Chicken Meat Samples Research Articles

Occurrence of virulence factors and carbapenemase genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated from chicken meat and egg samples in Iraq

BackgroundFood-borne infections mainly due to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) are major concerns worldwide. S. Enteritidis isolates may serve as reservoirs for spreading antimicrobial drug resistance genes including carbapenemases. This study aimed to screen the occurrence of virulence factors, carbapenemases, and antibiotic resistance genes in S. Enteritidis isolated from chicken meat and eggs in Iraq.ResultsIn total, 1000 non-duplicated chicken meat and 1000 egg samples were collected during 2019–2020. Presumptive S. Enteritidis isolates were initially identified by standard bacteriology tests and then were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Carbapenem resistance was detected using the disk diffusion method. Virulence and carbapenemase genes were screened using the PCR method. In total, 100 (5.0%) S. Enteritidis isolates were identified from 2000 samples collected using phenotypic and molecular methods. These isolates were identified from 4.9% chicken meat (n = 49/1000) and 5.1% egg (n = 51/1000) samples, respectively. The most and the least susceptibility was found to gentamicin and ceftazidime antibiotics, respectively. The prevalence of different virulence factors were as follows: phoP/Q (40.0%), traT (30.0%), stn (22.0%), slyA (11.0%), and sopB (9.0%). Among 20 carbapenem-resistant S. Enteritidis isolates, the most predominant carbapenemase gene was blaIMP (35.0%, n = 7), followed by blaOXA−48−like (25.0%, n = 5), and blaNDM (10.0%, n = 2), while the blaKPC and blaVIM genes were not detected. The coexistence of blaIMP, blaOXA−48−like, and blaNDM genes was determined in two isolates. The prevalence of different antibiotic resistance genes were as follows: tetA (87.1%), tetB (87.1%), dfrA1 (77.6%), and sul1 (83.6%).ConclusionConsidering the existence of carbapenem-resistant S. Enteritidis harboring different virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in chicken meat and egg samples, adherence to proper hygienic conditions should be considered.

Research on the Authenticity of Mutton Based on Machine Vision Technology.

To realize the real-time automatic identification of adulterated minced mutton, a convolutional neural network (CNN) image recognition model of adulterated minced mutton was constructed. Images of mutton, duck, pork and chicken meat pieces, as well as prepared mutton adulterated with different proportions of duck, pork and chicken meat samples, were acquired by the laboratory's self-built image acquisition system. Among all images were 960 images of different animal species and 1200 images of minced mutton adulterated with duck, pork and chicken. Additionally, 300 images of pure mutton and mutton adulterated with duck, pork and chicken were reacquired again for external validation. This study compared and analyzed the modeling effectiveness of six CNN models, AlexNet, GoogLeNet, ResNet-18, DarkNet-19, SqueezeNet and VGG-16, for different livestock and poultry meat pieces and adulterated mutton shape feature recognition. The results show that ResNet-18, GoogLeNet and DarkNet-19 models have the best learning effect and can identify different livestock and poultry meat pieces and adulterated minced mutton images more accurately, and the training accuracy of all three models reached more than 94%, among which the external validation accuracy of the optimal three models for adulterated minced mutton images reached more than 70%. Image learning based on a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model can identify different livestock meat pieces and adulterated mutton, providing technical support for the rapid and nondestructive identification of mutton authenticity.

Campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry in Iran: Antibiotic resistance profiles, virulence genes, and molecular mechanisms.

Campylobacter spp. genera is one of the most common causes of microbial enteritis worldwide. The objective of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns, virulence genes, and genetic variation of thermophilic Campylobacter species collected from chicken meat samples in Iran. A total of 255 meat specimens were taken and transferred to the laboratory. Culture methods were utilized to identify the Campylobacter genus, and PCR and sequencing were performed to confirm the organisms. Antimicrobial susceptibility evaluation was performed using broth microdilution for six antimicrobials [ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), sitafloxacin (SIT), erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET), and gentamicin (GEN)]. By using PCR, AMR and virulence genes were detected. The detection rate of Campylobacter spp. was 64 (25.09%) out of 255 meat samples, with C.jejuni and C.coli accounting for 41 (64.06%) and 14 (21.87%), respectively. Other Campylobacter isolates accounted for 14.06% of the total (nine samples). The antibiotic susceptibility of all Campylobacter isolates was tested using six antibiotics, and all (100%) were resistant to CIP and NAL. However, TET resistance was observed in 93.9% and 83.3% of C.jejuni and C.coli isolates, respectively. Four (8.2%) C.jejuni isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), while none of the C.coli isolates were MDR. Two of the four MDR isolates were resistant to CIP, NAL, TET, and ERY, whereas the other two isolates were resistant to CIP, NAL, TET, and GEN. The values of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were as follows: CIP, 64-256 μg/ml; NAL, 128-512 μg/ml; TET, 2-1024 μg/ml; SIT, 0.25-1μg/ml; ERY, 1-32 μg/ml; and GEN, 1-256 μg/ml. recR, dnaJ, cdtC, cdtB, cdtA, flaA, ciaB, cadF, and pidA were discovered in more than 50% of C.jejuni isolates, although wlaN, virbll, cgtB, and ceuE were found in <50%. flaA, cadF, pidA, and ciaB were discovered in more than 50% of the C.coli samples, whereas recR, cdtC, cdtB, cdtA, and cgtB were found in less than half. For C.coli, the percentages for wlaN, dnaJ, virbll, and ceuE were all zero. The results of this study show Campylobacter isolates obtained from poultry have higher resistance to quinolones and TET, pathogenicity potential, and varied genotypes.

Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand.

Enterococcus is a commensal bacteria found in humans and animals, which can cause human nosocomial infections. One of the most contaminated enterococcal sources is poultry meat. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Enterococcus from chickens and their meat products at local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. From January 2021 to March 2022, 558 samples from 279 cloacal swabs and breast meat were collected from 31 local slaughterhouses in the area. Then, the samples were screened for Enterococcus using modified de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. Next, selected Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and cocci-shaped colonies were investigated for enterococcal confirmation using Enterococcosel Agar (EA). We also cultivated the samples directly on EA. However, the disk diffusion method was used to investigate positive Enterococcus resistance profiles to 16 antimicrobial agents. Finally, selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus isolates were further assessed to identify AMR genes by polymerase chain reaction. Investigations showed that the prevalence of Enterococcus isolates from the chicken cloacal swabs and meat samples were 29.75% (83/279) and 28.32% (78/279), respectively. Most Enterococcus positive isolates were resistant to colistin, followed by cefoxitin, cephalexin, and streptomycin. These isolates also showed a prevalence of MDR species (65.22%; 105/161) and 66 patterns. Furthermore, selected MDR Enterococcus (MDRE) from cloacal swabs and breast meat were positive for the resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM genes at 71.43% (20/28) and 78.26% (18/23), respectively, whereas other AMR genes detected in the selected MDR enterococci from the cloacal swabs and breast meat were beta-lactamase TEM (bla TEM [0%, 1.96%]), Class 1 integrase (intI1 [14.28%, 0%]), colistin (mrc-1 [3.57%, 0%]), and vancomycin (vanA [14.28%, 0%]). This study indicated that phenotypic MDRE correlated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM gene presence, leading to an AMR reservoir that can be transferred to other bacteria.

Characterization of a novel bioactive film based on Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. Gum (ASKG) complexed with β-cyclodextrin/curcumin (β-CD/CUR) inclusion complex and its application in meat preservation

In this study, a novel bioactive film based on Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum was developed by incorporating β-cyclodextrin/curcumin inclusion complex at different concentrations to improve film physico-chemical properties and extend the shelf life of lamb and chicken meat at 4 °C. The results revealed that the incorporation of β-cyclodextrin/curcumin inclusion complex significantly enhanced the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and the antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). The thickness, moisture absorption, water solubility, color and barrier properties against oxygen (1.52–0.76 cm3/m2·24 h·0.1 MPa) and water vapor (4.7 × 10−11 - 3.1 × 10−11 g s−1 m−1 pa−1) of the film were improved. The film also showed satisfactory mechanical and UV-blocking properties, but little changes in thermal stability. The Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy results showed proper combination and distribution of β-cyclodextrin/curcumin inclusion complex in the film matrix, while the X-ray diffraction study showed a new crystal phase corresponding to the presence of β-cyclodextrin/curcumin inclusion complex. Compared with the control film, the active film more significantly reduced total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total bacterial count, and pH value of lamb and chicken meat samples and improved their color and texture during the nine-day storage at 4 °C. These results demonstrate the potential of the developed film in the preservation of lamb and chicken meat.

Prevalence, Tetracycline Resistance and Tet(O) Gene Identification in Pathogenic Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Chickens in Retail Markets of Lima, Peru.

Background: In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence, tetracycline resistance and presence of Tet(O) in Campylobacter strains isolated from chicken in markets of Lima, Peru. Methods: A total of 250 chicken samples were obtained from traditional markets (skin, n = 120) and supermarkets (meat, n = 130). Samples were subjected to microbiological assays for identification of Campylobacter spp. according to ISO 10272-2017, and the isolates were then submitted to species identification by PCR. Phenotypic resistance to tetracyclines was assessed by the Kirby−Bauer test, and the presence of the Tet(O) gene was determined by PCR. Results: A significantly higher prevalence (p < 0.0001) of Campylobacter coli in skin samples from traditional markets (97.5%) than in meat samples from supermarkets (36.2%) was observed. On the other hand, Campylobacter jejuni was confirmed only in 3.1% of meat samples. All Campylobacter species isolated from skin and meat samples were phenotypically resistant to tetracyclines; however, the presence of the Tet(O) gene in C. coli was identified in 76.9% and 66.0% of skin and meat samples, no significant statistical difference (p = 0.1488) was found between these prevalence. All C. jejuni isolated from chicken meat samples from supermarkets were positive for Tet(O) gene. Conclusions: This study confirms the high prevalence of C. coli isolated from chicken sold in traditional markets and supermarkets in Lima, Peru, and in more than 70% of these strains, phenotypic resistance to tetracyclines could be linked with expression of the Tet(O) gene. It is necessary to evaluate other genes involved in resistance to tetracyclines and other groups of antibiotics in campylobacter strains isolated from chicken meat.

Detection Bacteria of Escherichia coli in Broiller Chicken in Tradisional Market Mataram City

Escherichia coli bacteria are bacteria that are susceptible to contaminating chicken meat. Bacterial contamination in chicken meat generally comes from the room, equipment or table where the chicken is abattoir, as well as the water used during the slaughtering process to the processing of chicken meat. The impact if people consume chicken meat contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria with general symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever and typhus. This study aims that determine the presence or absence of Esherichia coli bacteria in chicken meat sold in the traditional market of Mataram City. The samples of this research taken by purposive sampling. The method of this research using detect disease to estimate proportion, where 10 samples of broiler chicken meat were taken from 19 traders in the Mataram City Traditional Market and analyzed descriptively. From 10 samples of broiler chicken tested, 4 of them were contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria. The results showed that 40% of broiler chicken meat in the Mataram City Traditional Market were contaminated with Esherichia coli bacteria.

Fast screening method to determine metabolites of nitrofurans in chicken meat using partitioned dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with HPLC/DAD

Methods have been developed for the hydrolysis and derivatisation of protein-bound metabolites of nitrofurans and for the extraction of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde derivatives of the metabolites from chicken meat. In this work, the time needed for hydrolysis and derivatisation was reduced from the conventional 16 h to 90 min. Based on partitioned dispersed liquid–liquid microextraction, a method for extracting 2-nitrobenzaldehyde derivatives of metabolites from crude chicken meat has been developed. Under the optimised experimental conditions, enrichment factors (EFs) ranging from 92.8 to 208.9 were obtained. The method was linear over the range of 10–600 µg kg−1 with determination coefficients (r 2) between 0.9979 and 0.9996. Intraday and interday repeatability expressed as a percentage RSD, ranged from 2.2% to 11.2%, and 2.7% to 12.4%, respectively. LOD of 1.07–2.25 µg kg−1 and LOQ of 3.09–6.2 µg kg−1 were obtained. The proposed method was applied in the analysis of metabolites of nitrofurans in chicken meat obtained from farmers using them for their domestic consumption and proved free of the analytes. A recovery of 85.2–109.4% with a %RSD ranging between 3.4% and 13.7% was obtained at three spiking levels. The proposed method was successfully further applied for the analysis of target analytes in chicken meat samples purchased from different supermarkets around Roodeport, Gauteng (South Africa). There was no target analyte detected in the analysed samples. Therefore, the developed methods can be used for monitoring the corresponding metabolites of nitrofurans in chicken meat.

Determination of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae from Chicken Meat by Advanced Modified ISO 21528-1:2017 Method

&#x0D; Antibiotic resistance is critical today, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are the current reflection of this threat in terms of public health. Our study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a known ISO method used to detect of CREs in chicken meat sold in the Aksaray Region. A total of 150 chicken samples (50 drumsticks, 50 breasts, and 50 wings) were analyzed in terms of CRE by modifying the ISO 21528-1:2017 method. For this purpose, meropenem and ertapenem powders were added into buffered peptone water and Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar at the resistance levels determined in EUCAST. At the same time, target DNA extraction was performed from all samples with a tissue isolation kit (Hybrigen) and stored for PCR to support and strengthen our results to compare the cultural method's results. According to the results of the cultural procedure, the existing flora of chicken meats was suppressed by antibiotic supplements, and no suspicious colonies were detected. Likewise, CRE was not detected in DNA samples obtained from 150 chicken meat samples. Carbapenem resistance, described as the last fortress, is today's significant public health problem. According to our results, CRE was not isolated in 150 chicken meat samples offered for sale in our region.&#x0D;

Enterococcus spp. from chicken meat collected 20 years apart overcome multiple stresses occurring in the poultry production chain: Antibiotics, copper and acids

Poultry meat has been a vehicle of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes. Yet, the diversity of selective pressures associated with their maintenance in the poultry-production chain remains poorly explored. We evaluated the susceptibility of Enterococcus spp. from chicken meat collected 20 years apart to antibiotics, metals, acidic pH and peracetic acid-PAA. Contemporary chicken-meat samples (n = 53 batches, each including a pool of neck skin from 10 single carcasses) were collected in a slaughterhouse facility using PAA as disinfectant (March–August 2018, North of Portugal). Broilers were raised in intensive farms (n = 29) using CuSO4 and organic acids as feed additives. Data were compared with that of 67 samples recovered in the same region during 1999–2001. All 2018 samples had multidrug resistant-MDR isolates, with >45 % carrying Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium or Enterococcus gallinarum resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol or aminoglycosides. Resistance rates were similar (P > 0.05) to those of 1999–2001 samples for all but five antibiotics. The decrease of samples carrying vancomycin-resistant isolates from 46 % to 0 % between 1999-2001 and 2018 was the most striking difference. Isolates from both periods were similarly susceptible to acid pH [minimum-growth pH (4.5-5.0), minimum-survival pH (3.0-4.0)] and to PAA (MIC90 = 100–120 mg/L/MBC90 = 140–160 mg/L; below concentrations used in slaughterhouse). Copper tolerance genes (tcrB and/or cueO) were respectively detected in 21 % and 4 % of 2018 and 1999-2001 samples. The tcrB gene was only detected in E. faecalis (MICCuSO4 > 12 mM), and their genomes were compared with other international ones of chicken origin (PATRIC database), revealing a polyclonal population and a plasmid or chromosomal location for tcrB. The tcrB plasmids shared diverse genetic modules, including multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (e.g. to tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B-MLSB, aminoglycosides, bacitracin, coccidiostats). When in chromosome, the tcrB gene was co-located closely to merA (mercury) genes. Chicken meat remains an important vehicle of MDR Enterococcus spp. able to survive under diverse stresses (e.g. copper, acid) potentially contributing to these bacteria maintenance and flux among animal-environment-humans.

Molecular Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in meat at Mosul city retails using PCR technique

Pseudomonas has been recognized as a unique meat spoiling organism. The proliferation of these spoilage organisms might influence the organoleptic meat quality. Therefore, the current investigation is being carried out to detect pseudomonas associated with meat displayed in Mosul city retails. A total of 150 meat samples of beef, mutton and chicken meat (50 of each) were collected. Molecular identification of pseudomonas aeruginosa in meat is performed by targeting the16S rRNA gene and rpoB gene. Fifty-three isolates of pseudomonas species were obtained from all types of meat (35.33%), including 23 (46 %) for beef meat,11 (22%) for mutton and 19 (38%) for chicken meat. Enumeration of pseudomonas species in beef and mutton were 1.47*104, 1.92*104 CFU/g, respectively, while counts were 21.3*104 CFU/g in chicken meat. Polymerase chain reaction results revealed the presence of 16SrRNA gene in all tested isolates 53/53 (100%). pseudomonas aeruginosawas isolated at (39.62%) from meat samples according to the detection of the rpoB gene.In conclusion, the prevalence of pseudomonas in meat at Mosul city retails negatively impacted meat quality and consumer confidence. Also, the PCR approach aids the rapid detection of pseudomonas as spoilage organisms in meat to reduce financial loss.Therefore, hygienic measurements should be applied to reduce meat spoilage and conserve consumer health during meat production and preservation.

Complete Genome Sequences of Four Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Retail Chicken Meat and Broiler Feces.

ABSTRACTCampylobacter jejuni is the leading pathogen that causes foodborne infections. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of four C. jejuni strains isolated from retail chicken meat and broiler feces samples. Genes encoding type VI secretion and antibiotic resistance were detected among these isolates.

Study on Prevalence and Antibiotic Profiling of Enterococcus Spp. from Chicken Meat

The present study was undertaken to characterize Enterococcus species isolated from poultry meat by cultural isolation, PCR detection and antibiogram. Antibiotic profiling of detected Enterococcus spp. isolates were done by disc diffusion method. Total 150 chicken meat samples were examined for the presence of Enterococcus spp. The overall prevalence of Enterococcus spp. by cultural isolation was 56%. The prevalence of Enterococcus spp. by targeting tuf gene and ddlE.faecalis gene in PCR was 95.23 and 77.38%, respectively. In the antibiotic sensitivity test, Enterococcus isolates showed high resistance toward Erythromycin and Tetracycline. However, low resistance was seen towards Chloramphenicol, whereas all the isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin.This study found a high prevalence of multi drug resistance among enterococci isolated from poultry meat, suggesting that these resistant bacteria and genes may be transported from food to humans and pose a significant risk to human health in the coming years.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Raw Chicken Meat in the Republic of Korea.

In this study, we sought to investigate the various characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from raw chicken meats available in Korean markets. The data collected, such as food source of isolation, sampling information, serotype, virulence, and genetic profile including sequence type, were registered in the database for further comparative analysis of the strains isolated from the traceback investigation samples. To characterize serotype, virulence and gene sequences, we examined 113 domestically distributed chicken meat samples for contamination with Salmonella spp. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on 24 strains (21.2%) of Salmonella isolated from 113 commercially available chicken meats and by-products, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Serotyping of the isolated Salmonella spp. revealed S. Enteritidis in 11 strains (45.8%), S. Virchow in 6 strains (25%), S. Montevideo in 2 strains (8.3%), S. Bsilla in 2 strains (8.3%), S. Bareilly in 1 strain (4.2%), S. Dessau in 1 strain (4.2%), and S. Albany in 1 strain (4.2%). The genetic correlation indicated that 24 isolated strains were classified into 18 clusters with a genetic similarity of 64.4-100% between them. Eleven isolated S. Enteritidis strains were classified into 9 genotypes with a sequence identity of 74.4%, whereas the most distantly related S. Virchow was divided into five genotypes with 85.9% identity. Here, the MLST analysis indicated that the major Sequence Type (ST) of the Salmonella spp. isolated from domestic chicken sold in Chungcheong Province belongs to the ST 11 and 16, which differs from the genotype of Salmonella isolated from imported chicken. The differential sequence characteristics can be a genetic marker for identifying causative bacteria for epidemiological investigations of food poisoning.

In vitro selection and characterization of ssDNA aptamers by cross-over SELEX and its application for detection of S. Typhimurium

S. Typhimurium is the most common food-borne pathogen frequently encountered in contaminated food and poses a major threat to public health, animals, and the food industry worldwide. Early and sensitive detection is the prime step to ensuring the microbiological quality of fresh and processed food. We used the cross-over SELEX strategy to select ssDNA aptamers against OM usher protein, FimD that could be employed in the S. Typhimurium detection assay. Altogether, 7 rounds of protein-SELEX, 3 rounds of intermittent counter-SELEX, and 4 rounds of whole bacterial cell-SELEX were undertaken for specific aptamer selection. The aptamer specificity was achieved by performing counter-SELEX with non-target bacterial cells. The enriched pool of aptamers obtained post SELEX process was cloned, sequenced, and further the specificity and affinity were characterized by flow cytometry. The aptamers DFRM-3 and DFRM-10 were specific and showed relatively high binding affinity towards S. Typhimurium with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd value) of 76 nM and 90.01 nM respectively. A dual aptamer-based sandwich assay was developed using biotinylated DFRM-3 aptamer for magnetic capture and AlexaFluor-488 labeled DFRM-10 aptamer for detection of S. Typhimurium. The limit of detection (LOD) of S. Typhimurium by the developed assay was found to be 102 CFU/ml in pure culture and 103 CFU/ml in the artificially contaminated chicken meat samples.

Detection of Campylobacter jejuni Based on a Real-Time Fluorescence Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method.

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), a foodborne pathogenic bacterium, is among the most prevalent causes of human gastroenteritis globally. We developed and evaluated a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to detect C. jejuni. Outer primers and inner primers were designed based on the hipO gene. The ratio between the concentrations of the inner and outer primers and the reaction temperature were then optimized to achieve optimal assay conditions. The analytical specificity tests showed that, among 12 genera of 74 pure bacterial culture strains, only four C. jejuni isolates could be detected, whereas no amplification was observed in C. coli, C. lari, and the other 11 genera of foodborne pathogens (n = 70). Moreover, the LAMP assay showed a higher analytical sensitivity (34.2 fg μL−1) than the conventional PCR method (342 fg μL−1). The limit of detection of C. jejuni based on the LAMP assay was 103 CFU g−1 in the artificially spiked samples of chicken meat. In conclusion, the developed LAMP assay will be a powerful and practical tool for the fast, specific, and sensitive detection of C. jejuni.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Chicken Meat and Edible Poultry Organs Collected from Retail Shops and Supermarkets of North Western Province in Sri Lanka

Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium that lives in human and animal intestines. Shiga toxin-producing strains of E. coli STECs are responsible for most food-related E. coli infections. Pathogenic E. coli transmits to human bodies due to the consumption of contaminated, raw, or undercooked food. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence of E. coli contamination in edible poultry meat and meat organs in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka. A total of 250 samples consisting of chicken meat (n = 144) and edible organs (n = 106) were collected from retail shops (n = 181) and supermarkets (n = 69), in both Kurunegala and Puttlam districts. The prevalence of E. coli from 250 chicken meat samples was 66.80% (167/250); E. coli prevalence at retail shops (66.85%) was higher than that at supermarkets (66.67%) and was not statistically significant. E. coli prevalence in chicken meat and edible organs was 65.73% and 69.16%, respectively. Molecular confirmation for the positive samples was done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously designed primers. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to CLSI using nine antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Most isolates were resistant to erythromycin (80.84%) and amoxicillin (76.05%), while the least resistance was observed for gentamicin (4.79%). This study indicates the potential public health risk associated with chicken sold at retail and supermarket levels in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka.

PEMANFAATAN SIPUT GONGGONG SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU OLAHAN SOSIS SEBAGAI MAKANAN KHAS KOTA BATAM

The gonggong snail is one of the marine biota whose distribution is abundant in Indonesia, especially Batam City. The utilization rate of gonggong snails in Batam City has not been maximized due to the lack of public knowledge to process gonggong snails into processed products that have higher economic value. This research was conducted to develop the use of gonggong snails as a new processed product in the food sector that can be used as a business opportunity. Researchers use gonggong snails as raw material for making sausages. This is done to increase the potential of gonggong snails and can become one of the typical foods of Batam City. This type of research is using a pre-experimental design with a one shot case study method. Using two comparison samples of gonggong snail meat and chicken meat as much as (100%: 0%) and (50%: 50%). Data collection techniques using hedonic quality test and hedonic test with research instruments using a questionnaire. The number of panelists as many as 20 people consisting of 5 trained panelists and 15 moderately trained panelists. The data obtained will be analyzed by the Mann Whitney test. The results of the Mann Whitney test showed that there was no significant difference in the taste, color and texture of the gonggong snail sausage, while in scent there was a significant difference. The results of the hedonic test showed that the panelists preferred the taste and scent of the gonggong snail sausage with formulation B (50%:50%), the color that the panelists preferred was the gonggong snail sausage with formulation A (100%:0%), while for the texture of the sausage The panelists Gonggong snails liked both formulations A (100%:0%) and B (50%:50%).

Contamination Analysis of Escherichia coli on Broiler Chicken Meat in Traditional Markets of Medan City

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram negative bacteria that can reduce the quality of meat and cause diarrhea if the amount is too much.This study aims to investigate the presence of E. coli contamination in chicken meat sell in traditional markets in Medan. This research was conducted using the perposive sampling method and collect samples from 30% of each nine traditional markets with a total of 32 samples. The traditional markets in Medan, namely Petisah, Central, Sei kambing, Kampung Lalang, Kwala Bekala, Helvetia, Kampung Baru, Kemiri and Padang Bulan. Reserch were conducted by using the CFU / ml method with chromocult media. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory of the Regional Veterinary Disease Investigation Center Region 1 Medan. The results showed 32 samples of chicken meat had exceeded the maximum limit of microbial contamination. The highest total microbial average was in the Kampung Lalang market 3.49 Log CFU / g, and the lowest was in the Kemiri market of 2.79 Log CFU / g. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the meat in the traditional markets of Medan was all contaminated with E. coli and had passed the maximum limit of bacterial contamination.

Formulation of value added chicken nuggets using carrot and ginger as a source of dietary fiber and natural antioxidant

The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of carrot with ginger on the quality attributes of chicken nuggets. For this purpose, chicken meat samples were divided into four treatment groups viz. T0 (Control), T1 (1% ginger and 4% carrot), T2 (1% ginger and 8% carrot) and T3 (1% ginger and 12% carrot). Days of intervals were 0, 15, 30 and 45th days. Samples were preserved at -20º C for 45 days. An ANOVA of a 4×4 factorial experiment in completely randomized design having three replications per treatment was used for analyses of data. Sensory, proximate, physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological analyses were determined. Color, flavor, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) among the different treatment groups but decreased at different days of intervals. Dry matter (DM) content decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) with different treatment levels and increased with days of intervals. Crude protein (CP), Ether extract (EE) and ash content of all treatments were decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) among different treatment groups. Free fatty acids (FFAs), peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) with different treatment levels and increased with days of intervals. Total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC) and total yeast mold count (TYMC) decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) at different treatments. On the basis of sensory, physicochemical, biochemical and microbial properties indicate that T3 was the best among treatment groups. Hence, 12% carrots with 1% ginger extracts may be recommended for formulation of value added chicken nuggets as enriched dietary fiber and natural antioxidant. SAARC J. Agric., 20(1): 185-196 (2022)