Chief Types Research Articles

The Venus of the Ca d'Oro and the Origin of the Chief Types of the Venus at the Mirror from the Workshop of Titian

The Venus of the Ca d'Oro and the Origin of the Chief Types of the Venus at the Mirror from the Workshop of Titian

Comparative Alveolar Pathology in Sheep and Goats

Degenerative change of the jaw bone is one of the manifestations associated with old age. Although, infrequently, exceptions occur where the physical preservation of the jawbones remains unaltered and in a healthy condition until an advanced age, structural wasting and cellular degeneration predominate overwhelmingly. This process of change from youth to old age and from health to disease generally occurs among lower animals as in man. Although the onset of the wasting of the bone and the morphologic pathology differs among individuals, the portion of the bone affected in most instances, whether man or lower animal, begins with the alveolar process. Alveolar degeneration, as it occurs predominantly in man and perhaps in most animals, excepting sheep, consists, of 2 chief types. These are: 1, atrophy or wasting of the cellular structure in the absence of pus, and 2, suppurative necrosis which destroys the walls and the septi of the tooth sockets. In either instance the breakdown of the alveolus begins at the alveolar crest, gradually reducing the periodontium either to the level of, or below the level of, the root ends. Also, there are instances of localized mechanical injury to the alveolar bone caused by incrustation of calcific deposit or continued packing of food between the teeth. The latter condition becomes more aggravated in the helpless animal, which is unable to remove such an obstruction. Although unlike collections of calculus which may occur at various periods of life of the individual from preadolescence through old age, packing of food between the teeth usually begins during middle or late adulthood. At that period some alteration of the alveolar support of the teeth frequently takes place, detachment of the periodontal membrane from the cementum occurs either partially or totally and the roots of the teeth begin to lose their firm hold in the alveolus. Under the impact of forced pressure during mastication teeth thus affected will yield to the force of the opposing teeth and the food. The resulting space is large enough for food particles to lodge and accumulate. Gradually, with the constantly added food creating separation and more space between the teeth, the shifting of the teeth forms larger pockets for a still greater amount of food to pack firmly thus depressing the gingiva and the affected bone. Especially in the herbivorous animals, the retained grass and twigs aggravated by continued pressure during mastication, produces channeling of the bone in the interspaces of most of the teeth posterior to the canines. Although packing of food results in extensive damage to the alveolar bone between the roots of the teeth of man, the actual destruction seldom proceeds beyond the root ends unless an abscess cavity in the jaw bone results from some other cause.

THE DENOMINATION AND CHARACTER OF SHARES, 1855–1885

The Economic History ReviewVolume a16, Issue 1 p. 45-55 THE DENOMINATION AND CHARACTER OF SHARES, 1855–1885 J. B. Jefferys, J. B. Jefferys National Institute of Economic and Social Research, LondonSearch for more papers by this author J. B. Jefferys, J. B. Jefferys National Institute of Economic and Social Research, LondonSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1946 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1946.tb00720.xCitations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volumea16, Issue1April 1946Pages 45-55 RelatedInformation

Symptoms of disease in tulips caused by Anguillulina dipsaci

A brief description has been given in an earlier paper (Goodey, 1943) of damage to tulip bulbs caused by the stem and bulb eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci. In April, 1944, an opportunity arose, through the good offices of Mr. J. Oldnall Page, of Spalding, Lincs., of visiting a field in his district, in which eelworm-affected tulips were growing. Two of the varieties inspected were in flower and the other two were in an advanced bud condition. All four varieties exhibited marked symptoms of attack, and in the case of two of them in which there were a considerable number of plants, the damage caused to the blooms would entail a distinct financial loss to the grower. The largest planting consisted of the variety “ Rijnland,” the next largest was the variety “Wonderful.” In addition to these there were smaller plantings of “ William Copland ” and “ Mrs. Farncombe Sanders.” In all four varieties evidences of attack were apparent on leaves, stems and flowers and, in general, the writer can confirm the findings of Chitwood and Machmer (1942) on the symptoms manifested by the growing plant. They mention longitudinal splitting of leaf, flower-stem and corolla. It may be well, however, to attempt a more detailed description of the chief symptoms and types of lesion shown by affected plants: see also the two photographs accompanying this paper.

Striping patterns in domestic horses

1. Striping is distributed among very diverse breeds of domestic horses. It is found more frequently and more dictinctly expressed among primitive, local populations of horses than among standard breeds, due to continued selection against wild coat colors (wilddun, mouse-gray), with which striping is correlated in some way, as yet insufficiently elucidated. 2. Striping in domestic horses in most cases resembles in structure striping in all other species of the familyEquidae (zebras, asses, hemiasses, wild horses) and is by its very nature rudimentary and atavistic (Darwin). The most persistent elements of striping in domestic horses are: the spinal stripe, next horizontal zebroid stripes on the legs, then rudiments of stripes on the vertical system (shoulder stripes and spots); rarely there has been observed the development of arch-shaped stripes on the forehead (Darwin, Ewart, Krieg). 3. A study of variation in such atavistic striping in different breeds of horses throughout the world has made it possible to distinguish two chief types of striping, differing from each other in the structure and localization of the stripes of the vertical system and also in several specific features in the structure of the spinal stripe and the zebroid striping on the legs. The first type of striping (Figs. 1–5) is most clearly expressed in small local breeds of European horses (Ewart'sforest type or thenorthern group of Russian authors), but it is also encountered among horses of thesouthern group (eastern type ofFranck) and heavy western horses. The second type (Figs. 6–16) is characteristic of horses of the Mongolian group and is not found beyond the limits of the latter's influence. 4. In addition to atavistic striping in domestic horses, there occurs in very rare cases, striping of a brindling pattern (Figs. 17a, b), which does not possess the characteristic structural features of striping inEquidae and which — like brindling in cattle (Fig. 18) and dogs — must be regarded as a „new formation” of mutational origin.

Frictional Phenomena. XVI

THE following technical applications are dealt with in this chapter: (1) belt drives, (2) clutches, (3) brakes, (4) vibration dampers, such as the Lanchester damper, (5) self-excited vibrations, such as shaft whipping and sound production in a violin, and (6) grinding and crushing. In most cases a brief outline of the mechanism of operation is given, followed—in the first three of the above-mentioned applications—by principles of design, chief types of construction, and necessary numerical data on friction coefficients.

Vertebrate Fauna of North Carolina Coastal Islands. A Study in the Dynamics of Animal Distribution I. Ocracoke Island

Nature of problem.?Zoogeographers usually recognize two chief types of islands, distinguishing between mainland islands and oceanic islands on the basis of their differing origins. A mainland island is a piece of higher land which has been cut off from the mainland through submergence of adjacent lowlands as a result either of subsidence of the land or elevation of the sea level. Its fauna is chiefly an inherited one coming directly from that which populated it while it was part of the parent land mass. An oceanic island, contrarily, is born of the sea bottom; it is barren on emergence, but subseqently acquires a flora and a fauna through waifs and drifts arriving over, on, or through the water, often from considerable distances and from a variety of sources. The fauna of a mainland island is usually balanced and homogeneous, although impoverished in comparison with its mainland; that of an oceanic island is heterogeneous, because of its diverse origins, and the various systematic groups are disproportionately represented.

THE HYPOPHYSIS OF THE BROAD-BILLED SWORDFISH, XIPHIAS GLADIUS L

Twenty-three swordfish pituitaries were studied in 1940. It was impossible to determine the sex of these fish; therefore the work was repeated in 1941 on pituitaries from 13 swordfish, all of which proved to be female. Their pituitaries were identical with those obtained in 1940.The swordfish hypophysis is a blunt pyramidal structure, situated with its base in close approximation with the infundibulum. The pars nervosa descends from the infundibular floor, as a main or primary infiltration which arborizes in the ventral portion of the gland, with smaller secondary infiltrations of infundibular tissue penetrating the more dorsal regions. It is fibrous in nature, with the nuclei of connective tissue cells occurring frequently. Herring's bodies are not found in the pars nervosa, and there is no evidence of migration of cells from other glandular regions into it.The pars intermedia surrounds the arborized part of the main nervous penetration, as a cone-shaped region with its apex directed ventrally. There are three types of cells in this part of the gland; an orange G acidophile, a weak blue basophile, and a chromophobe. Carmine granules are found in many of the basophiles. The acidophiles become more numerous in glands obtained successively during the summer.The Übergangsteil is a wedge-shaped region, lying dorsal to the base of the cone-like pars intermedia, with its main portion in the postero-dorsal part of the hypophysis. A sheath of its material completely envelops the pars intermedia. The Übergangsteil possesses two types of cells: a strong carminophile with finely granulated cytoplasm, and a deep blue basophile with coarsely granulated cytoplasm. During the latter half of the summer the basophiles contain large vacuoles which first appear about the middle of July.The pars anterior occupies a horse-shoe shaped region in the anterodorsal part of the hypophysis. Its arms extend posteriorly toward the main mass of the Übergangsteil, often surrounding the zone of contact of the infundibulum and the pars glandularis in collar-like fashion. The pars anterior of the swordfish pituitary has two chief types of cells: an amphiphile and an acidophile. The former are of a bluishpurple color, and are found bordering the secondary infiltrations of infundibular material that enter this region. The acidophiles are coarsely granulated carminophiles, which lie beneath the more peripheral amphiphiles to make up the bulk of the pars anterior.The 13 swordfish from which gonads were obtained in 1941 were females. The ovaries contained ova which did not change appreciably in diameter during the summer. Thus there is no evidence of sexual maturation of swordfish taken in southern New England waters.

ENDOGENOUS ALLERGY

In contrast with exogenous allergy, the principal causal agents of which are inhaled, ingested, injected or contacted, the term endogenous allergy designates those hypersensitivities in which the allergens are formed within the body. The endogenous allergens may be divided, according to their origin, into two groups: the autoendogenous and the heteroendogenous. One speaks of autoendogenous allergens when autogenous substances (e. g., body cells and their products or tissue fluids) acquire antigenicity under certain conditions, which will be discussed in another part of the paper. Heteroendogenous allergens are foreign substances chiefly of proteinogenic nature which enter the organism from without but which call forth antibody formation only after their multiplication or growth within the body. The chief types of heteroendogenous allergens are bacteria, viruses, fungi and certain parasites, or their products. For the sake of clarity, it is necessary at the outset to differentiate the endogenous allergens from those agents with

A Study of Fog and Low Cloud At Pendleton, Oregon*

Summary The statistics of fog and low ceilings at Pendleton are discussed in relation to the topographic situation, prevailing winds, type of fog process, etc. The explanations require careful attention to topography. Nov. to Jan. is the foggy season; radiation, prefrontal, and advection are the chief types, but postfrontal and upslope fog also occur. Typical situations for each are illustrated. The forecasting by use of Brunt's radiation equation or the methods of George has not yet been satisfactorily worked out; some forecasting rules are cited however.

CONGENITAL ENLARGEMENT OF THE EXTREMITIES

In the past, there has been a tendency to designate as elephantiasis all types of overgrowth of the extremities without proper regard to the existence of various kinds of hypertrophy, distinct from the point of view of their differing etiologic associations. That there is a real need of applying to the problem of skeletal overgrowth the type of effort that has long been directed toward the correction of conditions which produce arrested growth is a fresh and valuable point of view emphasized by Chandler.1 A discussion of congenital enlargement of the extremities may profitably include both conditions involving the soft parts alone and conditions in which the entire extremity is affected. Three chief types of overgrowth can thus be discussed: congenital lymphedema (lymphangiectasis), congenital hemangiectatic hypertrophy of the extremities and Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. CONGENITAL LYMPHEDEMA (LYMPHANGIECTASIS) This condition is characterized by the presence at birth of nonpitting edema restricted to

EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA DYSTROPHICA (RECESSIVE TYPE)

Epidermolysis bullosa is probably not a single disease but rather a group of closely related pathologic states which differ both in clinical features and genetic origin. From the clinicogenetic point of view there is the simplex type, which is dominant, and the dystrophic type, which occurs in either a dominant or a recessive form. In addition, in a small number of cases of the dystrophic type peculiar clinical or genetic features are present; i. e., in the cases of Wende 1 and Guy, 2 in that of the macular type described by da Costa and Van der Valk 3 and in the cases in infants reported by Heinrichsbauer 4 in which the disease is rapidly fatal. The following tabulation illustrates the different clinical features of the chief types 5 : The common feature of all types of epidermolysis bullosa is the formation of bullae. Various theories, based chiefly on the patho

Attic Black-figured Lekythoi

From Mrs. A. D. Ure's exhaustive review of my Attic Black-figured Lekythoi in the last volume of JHS (57, pp. 263–5), I realise that for the sake of brevity I must often have been less clear than I ought to have been, so that certain passages in my book call for explanation.‘ The dearth of material for the years following 530 ’ (‘JHS’ 57, P. 264) is only apparent. There is the Phanyllis class (ABL 63–8), which belongs roughly to the period 520–500, although examples occur both before and after; it was placed at the end of its chapter for the sole reason that the stuff is second-rate, and therefore less important, and not because it is later than Other items in this chapter and the foregoing one. On the contrary, it covers a long space of time.We should turn to ABL 16–8 and 35–7 to see the points from which these groups start. Their terminus ante quem is given on pp. 63–8: in these pages I discuss the groups at the last possible moment—I admit—but they do not deserve a better treatment. The larger, chief types tack on to such lekythoi as Athens 371 and London B 571 (see ABL 63 and 36) in style and decoration, as well as in date. The lesser ones are followers of such small lekythoi as the ‘ fat runner ’ group (offshoot of the Dolphin class): for some examples see ABL 17, below; the groups themselves are discussed on pp. 66–8.

Of the Warp-weighted Loom

The ancient world had three chief types of loom, the horizontal ground loom, the vertical loom with upper and lower beams, and the vertical loom with warp weights. The third is the subject of this study, but for a clear understanding of it the character of the other two looms must be understood, and diagrams of all three types are therefore included.The horizontal ground loom is the older of the looms of Ancient Egypt. It is known to us already from a painting on a dish of the Predynastic period, but our chief knowledge of it comes from Tomb scenes and models of the twelfth dynasty.

Ueber das an Lebewesen im allgemeinsten beobachtbare biophysikalische Gesetz, zugleich eine Zusammenfassung meiner, sich auf die den Entwicklungsgang der Lebewesen lenkenden biophysikalischen Faktoren bestehenden bisherigen Forschungen

Author cultivated fermenting cells (Scccharomyces spec.) in must of grapes and measured the various vital phenomena. The data thus received described in a rectangular co-ordinate as a function of time, found three kinds of characteristic curves in every vital phenomenon (whether belonging to the group of feeding, growth or that of increase): I. the curve described bySachs in 1873 and called the curve of the great period of evolution (Fig. 1:s). 2. the one described byM. G. Harting in 1845, and the curve of individual or ontogenetic evolution (Fig. 1:S). 3. the undulatory curve similar to a sinus-cosinus function, deduced in theory by author and later on, in 1915, also found on an experimental basis (Fig. 3). — Analysing these curves, author demonstrates that they are in the closest relationship with each other. The course ofSachs' great period is identical with the function of the aperiodically mitigated vibromotion; the course ofHarting's ontogenetic curve is identical with the integral of the previous aperiodic function; the undulatory curve discovered by the author, and the one belonging to the philogenesis of evolution, consist of two details, one of the members is formed from the function of aperiodically mitigated vibromotion, and the other from a function of periodically mitigated vibration. — Mitigated vibromotion, according to our present knowledge can only arise if a body capable of vibration is simultaneously affected by a force establishing movement and a resistance mitigating the movement. In the living organism, on this basis, there is also a force and a resistance. The living organism obtains this force from food while the resistance is rooted in the construction of the cell. The author proves that the cells which no longer divide (the so-called permanent tissueforming cells) follow an aperiodical vibromotor course in their development while in the development of the continually dividing, so-called meristematic cells, owing to the periodic change of division and regeneration, the potential of the energy accommodates itself to the periodic vibromotor course. Both forms of development are derived from the identical differential equation: d2s/dt2=−w2s−2r ds/dt, the only difference between the two phenomena is that by aperiodic oscillation it is r2>w2 while by periodic it is r2<w2 and this brings about the difference in the development of the cells. Thus the laws of „biomotoric energy” following vibromotion constitute the most general law in living organism. The organism lives as long as the biomotoric energy is active, if the action of this energy ceases, death ensues. The most essential result of this research work is that we have become acquainted in regard to both cases with the w, r, v0 factors regulating the qualities of two chief types of living cells, the meristematic and those incapable of division as in these equations, the constants changing according to the biological conditions, and that we can accurately follow the course of the phenomena with the method of theoretic physics and furthermore, that we have found the connection between these two chapters of evolution.

The function of hydrogen in intermolecular forces

We already know the essential nature of the four chief types of forces that can exist between atoms in molecules or crystals, and to a certain extent a quantitative quantum mechanical account can be given of them. The metallic, homopolar, ionic, and residual (van der Waals’s) forces are, however, only idealized types, and in very many substances the nature of the interatomic forces partakes at the same time of two or more of these types. Such intermediate forces are more difficult to study, and consequently present some of the most interesting problems of interpretation.

INFANT FEEDING AND NUTRITION

<h3>MINERAL METABOLISM</h3> In mineral metabolism one has a subject which is capable of more or less exact experimental study and measurement, thus escaping a good deal of the empiricism which has surrounded other phases of infant feeding and nutrition. A comparison of the mineral content of the two chief types of food in the infant's diet, human milk and cow's milk, forms an excellent starting point for the discussion.

Food Products

This edition constitutes a complete rewriting of this well known book, furnishing subject matter for a broad general study of foods and the chief types of food products. The first and second chapters treat of the principal constituents and functions of foods and of the general aspects of food control. Chapters on each of the chief types of food follow. The last chapter treats of the best use of foods from the standpoint of nutrition and food economics. The production, preparation for market, statistical data, storage methods, questions of sanitation, inspection and standards of purity, general composition, mineral and vitamin content, digestibility, nutritive value and place in the diet are considered for each type of food. Lists of suggested readings are appended to each chapter. The appendix includes the Food and Drugs Act, excerpts from rules and regulations for its enforcement, the meat inspection law, excerpts from meat inspection regulations,

Repulsive Energy Levels in Band Spectra

An explanation is given for many cases of anomalous intensity distribution in the band spectra of diatomic molecules. Use is made of an interaction between the known energy levels of molecules and energy levels which are produced by the repulsive interaction of pairs of atoms in their normal and metastable energy levels. The chief types of anomalies which are discussed are those corresponding to the sudden cutting off of a group of bands at some low value of ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, the initial vibrational quantum number, and the failure of bands to agree with the Franck-Condon theory. Use is made of these ideas to explain the long life of active nitrogen.

The Indiana Oolitic Limestone Industry

A SMALL district in Indiana produces about half of the present American output of building-stone and over nine-tenths of the cut building-stone. It is believed to be unsurpassed in output by any foreign building-stone quarry district. Despite the importance of this region, no article concerning it has been published in a geographic journal, nor have the chief geographic features of the industry been discussed elsewhere. The relative importance of the Indiana o6litic limestone industry is, however, strongly affected by geographic conditions. The industry here discussed is situated in southwest-central Indiana, the quarries being scattered from near Bedford 'north to a short distance beyond Bloomington, and the chief mills are in these cities, which are about 25 miles apart. Bloomington is 50 miles south-southwest of Indianapolis, which is near the center of the state. Quarrying and milling is not only the chief industry of the locality, but is one of the chief industries of the state, and gives Indiana leadership among the states in the value of building-stone produced. The average daily shipment is 50 carloads. In recent years, 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 tons of this stone have been marketed annually, with a value of about $20,000,000 to $25,000,000. The chief types are finished or carved stone, of which about 10,000,000 cubic feet, valued at about $15,000,000, have been recently produced annually, and large blocks, containing about 6,000,000 cubic feet, and valued at the quarries at about $4,000,000. These large blocks are shipped out of the district, and are cut up shortly before being used in distant cities. Indiana odlitic limestone is used for a variety of purposes, but chiefly for facing or trimming costly buildings. Approximately one-fifth of the output of the building-stone is used for school and university buildings, another fifth in office buildings, and a similar amount in municipal, county, state, and federal buildings. Of the federal buildings, post offices are of especial significance, as most recently built post offices display this stone. Another fifth or more of the stone is used in churches, banks, hospitals, and hotels. Less than one-tenth is used for dwellings, as even in the quarry district, stone is more expensive than brick. Although this stone is shipped to nearly all American states and Canadian provinces, more than threefourths is used within about 300 miles of Bloomington, within which distance are Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Louisville, and Milwaukee, with a combined population (including suburbs) of about 10,000,000. In addition there are within this distance scores of smaller cities, most of which afford markets for this stone. The largest market beyond 300 miles is New York City, which is, indeed, the largest single market for the stone; Chicago is second, and Detroit third.