Chicken Feed Research Articles

Investigation on adaptations of broiler chickens to high dietary free amino acid levels in nitrogen utilisation and plasma amino acid concentrations

ABSTRACT 1. A reduction in crude protein (CP) in feed for broiler chickens necessitates elevated free amino acid (AA) levels to meet the requirement of each AA. This study investigated adaptations following a change to diets with increasing free AA concentrations and possible reasons for the limitation caused by the inclusion of more free AA. 2. Male Ross 308 broiler hatchlings received a starter diet (164 g CP/kg containing 80 g/kg soy protein isolate (SPI)) until d 7. From d 7–22, birds received a diet almost identical to the starter diet or two other diets, where 50% or 100% of digestible AA in SPI were substituted with a free AA mixture. Birds were allocated to metabolism units located in the same barn to determine performance (n = 7 units) and blood traits (n = 14 birds). Total excreta collection was performed on d 7–8, 8–9, 9–10, 11–12, 14–15 and 21–22. Blood samples were collected on d 7, 8, 9, 11, 14 and 21. 3. Average daily weight gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) was unaffected at 50% AA substitution but decreased at 100% AA substitution on d 7–22 (p ≤ 0.001). The 100% substitution led to a decline in ADG and ADFI consistently on all days (p ≤ 0.037) except on d 11–12. A 50% AA substitution resulted in lower ADFI on d 7–8 and 14–15 (p ≤ 0.032). Nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NUE) was on a level of ~ 0.74 and was only affected by treatment up to d 11–12 (p ≤ 0.008). Concentrations of 10, 9, 8, 10 and 4 plasma free AA were affected on d 8, 9, 11, 14 and 21, respectively (p ≤ 0.037). 4. Following a change to diets containing high levels of free AA, NUE and free AA concentrations in the circulation became more balanced within 3 to 7 d. The results suggested that peptide-bound and free AA did not cause different NUE, particularly 3 and 7 d after the diet change.

Mathematical justification of the optimal rate of selenium introduction into mixed feed for broiler chickens

In recent years, many countries worldwide have been revising the existing standards for introducing trace elements in mixed feed for high-performance crosses and poultry breeds, taking into account new scientific data. This also applies to Selenium, which is recognized as an indispensable biotic ultramicroelement according to the modern classification. The norms for introducing selenium into mixed feed for broiler chickens have specific differences and range from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg of feed, which are recommended in different countries and at other times. The reason for the disagreement is probably that the experiments were conducted under different conditions, against the background of different diets, on different poultry crosses, and using other selenium-containing compounds. In addition, the norms of selenium additives recommended by foreign and domestic scientists in mixed feed for broiler chickens are not always supported by mathematical calculations, and, in our opinion, they should be evaluated as indicative, requiring further justification and clarification depending on the regional characteristics of poultry feeding. Two scientific and economic experiments were conducted to determine the optimal rate of introducing selenium into mixed feed for broiler chickens, which lasted 42 days each. The study was conducted on broiler chickens of the Coob 500 cross. Selenium was additionally introduced into mixed feeds for broiler chickens of the experimental groups in doses of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg/kg. Poultry in the control group did not receive Selenium supplementation. Statistical processing of experimental data obtained in two scientific and economic experiments, using graphical, variance, and regression analysis methods, allows us to conclude that the optimal dose of Selenium administration in mixed feed for broiler chickens should be considered 0.3 mg/kg. Feeding broiler chickens during the growing period of mixed feed enriched with Selenium in this amount contributed to a likely increase in their live weight in the first experiment by 7.8 % (Р < 0.001), in the second by 5.1 % (Р < 0.01), compared to the control group. Higher doses of Selenium (0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg) in mixed feed, as well as a lower dose (0.2 mg/kg), caused less intensive growth and lower live weight of broiler chickens of other experimental groups, compared to young animals fed mixed feed with the addition of selenium 0.3 mg/kg.

Extention and interlaboratory comparison of an LC-MS/MS multi-class method for the determination of 15 different classes of veterinary drug residues in milk and poultry feed

An HPLC-MS/MS multi-class method for quantitation of 15 different classes of veterinary drug residues (>140 analytes) in milk and poultry feed was developed and validated. Accuracy criteria for routine laboratories were met for the majority of analytes, > 83 % in milk and between 50 and 60 % in chicken feed, with an apparent recovery of 60–140 %. Extraction efficiency criteria were met for >95 % of the analytes for milk and > 80 % for chicken feed. Intermediate precision meets the SANTE criterion of RSD < 20 % for 80–90 % of the analytes in both matrices. For all analytes with an existing MRL in milk, the LOQ was below the related MRL. Twenty-nine samples of commercial milk and chicken feed were analyzed within the interlaboratory comparison. No residues of veterinary drugs were found in the milk samples. However, the feed samples exhibited high levels of nicarbazin, salinomycin, and decoquinate.

Productive qualities of broiler chickens at different levels of soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate in feed

The growth and development of broiler chickens at different levels of the soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate in mixed fodder was studied. The processing of commercial fish is accompanied by the formation of secondary resources, the scope of practical application of which is quite wide (fish proteins are a unique natural material used in various industries, but not fully utilized. Wastes resulting from fish processing are a source of valuable nutritional and biologically active substances, and thus serve as raw materials for various products, including dietary supplements. In order to determine the optimal rate of introduction of the soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate into broiler chicken feed, a scientific and economic experiment was conducted that lasted 42 days. The research was conducted on broiler chickens of the Cobb-500 cross. The difference in the feeding of the experimental groups was that broiler chickens of the first (control) group received complete feed, which corresponded to the nutritional standards in all periods, and the additional introduction of a soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate was: The 2nd experimental group received 0.2 % of the feed additive; poultry of the 3rd and 4th experimental groups consumed feed containing 0.4 and 0.6 % of the experimental additive. It was found that an increase in the content of the soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate in the diet by 0.6 % contributes to an increase in live weight of chickens by 266 g, or 10.25 %, and a decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain by 3.8 % compared to the control. It was found that during the growing period, broiler chickens of the 4th group had the highest absolute live weight gain of 2823.8 g, which is 2.63 %, 8.32 % and 10.36 % higher than in the 3rd, 2nd experimental and control groups. The use of feed with a soluble fraction of fish waste hydrolyzate in the feed with a content of 0.6 % increased the average daily weight gain for the entire period of the experiment by 7 g, or 11.63 %, and absolute weight gain by 265.2 g, or 10.36 %, respectively.

Production and use of glucose-maltose-amino acid feed additive from cereal grains

One of the important issues in domestic livestock farming is the production of high-quality and environmentally friendly poultry products. Currently, technology and technological means have been developed for processing cereal grains into easily digestible sugars and amino acids using elements of nanotechnology such as cavitation, ionization and fermentation. Technical documentation has been developed for this technology. The technology was introduced at the Berdskaya poultry farm LLC in the Novosibirsk region. A distinctive feature of this technology is that the resulting new glucose-maltose-amino acid feed additive, which has high digestibility and biological value. Easily digestible sugars: glucose, maltose and amino acids obtained using new technology at low temperatures are better digested and absorbed by the poultry’s body. The purpose of the work was to analyze the production and use of glucose-maltose-amino acid feed additive from cereal grains and its use in feeding of boiler chickens. Testing of the new feed additive was carried out at the Berdskaya poultry farm LLC on broiler chickens of the 4-line cross Sibiryak. It was found as a result of research of a new glucose-maltose-amino acid feed additive when feeding broiler chickens that its introduction into the diet of broiler chickens had a positive impact on economic performance. Thus, in the control group the profi t was 7919 rubles, and in the experimental group it was 10 034 rubles. The level of profitability in the experimental group was higher than in the control group by 5,7 abs.%. Feeding broiler chickens by the new feed additive helped reduce the content of lead and cadmium in muscle tissue, so this product can be used for dietary nutrition.

A comparative analysis of locally sourced feeding systems on chicken body weight gain in Malaysia

The surge in global poultry popularity has led to increased chicken meat consumption. The pandemic-induced rise in imported chicken feed prices has adversely affected the profitability of the chicken meat business. This situation prompted an investigation into the impact of four locally sourced feeding systems on chicken body weight gain, aiming to enhance the profitability of Malaysia’s chicken meat industry. The study, conducted on a Malaysian farm with 200 chickens, analyzed Feeding 1 (Premier Starter Feed (PSF) - Control Feed), Feeding 2 (PSF + SK Gold yellow powder), Feeding 3 (PSF + crude palm kernel oil) and Feeding 4 (PSF + PERFAT Pfi-7 organic acid). Over 14 weeks and 2,800 observations, Engle &amp; Granger’s Vector Autoregression estimation procedure was employed, revealing a positive correlation between chicken age and feeding systems impacting chicken body weight. Feeding 3, incorporating crude palm kernel oil, exhibited the most significant influence on chicken body weight gain, emerging as the optimal and effective choice for improving the chicken meat business. The model’s reliability was affirmed by consistent experimental results, rendering the findings applicable to the commercial market. In conclusion, this research establishes that Feeding 3 is the most efficient, offering valuable insights for commercial applications.

Solvent-extracted cashew nut meal as a dietary protein source for layer chicks

This study aimed to produce a low-fat cashew nut meal (CNM) containing less than 6% fat and assess its effect on layer chick growing performance and health status. The experiment used 225 one-day-old layer ISA Brown chicks with an average live weight of 27.38 ± 1.85 g, divided into 15 batches of 15 animals each. Five diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% CNM as a replacement for soybean meal were tested. The test included three replicates of 15 chicks for each diet. The CNM was obtained after oil extraction using an automatic press followed by solvent extraction. The CNM contained 40.6% crude protein and 5.38% fat. Except for the chicks fed on the 100% CNM diet that had the worst growth performance parameters, those on the other diets had an average final live weight of 662.13 g and an average feed conversion ratio of 2.76. The highest average daily gain (15,07g/d) was observed in chicks on the 75% CNM diet. Hematological analyses showed no marked difference between the animal groups. Regarding the blood biochemical profile, the total cholesterol levels were similar in the chicks for all diets. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were 1.4 times higher in the chicks fed on CNM-based diets compared to those fed a soybean meal-based diet. It was concluded that low-fat CNM could replace soybean meal by up to 75% in layer chick feed without negative effects on growth performance and health status.

Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Layer (Bovan Brown) Chicken Breed in Peri-Urban Areas of Agro-Pastoralist, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia

An experiment targeted the adaptation and performance evaluation of the Bovan Brown chicken breed in peri-urban areas of Agro-pastoralist was conducted in the Malle district. One kebele and 25 households were selected purposively. Training was provided and 21 pullet chickens were distributed to each household. Vaccination was given for the common poultry diseases. The commercial feed was used for the first two months, and then home-prepared feed in addition to kitchen refusal, garden forages, insects, and worms. Mortality was the collective effect of disease, stress, predators, and injury. The average body weight of the breed was 1.5 Kg with an average age of sexual maturity of 6 months. On average the breed laid 237 eggs per hen per year with a relative egg weight of 48, 51, 53, and 57 g at 5%, 10%, 50%, and 95% lay periods, respectively. The breed was preferred due to its survival, egg production, feed conversion ability, and fast age of sexual maturity with some constraints such as feed shortage, absence of the breed, veterinary drugs, and vaccines in the district. The “Bovan Brown” breed was adapted, performed well, and was preferred by the users with the limitation of chicken feed and the awareness gap of keepers. Therefore, the chicken keepers should be trained for the preparation of the layers feed, especially, protein sources, and the distribution of the breed should be limited to urban, per-urban, and trained keepers with access to the road to buy inputs and sale outputs.

Golden mussel shell (&lt;i&gt;Limnoperna fortunei&lt;/i&gt;) flour contaminated with cadmium as a calcium source for broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of golden mussel flour (GMSF) contaminated with increasing rates of cadmium (Cd) as a replacement for limestone as a Ca source, in broiler chicken feed from 14 to 42 days of age. A total of 60 animals were assigned to four treatments (inclusion rates of Cd: 6.94, 14.55, 22.40, and 30.00 mg Cd kg-¹) with five replications in a completely randomized design. At 42 d, blood samples were collected to evaluate serum concentrations of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, Ca, P, and Cd. After slaughter, tissues were collected to evaluate Cd concentration in bone parameters. Growth performance of broiler chickens and Cd content in the breast meat were not affected by the inclusion rates of Cd in the GMSF. However, there was an effect of Cd in GMSF on the concentration of Cd in the skin, liver, bones, feathers, and serum; ALT; and total bilirubin. Bone flexibility had a quadratic response to increasing inclusion rates of GMSF; serum Ca concentration increased linearly and there was no effect on serum P concentration. Concentrations of Cd in GMSF above 20 mg kg-¹ caused high Cd contamination in broiler tissues. Therefore, it was concluded that Cd concentrations above 6.94 mg kg-¹ in broiler diets caused high Cd concentrations in meat and organs that are above those permitted for human consumption

Quantification of toxic metals in chicken egg and chicken feed via SOM-artificial neural network.

Poultry products such as meat and eggs are rich sources of proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It is a good indicator of healthy food. Keeping in view, the present study is designed to evaluate the prevalence of toxic heavy metals (lead, nickel, cadmium, and chromium) in chicken eggs and feed. For this purpose, five samples of egg and feed were collected from five different commercial markets in Skardu City. Each sample was prepared using the wet digestion method and analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that lead, nickel, and chromium were present in varying amounts in the feed and egg, with nickel being the most concentrated metal, followed by lead and chromium in egg samples, while the feed samples showed the highest concentration of chromium followed by lead and nickel. However, concentrations of selected heavy metals except cadmium were all above the permissible limit of the World Health Organization. The self-organizing map-artificial neural network is employed for the identification of patterns of heavy metals in chicken feed and egg samples. The lower left neurons of the maps showed higher heavy metal concentrations found in samples taken from Bazar, whereas the rest of the samples showed varied concentrations. A comparison of feed and egg concentrations showed that nickel concentration was lower in feed samples than in egg samples. The lead concentration decreased in eggs except in the Krasmathang feed sample. Chromium concentration presented a negative correlation due to the extremely high concentration found in the Bazar feed sample.

Influence of adsorbent on the productive qualities of Ross 308 parent flock chickens

The research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using the Mustala adsorbent in feeding chickens of the parent flock of the Ross 308 cross. The work was carried out at an enterprise for raising a broiler parent flock. A control and experimental group of hens of the parent flock of the Ross 308 cross were formed at the age of 40 weeks (in the control group - 9303 heads, in the experimental group - 9278) with floor housing. The birds in the experimental group were fed Mustal adsorbent at a dose of 1.5 kg/t of feed; the drug was not included in the diet of the birds in the control group. During the growing period, the leading zootechnical indicators were determined: gross harvest, hatching harvest, number of commercial chickens, and safety, which were calculated according to generally accepted methods in poultry farming. It was found that the birds of the experimental group exceeded the control group in terms of the gross number of eggs and the yield of hatching eggs by 0.24 and 0.20 %, respectively. Mustala adsorbent made it possible to increase the yield of commercial chickens by 0.8 % and increase safety in the experimental group by 0.02 %. Profit from product sales in the experimental group is 2.21 % higher than in the control group.

Biological and productive aspects of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in meal moth rearing residues Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

AbstractThe inadequate disposal of organic waste generated in insect biofactories breeding biological agents may become a potential environmental problem. The use of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) may play an important role in the circular economy of this process, transforming waste into high‐quality biomass. Therefore, this work aims to analyse the degradation of organic residues of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) production using the black soldier fly. Four types of waste from the moth breeding process were evaluated: residues of the meal diet when moth larvae were in the last instar; residues of the meal diet when completing the cycle; residues formed by webs in the pupation process mixed with residual exoskeleton, and residues of dead adults. These residues were tested in isolation and in mixtures of 50%, using as control a standard diet composed of chicken feed. Survival rate, development time, emerged adults, weight, size, residue reduction, and bioconversion were evaluated. The residue used in diets affected the total development time of H. illucens. The mean number of survivors differed from 87% to 74% for larvae that reached the pre‐pupal stage. The viability of pre‐pupae to adult stage ranged from 54% to 6% for residue treatments and 97% for the control. Differences in the growth and weight gain of larvae were significantly different. The rate of residue reduction from 54% to 80% and bioconversion into larval biomass were satisfactory. However, regarding adult emergence, the numbers show variations, indicating that certain residues are not suitable for the maintenance of fly breeding.

Intestinal microbial community well explain larval growth than feed types.

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are considered a sustainable ingredient in livestock feed. However, addressing issues related to feed substrate and intestinal microbiota is essential to ensure optimal larval development. The aim of this study was to assess and elucidate the contribution of substrate nutrients and intestinal microbes to protein and fat synthesis in BSFL. The results showed that larvae that were fed high-quality feed (chicken feed) had high fat biomass, while larvae that were fed medium-quality feed (wheat bran) had high protein biomass. These results indicate that the original nutritional content of the feed cannot fully explain larval growth and nutrient utilization. However, the phenomenon could be explained by the functional metabolism of intestinal microbes. Chicken feed enhanced the fatty acid metabolism of middle intestine microorganisms in larvae within 0-7days. This process facilitated larval fat synthesis. In contrast, wheat bran stimulated the amino acid metabolism in posterior intestine microorganisms in larvae within 4-7days, leading to better protein synthesis. The findings of this study highlight the importance of the microbial functional potential in the intestine in regulating protein and lipid synthesis in BSFL, which is also influenced by the type of feed. In conclusion, our study suggests that both feed type and intestinal microbes play a crucial role in efficiently converting organic waste into high-quality insect protein and fat. Additionally, a mixed culture of chicken feed and wheat bran was found to be effective in promoting larval biomass while reducing feed costs. KEY POINTS: • Intestinal microbes explain BSFL growth better than feed substrates. • Chicken feed promotes fatty acid synthesis in the middle intestine • Wheat bran promotes amino acid synthesis in the posterior intestine.

Comparison of the effects of alfalfa meal and sorghum distillery residue supplementation on the methane emissions in black-feathered Taiwan native chicken.

The issue of global warming, primarily fueled by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, necessitates effective strategies to address methane (CH4) emissions from both ruminants and nonruminants. Drawing inspiration from successful approaches employed in ruminants, this study evaluates the impact of supplementing the diets of Taiwan's native black-feathered chickens with alfalfa meal and sorghum distillery residues (SDRs) on CH4 emissions. Using a respiration chamber the results reveal a significant reduction in CH4 emissions when incorporating either 30% alfalfa meal or 30% SDRs into the chicken diet, demonstrating a 59% and 49% decrease, respectively, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Considering that alfalfa meal contains saponins and SDRs contain tannins, the study delves into the mechanism through which these components mitigate CH4 production in chickens. Incorporating saponins or tannins shows that groups supplemented with these components exhibit significantly lower CH4 emissions compared to the control group (P < 0.05), with a consistent linear decrease as the concentration of the feed additive increases. Further in vitro analysis of chicken cecal contents indicates a proportional reduction in CH4 production with increasing levels of added saponins or tannins (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the CH4-reducing effects of alfalfa meal and SDRs can be attributed to their saponins and tannin content. However, caution is warranted as excessive alfalfa meal supplementation may adversely impact poultry growth. Consequently, sorghum distillery residue emerges as a more suitable feed ingredient for mitigating CH4 emissions in Taiwan's native black-feathered chickens compared to alfalfa. Additionally, substituting SDRs for conventional commercial chicken feed not only reduces CH4 emissions but also enhances the utilization of byproducts.

In vitro evaluation of the application of an optimized xylanase cocktail for improved monogastric feed digestibility.

Xylanases from glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 10 and 11 are common feed additives for broiler chicken diets due to their catalytic activity on the nonstarch polysaccharide xylan. This study investigated the potential of an optimized binary GH10 and GH11 xylanase cocktail to mitigate the antinutritional effects of xylan on the digestibility of locally sourced chicken feed. Immunofluorescence visualization of the activity of the xylanase cocktail on xylan in the yellow corn of the feed showed a substantial collapse in the morphology of cell walls. Secondly, the reduction in the viscosity of the digesta of the feed by the cocktail showed an effective degradation of the soluble fraction of xylan. Analysis of the xylan degradation products from broiler feeds by the xylanase cocktail showed that xylotriose and xylopentaose were the major xylooligosaccharides (XOS) produced. In vitro evaluation of the prebiotic potential of these XOS showed that they improved the growth of the beneficial bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. The antibacterial activity of broths from XOS-supplemented probiotic cultures showed a suppressive effect on the growth of the extraintestinal infectious bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae. Supplementing the xylanase cocktail in cereal animal feeds attenuated xylan's antinutritional effects by reducing digesta viscosity and releasing entrapped nutrients. Furthermore, the production of prebiotic XOS promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria while inhibiting the growth of pathogens. Based on these effects of the xylanase cocktail on the feed, improved growth performance and better feed conversion can potentially be achieved during poultry rearing.

Review on Desirable Microbial Phytases as a Poultry Feed Additive: Their Sources, Production, Enzymatic Evaluation, Market Size, and Regulation.

Poultry's digestive tract lacks hydrolytic phytase enzymes, which results in chelation of dietary minerals, vital amino acids, proteins, and carbohydrates, phytate-phosphate unavailability, and contamination of the environment due to phosphorus. Therefore, it is necessary to use exogenous microbial phytases as feed additive to chicken feed to catalyze the hydrolysis of dietary phytate. Potential sources of microbial isolates that produce desired phytases for chicken feed supplementation have been isolated from agricultural croplands. It is achievable to isolate phytase-producing bacteria isolates using both broth and agar phytase screening media. Potential substrates for submerged fermentation (SmF) for bacterial phytase production and solid-state fermentation (SSF) for fungal phytase production include rice and wheat bran. Following fermentation, saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation is typically used to partially purify microbial culture filtrate. The precipitate is then desalted. Measurements of the pH optimum and stability, temperature optimum and stability, metal ions stability, specificity and affinity to target substrate, proteolysis resistance, storage stability, and in vitro feed dephosphorylation are used to perform an enzymatic evaluation of phytase as an additive for poultry feed. The growth of the feed phytase market is primarily due to the expansion of chicken farms to meet the demand for meat and eggs from humans. The Food and Drug Administration in the USA and the European Food and Safety Authority are primarily in charge of putting rules pertaining to feed phytase use in chicken feed into effect. Conclusively, important components of the production of phytase additives for poultry feed include identifying a reliable source for potential microbe isolation, selecting an economical method of phytase production, thoroughly characterizing the biochemical properties of phytase, and comprehending the size and regulation of the current feed phytase market.

Measurement of Radionuclide Concentrations in Chicken Feeds, Meat and Bones from Commercial Suppliers in Kampala, Uganda

Measurement of Radionuclide Concentrations in Chicken Feeds, Meat and Bones from Commercial Suppliers in Kampala, Uganda

Use of Implants Regarding Growth Parameters in Black Iguana Young Maintained in Intensive Conditions

Implants are used in animal production to increase weight-gain. Due to this, the objective of this study was to evaluate one implant’s effect on the black Iguana’s (Ctenosaura pectinata) weight gain parameters in intensive conditions. Twenty-four iguanas’ young were used in the study, at the age of 13 months old. The experiment lasted nine months. The subjects were kept in individual cages. Two types of commercial feed products were used combined with the use of the implant. The evaluated variables were daily weight gain (mg anim-1 d-1) and longitudinal growth (μ anim-1 d-1): total, snout-vent and of the head. The in vivo apparent digestibility of dry matter and feed conversion (mg) was also measured. In order to analyse these variables, a completely randomised block design, with 2x2 factorial arrangement and six repetitions, was adopted. The initial weight was used as a covariable. The sample results show that daily weight-gain and longitudinal growth (p &lt; 0.06) were different depending on whether their food type was turkey feed with the implant, or chicken feed without the implant. The study concludes that turkey feed combined with the implant Zeranol increased daily weight-gain and total growth of the black iguana young in captivity.

The Quality of Chicken Eggs Fed Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Flour

The objectives of this study were to analyze the quality of laying hen eggs fed with feed containing black pepper (Piper nigrum L) flour. A total of 200 brown laying hens strain MB 402 (50 weeks-old) were used in this experiment. The research design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and further analysis was conducted using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The Treatments given black pepper flour were 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. This research was conducted for 6 weeks. Parameters included egg weight (g/egg), egg yolk weight (g/egg), yolk index, and egg yolk color. The results showed that feeding chickens with up to 2 % BPF increased significantly the effect (P &lt; 0.01) on egg yolk weight, yolk index, egg yolk color but not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) on egg weight. This research concluded that BPF diets can be fed to laying hens up to 2 % to produce eggs without negative effects on the egg quality.

Use of a semi-concentrated amino acid additive in the feeding of repair young broiler chickens

Use of a semi-concentrated amino acid additive in the feeding of repair young broiler chickens