odds of child abuse perpetration (OR = 2.032, p < .05), especially physical abuse (OR = 2.018, p < .0001). Psychiatric morbidity was associated with higher odds of child abuse, with substance use determined as the major risk category. Screening high-risk families by using the associated factors is crucial.

Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: Effects of maltreatment type and depressive symptoms

Parental history of childhood maltreatment victimization is a widely studied risk factor for child maltreatment perpetration, a process referred to as the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment (ITCM). Using a sample of mothers receiving welfare in Illinois, we examined how maternal history of physical abuse and neglect was associated with perpetration of physical abuse and neglect against mothers' own children. In addition, we investigated whether the mediating effects of depressive symptoms on ITCM differ by subtype of maltreatment using PROCESS Macro analyses as developed by Hayes (2017).We found that maternal physical abuse history increased the risk of offspring physical abuse and neglect; maternal neglect history was associated with offspring neglect only. In addition, we found that mothers' depressive symptoms mediated the associations of neglect and physical abuse victimization with perpetration of physical abuse; depressive symptoms did not explain any aspect of neglect perpetration.

Postmortem Detection of Child abuse at a Premier Hospital: Two Case Reports

Physical Child abuse also known as Battered baby Syndrome (BBS) or Non Accidental Injury (NAI) occurs when the child suffers repetitive physical injuries by a parent or guardian. It can cause severe injuries to the children and even death. We report two autopsy cases in which both the children were brought dead in the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi by the guardians with no complaint of foul play. During autopsy the characteristic findings of physical abuse were found and were reported to the investigation officer. It led to the arrest of the guardians and legal proceedings were initiated. The western countries have developed a centralized reporting system for child abuse but the cases of physical and mental abuse of children mainly at their home from parents or guardian are highly under-reported in India. The authors intend to highlight the importance of interpreting such injuries not only during autopsy but also in clinical setups so that perpetrators of child abuse are not spared. The authors have given recommendations about the steps which could be taken to detect child abuse at an early stage and save the life of a child.

Self-reported child abuse in the home: a cross-sectional survey of prevalence, perpetrator characteristics and correlates among public secondary school students in Kathmandu, Nepal

ObjectivesTo explore the prevalence, perpetrator characteristics and the correlates of child abuse in Kathmandu, Nepal.MethodsFor this cross-sectional study, we translated the internationally validated questionnaire developed by the International Society for...

Child Abuse Perpetrators of Iranian Adolescents

Background: Child abuse is a main health problem all over the world. Objectives: The aim of this study was to extend our understanding about offenders of child abuse in different domains. Methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey on 700 students in secondary schools using multiple cluster sampling in Yazd, Iran in 2013. We applied 2 self-reported questionnaires: a standard self-reported valid and reliable questionnaire for recording child abuse and DASS (depression anxiety stress scales)-42 for assessing mental disorders and another part about perpetrators (parents, relatives, friends or classmates, school teachers and coaches, strangers). The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software. P values < 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: School parents, more than the other groups were guilty in severe forms of all domains. Parents neglected totally 97 (26.7 %) students in a variety of intensity, abused psychologically 90 (28.3%), physically 58 (25.6%) and even sexually in 29 (15.3%) cases. Moreover, parents were also responsible for severe physical abuse of 69 (30.4%) and strangers in severe sexual of 105 (55.5%) students (P value < 0.05). Psychological abuse was more probable in girls (OR: 2.3, P value < 0.001) and physical in boys (OR: 1.5, P value: 0.01). The students who had parents with substance abuse problem reported neglect 3.1, psychological 2.1, physical 2.07 and sexual abuse 2.04 more than other adolescents (P value < 0.05). Conclusions: Understanding about offenders of child abuse would reveal findings that could be an alarm for decision makers’ intervention programming aimed at reducing child abuse.

Child abuse and neglect in the Jaffna district of Sri Lanka \u2013 a study on knowledge attitude practices and behavior of health care professionals

BackgroundVictims and perpetrators of child abuse do not typically self-report to child protection services, therefore responsibility of detection and reporting falls on the others. Knowledge on child protection is essential for the first contact person and such information is sparse in research literature originally coming from Sri Lanka. Anecdotally, several cases of child abuse have been missed out at the first contact level. Therefore we undertook this survey to assess the knowledge, attitudes towards child protection and the experiences of medical officers, nursing officers and social workers on child protection.MethodThis was a descriptive analytical study carried out in hospitals and the community during March–October 2016. An anonymous content validated self-administered questionnaire was used as the study instrument. Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Behaviour were assessed via multiple choice questions and responses according to Likert score. Three anonymised case records were given as case vignettes to be studied by the participants and their responses were also recorded on the questionnaire.ResultsAmong the 246 responders 156 (63.4%) were doctors. All groups of professionals identified the forms of child abuse correctly and the social indicators of child abuse was correctly identified in 152 (61.7%). Majority failed to identify the features of the perpetrator. Majority of the professionals showed a favourable response in attitude when dealing with child maltreatment. 153 (62%) had suspected child abuse in their career and 64% of them had reported it to the authority. Fifty two (21%) had attended a training workshop on child abuse and 65.8% of the responders were not satisfied with their knowledge. 229(93%) of them indicated that they wanted some form of education on child maltreatment. The Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour towards child abuse were significantly good on people with experience in the field of Paediatrics and Judicial Medical work, when compared to those who did not have the experience in these two fields. (p value< 0.01).ConclusionAlthough the knowledge among health professionals regarding child abuse and care was satisfactory, further areas need reinforcement. The attitude was more positive, the behavior and practices on child maltreatment needed reinforcement via workshops and continuing medical education.

Survivors of Child Maltreatment and Postpartum Depression: An Integrative Review

An integrative review was performed to explore the relationship between a maternal history of child maltreatment and subsequent postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms. Six electronic databases were used to explore the literature, including PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and Scopus. Studies were included that used victims of child maltreatment as one of the independent variables and PPD symptoms as one of the dependent variables. Studies were excluded if they focused only on women with adult intimate partner violence or women with PPD who were perpetrators of child abuse rather than survivors. The studies were required to be original research, and there was no limit to years or language. The search yielded 589 studies, 16 of which were included in the final sample. These studies were assessed for quality, and a data display matrix was developed to extract the sample, design, methods, operational definitions for independent and dependent variables of interest, major findings with effect sizes, and limitations. Using the data display matrix, the studies' methods and findings were synthesized for divergent and convergent patterns. Studies were varied in their designs, samples, and operational definitions of child maltreatment and PPD, and were low to moderate in quality. Results were inconsistent, but a majority suggest a positive association between a maternal history of child maltreatment and subsequent symptoms of PPD. Child maltreatment and PPD are complex issues that require careful screening by women's health care providers and clearly defined operational definitions in future research. Implications for clinical practice and research are discussed.

Unhealthy dependency in victims and perpetrators of child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review.

Theoretical conceptualizations of interpersonal dependency and dependent personality disorder suggest that (a) high levels of dependency in parents may increase risk for perpetration of child abuse and neglect and (b) children who are victimized may show elevated levels of dependency later in life. This study used meta-analytic techniques to examine these hypothesized links. A systematic search of psychological and medical online databases revealed 14 published studies (21 effect sizes) examining the link between parental dependency and perpetration of abuse or neglect (overall N of perpetrators=1,321), and 14 published studies (25 effect sizes) assessing dependency in victims of child abuse and neglect (overall N of victims=38,265). The dependency-abuse effect size (d) for perpetrators collapsed across all moderating variables was 0.36, which is considered to be in the medium range. The dependency-victimization effect size (d) collapsed across all moderating variables was 0.29, also a medium effect size. These results support and extend analyses of the relationship between dependency and child maltreatment, and suggest that dependency may be both a precipitant of child maltreatment and consequence of victimization. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, with suggestions for further research outlined.