Chief Types Research Articles

Proximate Composition of Shell (Bivalves) in North Aceh District, Aceh Province Based on Differences in Species and Environmental Characteristics

Shellfish (bivalves) are potential biodiversity of waters with an important significant value used by the community as a food source of highly nutritious animal protein. Based on survey results, several coastal areas in North Aceh District have the potential for shellfish. Still, there have not been any scientific reports on this region's proximate composition of bivalves. This study aims to determine the relative arrangement of the dominant bivalves in the North Aceh District based on species differences and environmental characteristics. The results showed varying proximate bivalve proximate compositions of 4 chief types of shellfish in North Aceh waters. Bivalvia water ranged from 6.9-14.2%, ash ranged from 5.87-8.29%, protein ranged from 32.84-35.87%, fat ranged from 3.04-10.83%, and carbohydrate ranged from 38.11-42.71%. The highest protein and fat content were found in the Crassostrea sp1 type clams. In addition, the differences in the environmental characteristics of the shell sampling locations also resulted in different proximate compositions. The PCA test results showed that the critical variablarrangemente composition was ash and fat content. The environmental parameters, which were the key parameters of the relative arrangement of the shells were the substrate and pH.

On neighborhood distinguishing colorings of graphs

This paper aims at analyzing vertices of proper coloring and several kinds of vertex colorings. The coloring vertices include chief types such as recognizable colorings [1], detectable colorings [2] and, irregular colorings [3]. These colorings are distinctive in some way or other. Regarding irregular colorings, there is a slight deviation which is deemed as Neighborhood distinguishing colorings. This particular coloring has the distinguishing element in that the vertex does not relate to the color assigned to it. The irregular coloring is commonly identified in any sort of graph. This is not the case with the Neighborhood Distinguishing Coloring, since it can be identified in a graph under the condition that if and only if any two non-adjacent vertices do not have the same neighbor. The basic definition and the properties related to this Neighborhood Distinguishing Coloring are illustrated in [5]. Further, this paper attempts to determine the NDC-number of sum of the graphs, Corona of a graph and neighborhood irregular graphs.

Optimization on permutations: related structures, problems interrelation, heuristic compositions, applications

A heuristics based approach to practical solving theoretically intractable combinatory and network problems is discussed. Compound heuristics (heuristics compositions) are suggested to be more efficient procedures for real size problem instances. Some aspects of the heuristics compositions topic are illustrated by optimum permutation problems. We describe a uniform presentation of the chief types of the problems and their interrelations, including the relation “to be a special case of a problem”. We consider a number of algebraic structures and combinatory constructions on permutation sets and present an inclusion chain of these constructions. The chain enables us to establish and clarify many interrelations for the minimum permutation problems, with algorithmic and complexity aspects taken into account. We also concern the applications of some problems as well.

Pharmacoeconomic studies in Nepal: the need of the hour.

Pharmacoeconomics is a rapidly expanding field with interests from the whole gamut of health-related personnel, spanning from hospital administrators to policy makers (Drummond et al., 2003). It incorporates various analytical techniques that deal with costs and outcomes of pharmaceutical interventions employed in prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of diseases. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation is concerned with the comparison of two or more drug therapies with respect to their costs and consequences. Considered a branch of health economics, pharmacoeconomics limits itself to the pharmaceutical facet of health-care system. Cost-minimization analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, and cost-consequence analysis are chief types of pharmacoeconomic studies (Drummond, 2006). These studies are carried out from the perspectives of patient, payer, or society, these perspectives differing in the type of costs included in the studies (Drummond, 2006). That pharmacoeconomic studies are highly regarded by health-care experts and policy makers for basing health policy decisions, emphasize their significance (Greenberg et al., 1999). These studies are of immense significance to pharmaceutical industries as well, the research and development of newer drugs and critical decisions regarding them being influenced by results of pharmacoeconomic studies in many instances (DiMasi et al., 2001).

Husband Related Factors Compelling Women to Take Asylum in Sheltered Homes a Case Control Survey in Lahore

Background: Women in Pakistan are also subjected to domestic violence. Some tolerate for life, but with changing trends some resist, leave home and take asy-lum in shelter houses. Domestic violence chiefly done by husbands, and there was need to know the factors related to the husbands involved in violence. Objective: To study the association of husband rela-ted factors compelling Women to Take Asylum in Sheltered Homes in Lahore. Materials and Methods: This case control study was conducted in Darulamans of Yateem Khana and Chou-burgi Lahore. 200 Interviews (100 cases, 100 controls) were made, Data was collected on pretested question-naire and analyzed with in SPSS. Results: Among cases, most of the husbands had edu-cation up to middle or metric i.e. 27%.Where as the occupation of most of the husbands among cases was laborer i.e. 23%. Most significant husband related fac-tors found were physical abuse, extramarital affairs of husbands, doubtful about character of wife, snatching salary of wife, put unnecessary restrictions on wife and enforcing wife in prostitution. Conclusion: Physical abuse, extramarital affairs of husbands, doubt about character, and enforcing wife in prostitution are chief violence types due to which wo-men take asylum in shelter homes. Keywords: Shelter houses, Asylum, abuse.

Effectiveness of various types of absorbers of hydrogen sulfide in residual fuel oil

The chief types of hydrogen sulfide absorbers available in the Russian market are examined. The action of hydrogen sulfide absorbers differing in chemical composition is analyzed with reference to two components of commercial residual fuel oil, namely straight-run fuel oil and visbreaking gas oil. The absorbers (absorbents) are effective in almost all cases. They are found to have an adverse effect on the content of water-soluble acids and alkalis.

On the base for the development of the diabetes and the chief types of this disease (with a few remarks as to certain changes of the pancreas in dogs)

Nordiskt Medicinskt ArkivVolume 50, Issue 14 p. 663-670 On the base for the development of the diabetes and the chief types of this disease (with a few remarks as to certain changes of the pancreas in dogs) K. A. HEIBERG, K. A. HEIBERG CopenhagenSearch for more papers by this author K. A. HEIBERG, K. A. HEIBERG CopenhagenSearch for more papers by this author First published: January/December 1917 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1917.tb00559.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume50, Issue14January/December 1917Pages 663-670 RelatedInformation

Medication Error Reduction: The Pharmacy Technician's Role

This article presents medication error reduction as a public health issue relevant to the pharmacy technician. The chief types of errors are presented, and opportunities for technicians to identify errors and factors that promote errors are described. The article then discusses the importance of medication error reporting by technicians. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of examining the reason why errors occur rather than assigning blame. The US Pharmacopeia Practitioners' Reporting Network is described in detail, along with the newer National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention.

Early Nineteenth Century School Space and Ideology

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, in response to the problems of the early industrial revolution and the consequent rapid urbanisation, a variety of school types arose to offer some kind of education to urban workers' children. The chief types were the Sunday, monitorial, infant and workhouse schools. The illustrated paper describes how, in each of these, space was organised to produce relations between individual children, groups of children and teachers based on a strong ideological base of religion, order, surveillance, discipline, hierarchy, competition and the limited formation of solidarities. The school in fact became in microcosm a model of the class structure of the new industrial and social system. The role of space in this social production is shown to be crucial

Beware of the plant: cutaneous reactions to plants in children

Children may encounter potentially harmful plants in a variety of different ways. These include playing in the garden or the fields, the use of plant parts as weapons of warfare or camouflage. Ingestion of brightly coloured berries is a frequent cause of anxiety and visits to the local casualty department. Apart from exposure to plants which are normally toxic to man, some individuals develop a specific hypersensitivity to a particular plant species, either after handling or ingestion. This review outlines the major cutaneous reactions to plants which are encountered in paediatric practice. Accurate management depends on an accurate diagnosis, both of the eruption and of the offending plant. The chief types of cutaneous eruption are summarised in Table 1.

Structural engineering of an orb-spider's web

THE silk of spiders first evolved 400 million years ago and orb webs emerged 180 million years ago1, 2; present-day spiders' webs are structures efficiently engineered by nature. The planar orb web of the garden spider Araneus diadematus has evolved with the prime function of capturing fast-moving and, on a relative scale, massive insects. We have now analysed the structural engineering of a complete web, using computer modelling, to incorporate the measured time-dependent stress–strain characteristics of the two chief types of web silk. With this model we unexpectedly discovered that aerodynamic damping plays a crucial role in prey capture, an observation that we confirmed in laboratory experiments on real webs.

Activation of Brain Acetylcholine Receptors by Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs

Neuromuscular blocking drugs cause excitement and seizures when introduced into the central nervous system. We examined the possibility that these drugs produce paradoxical activation of acetylcholine or glutamate receptors, the chief types of brain receptors involved in excitatory neurotransmission. Because activation of central glutamate or acetylcholine receptors causes calcium influx into postsynaptic neurons, we measured intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) as an index of receptor activation. Changes in [Ca2+]i were compared in brain slices exposed to neuromuscular blocking drugs or acetylcholine and glutamate receptor agonists. [Ca2+]i was measured with the fluorescent dye fura-2. Pancuronium and vecuronium caused sustained increases in [Ca2+]i in approximately the same potency ratio as for seizure activity in vivo (concentrations at which the increase in [Ca2+]i was 95% of maximal: 100 and 400 microM, respectively). Atracurium and laudanosine did not increase [Ca2+]i in cortical slices. Increases in [Ca2+]i caused by both pancuronium and vecuronium were prevented by the non-subtype-specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist D-tubocurarine and were reduced 44-73% by atropine. Blockade of glutamate receptors or voltage-gated calcium or sodium channels had no effect on calcium influx. The results suggest that the acute excitement and seizures caused by introduction of pancuronium and vecuronium into the central nervous system is due to accumulation of cytosolic calcium caused by sustained activation of acetylcholine receptor ion channels.

Conducting Polymers: Past, Present and Future…

ABSTRACTSince their discovery 16 years ago, the field of intrinsically conducing polymers — “synthetic Metals” — has developed at an unexpectedly rapid rate. The concept of “doping” is the unifying theme which distinguishes this class of organic polymers — “conducting polymers” — from all others. Doping results in dramatic electronic and magnetic changes with a concomitant increase in conductivity to, or approaching, the metallic regime. Doping phenomena and the chief types of dopable organic polymers are described with particular emphasis on polyaniline, which is now probably the most actively-studied conducting polymer. It has been commercialized on a relatively large scale and presently appears to be the leading conducting polymer for technology. It shows considerable promise for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and as a gas separation Membrane, and is currently used in commercial rechargeable batteries. Polypyrrole is used commercially in capacitors and as an electrically conductive coating on conventional fabrics. Additional potential uses of conducting polymers such as light-emitting diodes, electrochromic windows, chemical sensors, etc. are also described briefly.

Intractable pain of spinal cord origin: clinical features and implications for surgery.

The clinical features and types of pain affecting 127 patients with central pain caused by lesions in the spinal cord were studied and correlated with the results of surgical procedures performed on 103 of them. The surgical procedures consisted of percutaneous cordotomy in 39 cases, cordectomy in 12, dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) surgery in four, dorsal cord stimulation in 35, and brain stimulation in 13. The three most common types of pain in the 127 patients were characterized as: steady in 95% of cases, intermittent (usually shooting) in 31%, and evoked (allodynia, hyperpathia, or hyperesthesia) in 45%. Steady pain was usually causalgic (74.8%) or dysesthetic (27.6%). The only obvious clinical correlation with pain type was the association of intermittent pain with lesions at the T10-L2 vertebral level. Destructive surgery (cordotomy, DREZ surgery, or cordectomy) affected the three chief types of pain differently from treatment with cord or brain stimulation. Destructive surgery resulted in reduction of steady pain in 26% of affected cases, of intermittent pain in 89%, and of evoked pain in 84%, while stimulation resulted in pain reductions in 36%, 0%, and 16% of cases, respectively. The differential effect of destructive surgery on steady and intermittent pain is consistent with published experience. These observations suggest differing mechanisms for the three types of pain.

English Bowed Instruments from Anglo-Saxon to Tudor Times

Art, architecture, archaeology, literature and music come together in this book to bring to life those ancestors of the violin, and other bowed instruments, which were played in England from Anglo-Saxon times to the reign of Henry VIII. It contributes not only to our knowledge of the instruments themselves, but also to the historical accuracy of performance today. It discusses the chief types of source and their reliability or otherwise, surveys the elements common to all bowed instruments, describes the rebec, crowd, medieval viol, medieval fiddle, Renaissance viol, and trumpet marine as they appear in English art of the period. It also deals with the minstrels themselves, the occasions on which they played, and the music in which they took part. Finally, the book includes an appendix giving a list of specimen groupings of different numbers of instruments, and over 150 chronologically arranged illustrations.

Intracellular precursor forms of plasma proteins: their functions and possible occurrence in plasma.

An attempt is made to review the steps in the biosynthesis of plasma proteins by the liver and to point out intermediate precursor forms that might escape to the plasma. With the use of immunochemical techniques such as immunofixation electrophoresis it is possible to identify these precursors when they present an unusual bands on protein electrophoresis. The discovery of the role of vitamin K in the formation of the blood-clotting proteins, for example, followed the immunochemical detection of an abnormal form of inactive prothrombin in plasma. The chief types of precursors likely to occur in blood are forms that are incompletely glycosylated, phosphorylated, or sulfated, or which are single peptide chains of multichain proteins. Precursors containing basic propeptides such as proinsulin or proalbumin may also appear. By being alert to the possible appearance of intracellular forms in plasma, the clinical chemist may be able to relate their presence to the nature of the disease process responsible.

Clinical survey of fractured teeth

Through a standardized procedure using clinical examination, interviews, and dental history, this 2-year study documents 100 cases of tooth fracture in 98 patients. For comparison, pertinent information was also recorded for more than 2,000 teeth in a randomly selected sample population. Two chief types of fracture were found: incomplete crown-root fractures and root fractures associated with earlier endodontic therapy.

EXPANDING IMPUTED VALUES IN THE NATIONAL INCOME AND PRODUCT ACCOUNTS*

After defining economic activity the author lists the chief types of non–market economic activities for which he has prepared estimates for the United States 1929–1973, and briefly describes his methodology and data sources. Some major findings are:(1) As of 1973 GNP adjusted to include the additional imputations was 63.5 percent larger than the official estimate.(2) At least since 1929 imputed values have grown faster than official GNP, especially when both are measured in terms of real factor costs.(3) The personal sector comprises a far larger portion of the national economy‐almost one‐third—when account is taken of imputed labor and property compensation, and its relative importance has grown.(4) Gross government product is more than 60 percent higher when the imputed rental value of public property is added to the compensation of general government employees.(5) Reflecting the relative growth of non‐business wealth, imputed property income has risen much faster than monetized property income. This has mitigated the decline in the property share of expanded gross national income compared with its share in the official estimates.

Look at physiological integration.

Physiological integration results from cooperating processes at work within an individual. Two chief types of study are a) empirical experiments and generalizations, and b) predictive relations derived from models. In this essay the empirical type is illustrated. For example, heart rates and other circulatory properties are modified in response to messages from specific muscles, viscera, glands. In those tissues, augmented blood flow increases the supplies of oxygen and other substances at active local sites. Because specialized actions are segregated among tissues and organs, each performer evidently informs cooperating tissues of its state. Messages are transmitted at various kinds of junctions and chemical receptors. In this essay the results or actions are emphasized: in what ways do the compounded processes promote survival and advantage? Messages are sorted as they travel, certain powers of decision residing at cellular junctions. Because selected processes are corrdinated, each compound action represents an accomplishment. Thermoregulation serves as an example of relations by which several parameters yield a complex result. The multiple correlations and the intricate timing and switching are recognized.

Mesozoic Lithic Sandstones in Central Oregon

ABSTRACT Mesozoic lithic sandstones in central Oregon were deposited in a complex forearc basin within the eugeosynclinal western part of the Cordillera. The sequence in the John Day inlier of the Blue Mountains province includes about 15,000 m of Mesozoic turbidites and subordinate associated strata of other facies. Chert-rich clastic detritus in lower horizons was derived mainly from an uplifted melange ridge associated with the nearby subduction zone. Volcaniclastic debris from an active volcanic arc is dominant at middle horizons. Mixed lithic detritus derived from multiple sources exposed in a mature and dissected arc terrane prevails at upper horizons. The chief types of lithic grains in the rocks are chert, felsite, microlitic volcanic rock fragments, argillite, and slate or shale. Frag ents of metamorphic quartz-mica tectonite and microgranular grains of aggregate quartz and hypabyssal igneous rocks are also present. Monocrystalline quartz grains are minor constituents of most sandstones and absent from some. In melange-derived sandstones, polycrystalline quartzose grains, mainly chert, are the principal constituents with volcanic rock fragments next in abundance; feldspar grains and metasedimentary lithic fragments are subordinate. Volcaniclastic sandstones are composed mainly of volcanic rock fragments and plagioclase grains in that order of abundance, and commonly contain more clinopyroxene than quartz. Volcanic rock fragments and feldspar grains in that order are also the most abundant grains in sandstones of mixed provenance, but sedimentary rock fragments, K-feld par and quartz grains, and mica flakes are all more abundant than in the older, strictly volcaniclastic strata. These suites of lithic sandstones derived mainly from supracrustal eugeosynclinal sources differ markedly from arkosic or quartzose sandstones derived from uplifted or recycled cratonic sources, and also contrast with more quartzo-feldspathic rocks in other forearc basins where much of the detritus was derived from eroded granitic plutons. The characteristic compositions of the distinct suites of lithic sandstones in central Oregon can serve as guides to interpretations of provenance for similar rocks in parts of orgenic belts where geologic relations are not so well displayed.