Chicken Muscle Samples Research Articles

Rapid and convenient screening method based on single-chain variable fragments for the detection of restricted monensin in chicken muscle

A colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (CGIA) based on single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) has been successfully developed for the detection of monensin (MON). Colloidal gold probes were conjugated to anti-MON scFvs through electrostatic interaction, with the conjugated objects serving as the visual signals. The detection lines were formed by capturing the antibody with MON-OVA. This assay offers a rapid detection time of 15 min, a wide linear range from 2.19 to 10.76 ng mL−1, and boasts high accuracy, precision, and an absence of cross-reactivity. By homology modeling and molecular docking, we predicted the interaction patterns between the scFv and monensin, and the amino acid residues involved in the recognition of MON by the antibody were analyzed. These key amino acid sites are presumed integral to ligand recognition per current interaction models. This hypothesis was confirmed by computer-aided alanine scanning mutation, MM/P(G)BSA molecular dynamics simulation, and in vitro binding experiments. In this study, we successfully developed the scFvs-based CGIA system for rapid and easy quantification of monensin, providing a simple, efficient routine detection of chicken muscle samples.

Development and performance evaluation of a microbiological method for screening and LC-MS/MS for conformation of sulfonamides in animal-derived foods

This study developed a highly sensitive microbiological method utilizing a novel microtiter plate to screen 10 sulfonamides in chicken muscles, eggs, and prawns. This plate was fabricated from agar incorporating trimethoprim and spread with Bacillus megaterium. After residue detection by bioassay, the same test solutions were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for accurate identification and quantification. It also proved eco-friendly compared to using other quantitative methods. The residual drugs were extracted with McIlvaine buffer and purified using an Oasis® MCX cartridge. A triethylamine/methanol/water (0.5:75:24.5, v/v/v) mixture was used as the eluate. The obtained LOD values of the bioassay ranged from 5 to 25 µg kg−1 allowing the detection of the target drugs at the MRLs established in Japan. Adhering to ISO/IEC 17025 standards, the performance of the bioassay was evaluated. Based on the inhibition zone size in bioassay results, quality control yielded a Z score within ±2, indicating reasonable control over the screening process. Proficiency testing of a chicken muscle sample spiked with sulfadimidine demonstrated the inhibition zone detection of the bioassay and quantified value alignment of LC-MS/MS with reference values. In a surveillance study of 91 samples, sulfamethoxazole was detected in one prawn sample.

Preparation of a highly specific and sensitive monoclonal antibody against tilmicosin and its application in lateral flow immunoassay

To reduce the false positive results caused by cross reactivity of the antibodies with other structural analogues, it is crucial to prepare a high specificity and sensitivity antibody against target for developing an accurate immunoassay. In this study, tilmicosin (TM) was selected as a model molecule. Firstly, two-dimensional similarity, electrostatic potential energy, mulliken atomic charges and overlapping of different haptens with TM were calculated using Gaussian 09W and Discovery studio, and the newly designed TM-HS was selected as the optimal hapten. Furthermore, a monoclonal antibody (mAb 12C8) was produced with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.36 ng/mL, and negligible cross-reactivity (CR) with other antibiotics. Finally, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) for the detection of TM based on amorphous carbon nanoparticles (ACNPs) labeled mAb 12C8 was developed by the reflectance value under natural light. The recoveries of TM ranged from 83.18% to 103.25% with a coefficient of variation (CV) < 12.47%. The results showed that the cut-off value of TM in milk samples was 1 ng/mL, and the limits of detection (LODs) for chicken muscle, bovine muscle, porcine muscle and porcine liver samples were 5.23, 5.98, 6.85 and 7.31 μg/kg, respectively. In addition, 40 real samples were tested by the LFA, and the detection results were consisted with that of high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detector (HPLC–UV). Those results indicated that the developed LFA is an accurate and useful tool for on-site screening of TM in milk and animal tissues.

Production of monoclonal antibody against tylosin and tilmicosin with homogeneous cross-reactivity and its application in lateral flow immunoassay.

To avoid false negative results due to the low cross-reactivity rate (CR) in rapid immunoassay, a group-specific antibody with homogeneous CR toward target compounds is needed for accuracy. In this study, tylosin (TYL) and tilmicosin (TM) were selected as model molecules. Firstly, two-dimensional similarity, electrostatic potential energy, spatial conformation and charge distribution of the haptens TYL-CMO, TYL-6-ACA, TYL-4-APA, TYL-CHO and DES-CMO and target compounds of TYL and TM were obtained using Gaussian 09W and Discovery Studio. The optimal hapten was DES-CMO because it is the most similar to TYL and TM. Subsequently, the mAb 14D5 cell line was obtained with IC50 values of 1.59 and 1.72ng/mL for TYL and TM, respectively, and a CR of 92.44%. Finally, amorphous carbon nanoparticles (ACNPs) were conjugated with mAb 14D5 to develop an accurate lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) for detection of TYL and TM by the reflectance value under natural light. The recoveries of TYL and TM ranged from 77.18 to 112.04% with coefficient of variation < 13.43%. The cut-off value in milk samples was 8ng/mL, and the limits of detection were 11.44, 15.96, 22.29 and 25.53μg/kg for chicken muscle, bovine muscle, porcine muscle and porcine liver samples, respectively, and the results being consistent with HPLC-UV. The results suggest that the developed LFA is accurate and potentially useful for on-site screening of TYL and TM in milk and animal tissue samples.

Development of multiplex immunochromatographic assay for the simultaneous detection of three polyether ionophore antibiotics in chicken muscle

ABSTRACT A rapid, reliable, sensitive, and multiplex colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (CGIA) was developed for the simultaneous detection of three polyether ionophore antibiotics (PEs) in chicken muscle. The IC50 values of the optimized CGIA were 1.63, 1.94, and 1.18 ng/mL with a linear range of 0.87–3.04 ng/mL, 0.85–4.41 ng/mL, and 0.57–2.44 ng/mL for maduramicin (MAD), monensin (MON), and salinomycin (SAL), respectively. The cut-off values were 10, 5, and 5 ng/mL, respectively. The whole testing process was completed within 15 min. A parallel analysis in blind chicken muscle samples was conducted by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the developed CGIA did not appear false-positive and false-negative. The results show that the established method could provide a rapid and effective approach for on-site screening and determination of PEs residues in chicken muscle samples.

TLC densitometric analysis of triple antibiotic therapy; Erythromycin, Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim in different edible chicken tissues

Erythromycin (ERY) is one of the macrolides used abundantly in veterinary medicines to treat various infections including respiratory, skin and bones. Combination of sulfadiazine (SFD) and trimethoprim (TMP) has proven efficacy and is widely used in the treatment of many infectious diseases, due to the efficiency of SFD as a bactericidal and TMP as a bacteriostatic. On the other hand, those residues of antibiotics like ERY, SFD and TMP in animal tissues may pose health hazards to humans. A simple and cost effective TLC densitometeric method has been developed to analyze the above mentioned drugs in their dosage form and in spiked chicken muscle and liver samples. A mixture of chloroform: methanol: ammonia hydroxide solution (33%, v/v) (8.5:1.5:0.1, by volume) was the developing system. In order to obtain the highest possible sensitivity, the separated bands were exposed to iodine vapors in well closed container for 15 min and then detection was immediately done at 220 nm. Linearity was achieved in the ranges of 0.5–10, 0.1–2 µg/band for ERY and SFD, respectively in both spiked muscle and liver samples while for TMP, linearity was proved over the ranges of 0.1–1.8 µg/band for spiked muscle samples and 0.1–1.6 for spiked liver samples.

Assessment of Tetracyclines Residues Contamination in Chicken Meat Samples of Algiers Slaughterhouses Level

Food contamination with antimicrobial residues may occur, entailing assessment and monitoring of the contamination level in edible tissue. In that way, 151 chicken meat samples were randomly collected from Algiers slaughterhouses. Otherwise, two analytical methods are validated for the simultaneous determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline and chlortetracycline residues in edible chicken tissues, by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry detection. Beforehand, an extraction step is performed. Indeed, acetonitrile is used as an extraction solvent for the qualitative method, and then the quantitative method is carried out after a preliminary extraction with an acidified EDTA-McIlvaine buffer, followed by a solid-phase extraction cleanup. Validation qualitative method results were satisfactory in terms of specificity (100%), sensivity, detection capability (CCß) and detection limit (LOD). Furthermore, validation results of the quantitative method was pertinent to the EU commission criteria. Thus, determination coefficient (r2) values were between de 0.91 to 0.98%, where the lowest values were observed for doxycycline. Trueness was between 85.5% and 104.8, expect for tetracycline (76.6% at 150µg/kg) and doxycycline (134.7% at 100µg/kg). As for intraday and interday precision, values respectively ranged between 12.5 and 26% and between 14 and 35%, except doxycycline for which precision values were higher. The methods have been successfully used for the identification, confirmation and quantification of tetracyclines in chicken muscle samples. Consequently, 25 samples were suspects in regard tetracyclines residues. The comparison of these samples with the QC at MRL (100µg/kg) revealed five samples needed a quantification. Thus, oxytetracycline, its epimer and doxycycline identified in samples were quantified. Indeed, all samples contained oxytetracycline and its epimer, doxycycline or both showed levels less than the decision limit (CCα).

Development of IgY-Based Indirect Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Fluoroquinolone Residues in Chicken and Pork Samples.

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are among the antibiotics whose widespread use in farm-raised animals results in potentially harmful residues in the end products. Additionally, most Thai farmers use antibiotics. Amoxicillin and enrofloxacin were commonly used by pig farms, and hens were given enrofloxacin to prevent immunization side effects. Moreover, antibiotic overuse has harmed food safety in the long term, and the use of low-dose antibiotics causes bacterial resistance. Herein, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was used to make a fast, easy, sensitive, and cost-effective method for monitoring FQs residues. After immunizing hens with mixed multi-hapten ciprofloxacin-bovine serum albumin (CPFX-BSA) with norfloxacin-bovine serum albumin (NFX-BSA), the IgY antibody purified from egg yolk was used for the detection of FQs residues in chicken and pork samples. The efficiency of the IgY antibody showed excellent sensitivity, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of enrofloxacin at 0.05 µg/mL, far below the MRLs defined by the EU for muscle samples, which was not to exceed 100 µg/kg. The recovery range for chicken muscle samples spiked with ENFX concentrations of 1.00-0.01 µg/mL was 86.65-112.71%, similar to pork samples, which were 84.24-117.22.2%. This method has a lot of potential for analyzing fluoroquinolones in complex samples quickly, easily, and at a low cost on-site. The IgY-based ic ELISA was developed to detect ciprofloxacin (CPFX), norfloxacin (NFX), and enrofloxacin (ENFX) residues; it confirms that IgY could be a promising choice for the detection of antibiotic residues in food samples.

Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of gentamicin in chicken muscle and milk

• A specific monoclonal antibody against gentamycin was obtained. • Based on mAb, one-step ic-ELISA and GICA methods were developed. • Two immunoassays can be applied for the detection of gentamycin in real samples. A specific anti-gentamicin (GEN) monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to develop an indirect competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA) and a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) for the determination of GEN residues in chicken muscle and milk. The result of ic-ELISA showed that the limits of detection (LOD) for GEN in chicken muscle and milk samples ranged from 0.54 µg kg −1 –0.57 µg kg −1 . As for the GICA method, the LOD of GEN in chicken muscle and milk were 10 µg kg −1 and 10 µg kg −1 , respectively. The GEN recovery of the two methods ranged from 83.8%–112.2%. In the actual samples detection, the ELISA and GICA methods had a good correlation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results. These indicated that the methods established in this study could be a candidate tool for the rapid large-scale screening of GEN in animal-derived foods.

Heterologous-coating antigen enhancing the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of mebendazole residues

The heterologous strategy could improve the sensitivity of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of chemical contaminants in food samples. In this study, the heterologous coating antigen ELISA was developed to evaluate its sensitivity for mebendazole (MBZ). Results showed that the heterologous ELISA had a linear range of (IC20–IC80) 0.34–10.54 ng/mL, an IC50 value of 1.83 ng/mL, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 ng/mL, in which the sensitivity of ELISA improved 1.7- and 2-fold (IC50 value dropping from 7.41 and 3.65 ng/mL to 4.27 and 1.83 ng/mL) than that of rabbit IgG- and chicken IgY-based homologous ELISA for MBZ, respectively. The heterologous coating antigen ELISA showed negligible cross reactivity (<0.2%) with its structural analogues, including hydroxy-MBZ, albendazole, oxfendazole, fenbendazole, and flubendazole, except the value of 72.6% for amino-MBZ. The average recoveries of MBZ spiked in pork and chicken muscle samples by the assay ranged from 83.7% to 109.8% and agreed well with those of high-performance liquid chromatography. The results suggested that using heterologous coating antigen could distinctly improve the sensitivity of ELISA for routine screening of MBZ residues in food samples.

Facile fabrication of tyrosine-functionalized hypercrosslinked polymer for sensitive determination of nitroimidazole antibiotics in honey and chicken muscle

The preparation of tyrosine-functional novel hypercrosslinked polymer (HCP@Tyr) was achieved by knitting 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene with l-tyrosine via simple Friedel-Crafts reaction. The HCP@Tyr displayed large surface area (1220 m2 g−1) and high adsorption capacity (30 mg g−1) for nitroimidazoles (NDZs). With HCP@Tyr as potent sorbent, an efficient extraction method was developed to simultaneously extract five NDZs from honey and chicken muscle samples before high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method provided a good linearity in the range of 0.75–200.0 ng g−1 for honey and 1.5–100.0 ng g−1 for chicken muscle sample. Low detection limits (S/N = 3) were obtained to be 0.10–0.24 ng g−1 for honey and 0.15–0.30 ng g−1 for chicken muscle. The method recovery was 80.7–120% with relative standard deviations below 9.2%. The HCP@Tyr based method can serve as a reliable and sensitive tool for detection of NDZs in honey and chicken muscle samples.

Determination of fluoroquinolones in chicken muscle by molecularly imprinted graphitic carbon nitride-based solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography

A graphitic carbon nitride was synthesised and nalidixic acid (NA) based molecularly imprinted microspheres (MIMs) were polymerised on its surface to create a composite material. After characterisation and evaluation of its absorption ability, the composite was used to prepare a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge for purification of fluoroquinolones in chicken muscle, analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The cartridge showed high absorption capacities (378–559 μg) and high recoveries (92.1–99.4%) for eight fluoroquinolones, and could be reused at least 20 times. The limits of detection for the 8 drugs were 0.2–0.8 ng g−1, and recoveries from standard fortified blank chicken muscle samples were 71.9–96.8%. This is the first study reporting the use of molecularly imprinted graphitic carbon nitride composite to determine the residue of veterinary drug in foods of animal origin.

Quantification of mycotoxin residues in domestic and imported chicken muscle, liver and kidney in Jordan

This study aimed to detect mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisin B1 and deoxynivalenol) residues in imported frozen/local fresh chicken muscle and local fresh liver/kidney samples in Jordan. A total of 300 samples composed of 50 imported frozen and 150 locally produced fresh chicken muscle, 50 fresh liver and 50 kidney samples were analyzed. These were examined for mycotoxins using liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC–MS/MS). The overall concentrations of mycotoxin residues in the tested samples ranged from 0.03 to 2920.00 μg/kg (mean 0.23–324.24 μg/kg). Zearalenone and aflatoxin B1 exceeding the maximum residue level (MRL) were found in 14 and 2% of the imported chicken muscle samples, respectively. Aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol above the MRL were found in 0.7%, 10.7% and 8.7% of local chicken muscle samples, respectively. Zearalenone (>MRL) was the only toxin detected in the local liver samples whereas zearalenone, fumonisin B1 and deoxynivalenol (>MRL) were present in local kidney samples. The results revealed a significant difference in the prevalence of deoxynivalenol between local and imported chicken muscle samples ( P < 0.05), while fumonisin B1 was significantly higher in local chicken kidney samples than local chicken muscle or liver samples. Results also showed that zearalenone was significantly higher in liver (30.0%) than in kidney samples (8.0%). These data may be useful to food control authorities in Jordan to implement mycotoxins residue monitoring and controls in all chicken meat products. • Zearalenone (4%) and aflatoxin B1 (2%) (>MRL) were found in imported chicken. • Aflatoxin B1 (>MRL) was found at low level (0.7%) in local chicken samples. • Zearalenone (10.7%) and deoxynivalenol (8.7%) (>MRL) were found in local chicken. • Zearalenone (>MRL) was detected in both liver (15%) and kidney (8%) samples. • Fumonisin B1 (8%) and deoxynivalenol (4%) >MRL were also found in kidney samples.

Electrochemical determination of dinitolmide in poultry product samples using a highly sensitive Mn2O3/MCNTs-NPs carbon paste electrode aided by greenness assessment tools

In this paper, chemically modified carbon paste Mn2O3/MCNTs-NPs electrode for estimation of dinitolmide (DOM) utilizing square wave voltammetry method (SWV) was developed. The study investigated the electrochemical behavior of DOM, and the morphology of the modified electrode was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The voltammetric behavior of DOM at modified electrode was recorded at a scan rate of 100 mVs−1 against Ag/AgCl reference electrode in phosphate buffer pH 4.0 within linearity range 2–12 µM, LOQ, and LOD of 1.8 and 0.594 µM, respectively, with average % recovery of (100.89 ± 0.795). GAPI and Analytical Eco-Scale tools were applied for greenness assessment. Specificity and interference study was valid for the proposed method; allowing DOM to be determined in its acidic degradation and its major interference drug. The proposed method was successfully employed to quantify DOM in bulk powder, egg, and frozen cuts-up chicken muscle samples.

Development of a molecularly imprinted microspheres-based microplate fluorescence method for detection of amantadine and rimantadine in chicken

ABSTRACT In this study, molecularly imprinted microspheres of a type capable of recognising amantadine and rimantadine were first synthesised, and three fluorescent tracers based on dansyl chloride, fluorescein isothiocyanate and 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine were also synthesised. These reagents were used to develop and optimise a direct competitive fluorescence method on conventional 96-well microplate for detection of the two analytes. Results showed that this method achieved simple operation procedure, rapid assay process (30 min), high sensitivity (limits of detection 0.04–0.05 ng mL−1) and acceptable recycle performance (five times). After optimisation of several parameters, this method was used to detect amantadine and rimantadine in chicken muscle samples. Their recoveries from standards fortified blank samples were in the range of 62.3–93.7%. The analysis results for some real chicken samples were consistent with a confirmatory LC-MS/MS method. Therefore, this method could be used as a rapid, simple and accurate tool for routine screening the residues of amantadine and rimantadine in a large number of chicken muscle samples.

Polyethyleneimine-functionalized Fe3O4/attapulgite particles for hydrophilic interaction-based magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction of fluoroquinolones in chicken muscle.

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) residues in foods of animal origin may threaten public health but are challenging to determine because of their low contents and complex matrices. In this study, novel polyethyleneimine-functionalized Fe3O4/attapulgite magnetic particles were prepared by a simple co-mixing method and applied as hydrophilic sorbents for the magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of three FQs, i.e., ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and enrofloxacin, from chicken muscle samples. The preparation of the magnetic particles was of high reproducibility and the products could be reused many times with high adsorption capacity. The key experimental factors possibly influencing the extraction efficiencies, including sample solution, extraction time, sample loading volume, desorption solution, desorption time, and elution volume were investigated. Under optimum MSPE conditions, the analytes in chicken muscle samples were extracted and then determined by RPLC-MS/MS in MRM mode. Good linearity was obtained for the analytes with correlation coefficients ranged from 0.9975 to 0.9995. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.02-0.08μgkg-1, and the recoveries of the spiked FQs in chicken muscle samples ranged from 83.9 to 98.7% with relative standard deviations of 1.3-6.8% (n = 3). Compared with the traditional MSPE methods based on hydrophobic mechanism, this hydrophilic interaction-based method significantly simplifies the sample pretreatment procedure and improves repeatability. This method is promising for accurate monitoring of FQs in foods of animal origin.

Reverberant Elastography for the Elastic Characterization of Anisotropic Tissues

We derive closed-form solutions for reverberant elastography in anisotropic elastic media by adapting the framework used in electromagnetic theory to treat transverse isotropic materials. Different sample-setup geometries are analyzed, highlighting their relevance for both optical coherence elastography (OCE) and ultrasound elastography (USE). Numerical simulations using finite elements are used to validate the proposed solutions in practical cases. OCE experiments are conducted in ex vivo chicken muscle samples for the characterization of in-plane and out-of-plane shear modulus assuming a transverse isotropic elastic model. Additionally, we obtained a generalized geometry-independent solution for the isotropic media case, thus unifying previous results for reverberant elastography.

A simplified method for determination of short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins using tetramethyl ammonium chloride as mobile phase modifier

The formation of halide adducts ion is an important pathway to improve the sensitivity of analytes in liquid chromatography (LC) combined with negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS). Although adding modifier in mobile phase is generally the simplest way to form anions adducts, the formation of halide adducts ion requires a complex post-column addition strategy since traditional halide ionization enhancement reagents are incompatible with LC systems. To solve this problem, the volatile organochlorine salt tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC) was therefore investigated as a potentially non-corrosive mobile phase modifier that was confirmed to be compatible with both LC and MS systems in this study. When short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were determinated simultaneously by ultra-high performance LC combined with ESI high resolution MS (UPLC-ESI-HRMS), all of them tended to ionize by forming [M+Cl]− ions and exhibited excellent sensitivity with the instrumental detection limits of 1-4 pg/μL. Meanwhile, their sensitivities towards CPs were less dependent on their Cl content with the total relative response factors of 0.8-3.5. The method's utility was demonstrated through determination of CPs in surface soil and chicken muscle samples. This was an effective and practical method to enhance the selectivity for [M + Cl]− ions and improve sensitivity towards CPs with various carbon lengths. Importantly, post-column addition was not required, and thus the analytical procedure was simplified. The method has also improved sensitivity towards some other organohalides and may be generally useful in the determination of challenging organic analytes.

Ti (IV) modified vinyl phosphate magnetic nanoparticles for simultaneous preconcentration of multiple arsenic species from chicken samples followed by HPLC-ICP-MS analysis.

Ti (IV)-modified vinyl phosphate magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3 O4 @SiO2 @KH570-PO4 -Ti (IV)) was prepared for simultaneous extraction of multiple arsenic species, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)- inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. Inorganic arsenic (iAs), dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA), monomethyl arsenic acid (MMA), p-amino phenyl arsenic acid (p-ASA), 4-hdroxyphenylarsenic acid (4-OH), phenyl arsenic acid (PAA), and 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsenic acid (ROX) were investigated as interest analytes. It was found that they were quantitatively adsorbed on Fe3 O4 @SiO2 @KH570-PO4 -Ti (IV) at pH 5, and desorbed completely with 0.1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution. Enrichment factor of 100-fold was obtained by consuming 100mL sample solution. Under the optimal conditions, the method combining MSPE with HPLC-ICP-MS presented a linear range of 1-5000ng/L for seven arsenic species. The limits of detection were 0.39, 0.60, 0.23, 1.85, 0.54, 0.48, and 0.84ng/L for DMA, MMA, p-ASA, iAs, 4-OH, PAA, ROX, with the relative standard deviations (c = 10ng/L, n = 7) of 3.6, 3.9, 5.5, 12.4, 6.1, 5.8, 5.0, respectively. The accuracy of the method was validated by analyzing BCR 627 Tuna fish. The application potential of the method was further evaluated by chicken muscle and liver samples. No target arsenic species were detected in these samples, and good recoveries (80.6-123%) were obtained for the spiked samples at low, medium, and high concentration levels.

Avian Satellite Cell Plasticity.

Simple SummaryAdult muscle regeneration and reconstruction is dependent on a population of adult stem cells, known as satellite cells. These cells were suggested to exhibit a certain degree of plasticity, being able to differentiate into lineages unassociated with muscle cells. In this study, we have used a range of visualization methods, as well as PCR, to identify a population of satellite cells obtained from samples of chicken muscles. Then, the cells, expressing a previously introduced detectable transgene, were introduced into chicken embryos and detected after three and eighteen days of their development. The traces of cell populations derived from the introduced satellite cells were detected in a range of embryonic tissues in both of the studied timeframes. The results of this study give further proof of the plasticity of muscle satellite cells, showing the potential locations of their migration during embryonic development.Adult myogenesis is dependent on a population of precursor cells, located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. These satellite cells, usually present in a quiescent state, become activated in response to mechanical muscle strain, differentiating and fusing to add new nuclei to enlarging muscles. As their myogenic lineage commitment is induced on demand, muscle satellite cells exhibit a certain amount of plasticity, possibly being able to be directed to differentiate into non-myogenic fates. In this study, myosatellite cells were isolated from chicken muscle samples, characterized in vitro and introduced into developing blastoderms. They were further investigated using fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry and PCR, to determine their location in embryos after three and eighteen days. The results of the in vitro analysis confirmed that the cells obtained from the Pectoralis thoracicus are highly myogenic, based on the expression of Pax7, Myogenin, MyoD, Desmin and the myotube assay. Furthermore, the investigation of satellite cells within the embryo showed their migration to the regions of Pectoralis thoracicus, heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, intestine and brain. Overall, the results of the study proved the high myogenicity of chicken Pectoralis thoracicus cell isolates, as well as provided new information about their migration pathways following introduction into the blastocyst. The presence of the introduced LacZ or eGFP transgenes across the embryo, even 20 days after myosatellite cell injection, further supports the notion that satellite cells exhibit significant plasticity, potentially transdifferentiating into non-muscle lineages.