Chicken Manure Compost Research Articles

Disentangling the Effects of Physicochemical, Genetic, and Microbial Properties on Phase-Driven Resistome Dynamics during Multiple Manure Composting Processes.

Composting alters manure-derived antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to a certain extent, which is largely dependent upon the composting phase, manure type, microbial phylogeny, and physicochemical properties. However, little is known about how these determinants influence the fate and dynamics of ARGs as well as the mechanisms underlying the ecological process of ARGs during composting. Here, we investigated the temporal patterns of ARGs and their correlations with a series of physicochemical, genetic, and microbial properties during pilot-scale composting of chicken, maggot, bovine, and swine manure. We detected 237 ARGs, 71 of which were co-occurring across all four composting processes and accounted for >80% of the sum of resistome abundance. In support of this ARG co-occurrence, variance partition analyses demonstrated that the manure type explained less resistome variations (5.6%) than the composting phase (21.6%). During the phase-driven resistome dynamics, ARGs showed divergent variations in abundance, and certain beta-lactams and multidrug ARGs were consistently enriched across multiple manure composting processes. Correlation analyses all led to the conclusion that the divergent ARG variations during composting were attributable to the unequal effects of physicochemical properties, mobile elements, and succession of indigenous microbiota, whereas antibiotic residues' effects were marginal. Ultimately, this study determines the relative importance of various key determinants in the phase-driven divergence of ARGs during multiple manure composting processes and demonstrates a clear need to evaluate risks posed by enriched ARGs toward their receiving environments.

Application of Compost and Biochar from Cow, Goat, and Chicken Manure to Restore Soil Fertility and Yield of Red Chili

The application of compost and biochar derived from locally produced livestock waste has been shown to provide agricultural and environmental benefits. The study aimed to test the best combination of compost and biochar from various livestock wastes to increase red chili yields and restore soil fertility. A factorial randomized block design was used in this study. The first factor consists of 4 levels of compost, namely without compost, cow compost, goat manure compost, and chicken manure compost. The second factor consists of 4 levels: no biochar, cow biochar, goat manure biochar, and chicken manure biochar. Observations on all soil properties variables obtained a significant effect from the interaction of various types of compost and biochar in the content of sand, dust, clay, pH, fulvic acid, humic acid, N, P, CEC, and base saturation. The application of chicken compost, goat compost, and cow compost gave the highest fresh weight of chilies per ha, each increased by 37.73%, 27.40%, and 20.15% compared to without compost. The application of chicken biochar, goat biochar, and cow biochar produced the highest fresh weight of chili per ha. which increased by 27.04%, 16.18%, and 9.97%, respectively compared without biochar. Increased yield of chilies and restoration of soil fertility due to the interaction between compost and biochar can be proven by finding a significant correlation between the fresh weight of chilies and the total pore space, pH, C-organic, N-total, P-available, K-available, ratio C/N, and base saturation.

Effect of compost extract processing parameters on the growth and yield parameters of Amaranthus and Celosia Vegetables

In an effort to provide a more affordable fertilizer alternative to farmers, the effect of compost extract processing parameters was investigated on the growth and yield parameters of vegetables. In order to extract nutrients from compost, composted chicken manure was steeped in a container of a predetermined water and subjected to three processing parameters (compost to water ratio, steeping time and water temperature) at different levels. The compost extract produced was used for production of Amaranthus and Celosia vegetables through fertigation by pot experiment in a screenhouse. The growth and yield parameters of the vegetables were determined using standard procedures. The results showed that highest values of growth and yield parameters were obtained in vegetables with fertigation of compost extract compared to the control. The three processing parameters of the applied compost extract significantly (p < 0.05) affected growth and yield parameters of both vegetables. The maximum growth and yield parameters for both vegetables occurred with fertigation of extract made under compost to water ratio of 1:3 when steeped for 72 h at 25 °C water temperature. Therefore, compost extract is well suitable for vegetables production.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron inhibits the horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in chicken manure compost

Livestock manure has been identified as a significant hotspot for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the impact of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on the fate of ARGs during livestock manure composting remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the evolution of ARGs in chicken manure compost exposed to 100 and 600 mg kg−1 nZVI. The results showed that nZVI addition reduced the concentration of some antibiotics such as doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole. Furthermore, nZVI addition decreased the abundances of most ARGs at the end of composting, but nZVI dosage did not have any significant effect. The abundances of the dominant ARGs (sul1 and sul2) were significantly correlated to the class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1). A network analysis revealed that the genera Bacteroides, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Thiopseudomonas and Pseudomonas were the main potential hosts for multiple ARGs, and the decreased abundance of these bacteria contributed to the removal of ARGs. Structural equation models demonstrated that the reduction in intI1 played a predominant role in ARG removal. The nZVI also had direct effects on the intI1 abundance. These findings suggest that the addition of nZVI is a promising strategy to minimize ARG release in chicken manure compost.

Soil and crop microbiome under soil amendment with poultry manure compost

The aim of the study. The aim of the study was to review publication about microbiome of chicken manure, chicken manure compost, as well as soil and crop microbiome after compost addition to soil as a fertilizer. Methodology. A search in the bibliographical data bases PubMed and elibrary.ru was performed using the keywords pertaining to the topic of the article. Main results. The results about the chicken manure microbiome, obtained by high throughput sequencing, showed that the chicken gut microbiome is dominated by bacteria of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla; some regional chicken populations were found to have Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, Bacteroides, Escherichia coli, Prevotella, Selenomonas, Streptococcus, Megasphaera, Fusobacterium и Bifidobacterium as the main representatives of the gut microbiome. However, chicken manure can contain bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes, as antibiotics are increasingly used in the poultry industry to stimulate production. In general manure composting can be regarded as environmentally safe method for transforming various organic wastes into organic fertilizers. As increasing output of the poultry industry, which inevitably includes manure, increased the interest to its composting, and recent years have seen unprecedented number of research, dealing with various details of manure composting, such as duration, hydrothermal conditions, added bulking materials, microbiological preparations, abundance of the antibiotic resistance genes, and so on. However, the studies of soil and crop microbiome after soil fertilization with chicken manure compost have so far been rather scarce, resulting in ambiguous conclusions, i.e. about positive or no effect of the compost addition. The effect is determined by species, breed, age, rearing and manure composting technology, as well as by crop and its cultivar, agricultural practices and soil specifics. Conclusions. Chicken manure contains taxonomically diverse microbiome that can be changed during composting. Microbiota of chicken manure and its compost with their great microbial species richness can contain bacteria, carrying antibiotic resistance genes. Dispersal of such components of the compost resistome in environment via compost addition to agricultural soils should be regarded as a growing biological hazard, threatening the efficient use of antibiotics for treating bacterial infections in in veterinary and medicine. Therefore increasing poultry production urges for assessing the risks and evaluating the scope of the threat, as well as estimating and establishing permissible limits of pathomicrobiotic load of the poultry litter manure and compost, using up-to-date metagenomic techniques. The greatest concern is about spreading antibiotic resistance genes into the marketable crop components, consumed raw; consequently, alongside with studying microbiota of the compost-receiving agricultural soil as a source of dust, microbiome research should be also focused crop phytobiome where crops are produced under addition of composts, obtained with manure of the antibiotic-treated poultry during industrial production.

Insight into interactions of heavy metals with livestock manure compost-derived dissolved organic matter using EEM-PARAFAC and 2D-FTIR-COS analyses

Dissolved organic matter (DOM), as the most active ingredient in compost, directly determines the speciation and environmental behavior of HMs. Here, the binding properties of DOM derived from chicken-manure compost (CHM), cow-manure compost (COM) and pig-manure compost (PIM) with HMs were explored by analyses of Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) and two-dimensional correlation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS). Results showed that the binding characteristics vary with origin of DOM and type of HMs. The fulvic-like component dominated the transformation of HMs speciation, and CHM-DOM had higher affinity with HMs and greater risk causing pollution due to its higher aromaticity, molecular weight and distribution of fluorescent components. Moreover, Cu(II) can efficiently bind to DOM with the stability constants (log kM) ranging from 4.53 to 5.38, followed by Pb(II) (3.34–3.57), whereas Cd(II) can hardly bind to DOM. The amide and polysaccharide were the predominant sites for HMs binding in CHM-DOM, and polysaccharide and phenolic in COM-DOM, while phenolic and amide in PIM-DOM, respectively. Although the proportion of protein-like components and non-fluorescent polysaccharides in DOM were low, their role in HMs binding should not be ignored. In brief, the environmental risk caused by livestock manure compost may originate from interactions between DOM and HMs.

Effect of biochar amendment on compost quality, gaseous emissions and pathogen reduction during in-vessel composting of chicken manure

Because of rapid development in the livestock industry, the production of chicken manure has subsequently increased, which may contribute to environmental pollution. In this regard, in-vessel composting of biochar amended chicken manure and sawdust mixtures was investigated to find out the effect of biochar at the ratios of 0% (control), 3% (T1), 5% (T2), and 10% (T3) on ammonia and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, compost quality, pathogenic contaminants and phytotoxicity. The composting process was performed in 100-L, pilot-scale, plastic, cylindrical vessels for 50 days. The addition of biochar (3%, 5%, and 10%) increased the thermophilic temperature with a significant reduction in gaseous emissions (ammonia and CO2), microbial pathogens (Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.), and phytotoxicity (Lepidium sativum seed germination assay) compared with that of the control compost products. However, according to the obtained results with in-vessel composting, the amendment of 10% biochar showed the most significant effects concerning the quality of the compost nutrients. The study reveals that the addition of biochar during in-vessel chicken manure composting is beneficial in the reduction of gaseous emissions and pathogenic microorganisms apart from improvement in plant nutrients.

Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon (OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control (CK), mineral fertilizer (NPK), compost chicken manure alone (M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure (MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present (unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, iPOM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen (TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure (MNPK) significantly increased SOC (45.7%) and TN (24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM (292.2%), fPOM (136.0%) and iPOM (124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM (607.1%), fPOM (242.5%) and iPOM (127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon (MOM-C) and nitrogen (MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice (MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.

A Preliminary Study on the Difference in Growth of Brassica chinensis L. var. parachinensis Treated with Different Composted Chicken Manure

Chicken manure is one of the popular organic fertilizers used in vegetable farming in Malaysia. Chicken manure is divided into two types, namely broiler chicken manure (BCM) and layer chicken manure (LCM). The effectiveness of these chicken manures is often questionable due to the different method of raising broilers and layers. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effect of the broiler and layer chicken manures on the growth of choy sum (Brassica chinensis L. var. parachinensis), a common farmed leafy vegetable in the country. This study was carried out in the Agricultural Park of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (Perak Campus), Malaysia from February to May 2019. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) methods were used in this study. The chicken manures were composted for roughly 2 months before the experiment. There was no significant difference in the dry weight, plant height and root length of the choy sum treated with either BCM or LCM. Although the choy sum treated with BCM has a higher fresh weight (177.53 g) as compared to that of LCM (134.64 g), this may be due to the natural fluctuation of water content within the plants. Therefore, the results of the present study show that both the chicken manure has a similar effect on the growth of choy sum. The authors recommend further studies on the chemical composition and optimization of chicken manure application in enhancing the growth and yields of leafy vegetables.

Livestock Manure Type Affects Microbial Community Composition and Assembly During Composting.

Composting is an environmentally friendly way to turn plant and animal wastes into organic fertilizers. However, it is unclear to what extent the source of animal waste products (such as manure) affects the physicochemical and microbiological properties of compost. Here, we experimentally tested how the type of livestock manure of herbivores (sheep and cattle) and omnivores (pig and chicken) influences the bacterial and fungal communities and physicochemical properties of compost. Higher pH, NO3-N, Total carbon (TC) content and C/N were found in sheep and cattle manure composts, while higher EC, NH4-N, Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) content were measured in pig and chicken manure composts. Paired clustering between herbivore and omnivore manure compost metataxonomy composition was also observed at both initial and final phases of composting. Despite this clear clustering, all communities changed drastically during the composting leading to reduced bacterial and fungal diversity and large shifts in community composition and species dominance. While Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi were the major phyla in sheep and cattle manure composts, Firmicutes dominated in pig and chicken manure composts. Together, our results indicate that feeding habits of livestock can determine the biochemical and biological properties of manures, having predictable effects on microbial community composition and assembly during composting. Manure metataxonomy profiles could thus potentially be used to steer and manage composting processes.

Biodegradation of antibiotic residues in chicken manure by composting processes

Chicken manure is rich in macro and micro nutrient compared to livestock manures. Unfortunately, it may also contain higher antibiotic residues that has to be minimized before applying as a manure. The objective of this research was to eliminate antibiotic residues in chicken manure using three kinds of decomposer. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. A completely randomized design with 5 replications was applied. The treatments consisted of chicken manure (CM) with 40% water content, composting CM with local microorganisms (MOL), composting CM with Consortium of Cellulolytic Fungi (CCF), and composting CM with commercial decomposer. Parameters measured were the content of Tetracycline, C, C/N, and CO2 evolution. The results showed that applying microbial decomposer eliminated 100% Tetracycline residues after 4 weeks composting. The C content and C/N decreased 34.8 to 41.8% and 15.46 to 20.30% after 6 weeks composting, respectively. The highest CO2 evolution resulted from the application of CCF and commercial decomposers. Composting chicken manure by CCF or commercial decomposer prior to be used as organic fertilizer are promising to eliminate antibiotic residues.

Surface-applied or incorporated biochar and compost combination improves soil fertility, Chinese cabbage and papaya biomass

Many Hawaiian agricultural soils are acidic with low-nutrient retention; therefore, organic soil amendments are often used to improve soil properties and increase yields. Amendments can be incorporated for annual crops, but perennial orchards need surface application to avoid damaging surface roots. Pot trials compared responses to incorporated (IBC) or surface-applied (SBC) combination of hardwood biochar and chicken manure compost (4% v/v of each amendment) added to an Andisol and Oxisol. Soil pH was increased by 0.4–1.1 units in IBC and by 0.2–0.5 for SBC in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Both SBC and IBC increased soil total N, extractable P, Ca and Mg in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil pH, total C and extractable Ca were also higher in the 10–20 cm soil layer for IBC soil, indicating movement and/or leaching of amendments. Chinese cabbage biomass was 18–70% higher in the IBC and 14–47% higher in the SBC than that in the unamended soil, while papaya biomass was 23% and 19% higher in SBC and IBC, respectively. There was a greater response in the more acidic Andisol soil, with larger improvements in soil pH, plant nutrient uptake and root biomass than the Oxisol. Surface application was as effective in increasing plant growth as the incorporated amendment, providing evidence for farm scale assessment. Biochar and compost are recommended for use in tropical soils, and surface application may be beneficial to annual and perennial crops.

Characterization of Different Phosphorus Forms in Flooded and Upland Paddy Soils Incubated with Various Manures.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for crop production, and animal manures are rich in P. When using animal manures as alternatives to synthetic fertilizers, it is important to know the kinetics of P release from different animal manures and the forms, amounts, and dynamics of P in manure-treated soils. We chose four types of manure, viz., pig manure (PM), chicken manure (CM), dairy manure (DM), and commercial organic compost (OM), and evaluated the P release rate and availability in water solution and flooded/upland paddy soils. The WEP/total P (TP) and the water-extractable P (WEP) concentrations are highest for OM with the order: OM > PM > CM > DM. An increase in soil Olsen-P concentration was observed for the addition of manure with a varying application rate of P from low to moderate to high. The release capacity of Olsen-P in flooded conditions was higher than that in upland conditions. Under the flooded soil, PM and OM have faster release rates than CM and OM in the upland soil. Moreover, PM significantly increased available P by 29% in the flooded paddy soil while moderately inorganic P increased by 17% in the upland paddy soil. Olsen-P has a significant linear relationship with available P (Resin-P + NaHCO3-Pi; R2 = 0.104; P < 0.01) and moderately inorganic P (NaOH-Pi + HCl-P; R2 = 0.286; P < 0.01). The structural equation model showed that the organic input was beneficial to the conversion of moderately inorganic P to available P. Our results indicate that PM amendment promotes the release of available P in paddy soil.

Immobilization and assessment of heavy metals in chicken manure compost amended with rice straw-derived biochar

ABSTRACT In this study, a 30-days laboratory experiment was implemented to investigate the impact of additive biochar on the stabilization of heavy metals in chicken manure compost. Results showed that after the addition of rice straw-derived biochar, heavy metals were more stabilized except Cu, of which the residual fractions distinctly decreased due to the interaction with organic functional groups from biochar. Given the bioavailability of heavy metals, the biochar addition at a 10% proportion decreased the concentration of CaCl2-extractable Cr, Zn, Ni, and Cd. Besides, CaCl2-extractable As did not differ significantly between treatments with and without biochar addition. Furthermore, the CaCl2-extractable Cu was higher than the control, in agreement with the observed changes in speciation. Environment pollution assessment by integrating potential ecological risk assessment explicated the chicken manure compost reached avery high-risk pollution level, and decreased with biochar addition. Therein, Cd was the dominant pollutant with very high potential risk.

Quorum Sensing Inter/Intra Bacterial Community Affect the Fate of Antibiotic Resistance Genes During Chicken Manure Composting Under Penicillin G Stress

Quorum Sensing Inter/Intra Bacterial Community Affect the Fate of Antibiotic Resistance Genes During Chicken Manure Composting Under Penicillin G Stress

Superphosphate, Biochar, and a Microbial Inoculum Regulate Phytotoxicity and Humification During Chicken Manure Composting

Superphosphate, Biochar, and a Microbial Inoculum Regulate Phytotoxicity and Humification During Chicken Manure Composting

Additives Improved Saprotrophic Fungi&amp;nbsp;For&amp;nbsp;Formation of Humic Acids in Chicken Manure and Corn Stover Mix Composting

Additives Improved Saprotrophic Fungi&amp;nbsp;For&amp;nbsp;Formation of Humic Acids in Chicken Manure and Corn Stover Mix Composting

Increasing soil fertility as an important factor in ensuring food security of the state

The influence of chicken manure compost with sawdust in doses from 100 to 1000 t/ha on soil properties was studied on the sod-podzolic soils where the poultry farms of the Moscow region are located. An increase in pH, the humus content, the content of water-soluble forms of NPK in soils and an increase in the complexing capacity of soils were found. The authors define the correlation of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in the sod-podzolic soils fertilized with poultry droppings with soil pH, the content of humus and mobile phosphates in them. The permissible doses of manure introduced into the soil as fertilizer are determined by the combination of properties, processes and soil regimes, relief, groundwater level, and hydrothermal conditions of the territory. The introduction of droppings into soils contaminated with heavy metals increased their mobility due to complex formation. A positive effect of the use of humates from chicken droppings on the bioproductivity of plants is defined. The article considers the necessity of controlling the quality of the water and air environment when regulating the composition and doses of application of chicken manure compost.

Exploring Yield Potential of Raphanussativus L. By Various Organic Matter Sources

An experiment was conducted in order evaluate the influence of various organic matter sources on radish crop at Vegetable Research Farm Singri, Bhimber Azad Kashmir, during October, 2018. The experiment was replicated three times with 4 treatments (control, chicken manure, FYM and leaf compost). The lowest non-significant results for days to germination (6.00) were observed in chicken manure and highest (8.33) in control treatment. The maximum significantly high yield was obtained where organic matter sources (chicken manure, FYM and leaf compost) were applied and significantly low yield was observed in control treatment. The non-significantly high yield (4541g, 4665g and 4599g) was obtained in chicken manure, FYM and leaf compost respectively which was significantly low (3953g) in control treatments related with vegetative growth (number of leaves and leaf length) that was more where organic fertilizer was applied. It was proved that chicken manure was best for vegetative growth of radish as well as its root growth development and FYM and leaf compost results for yield was almost same and highest under the agro-climatic conditions of district Bhimber, Azad Kashmir. Pakistan.

Lead, Zinc and Cadmium Accumulation, and Associated Health Risks, in Maize Grown near the Kabwe Mine in Zambia in Response to Organic and Inorganic Soil Amendments.

Health risks due to heavy metal (HM) contamination is of global concern. Despite concerns of high levels of HMs in soils near Kabwe mine in Zambia, edible crop production is common, posing potential health risks. This study assessed the potential of chicken manure (CM), triple superphosphate (TSP) and a blended fertilizer (BF; consisting of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium (NPK) fertilizer and composted chicken manure) to reduce lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in soils and their accumulation in maize grown near the Kabwe mine. Maize was grown to maturity and its HM concentrations and associated health risk indices were calculated. All soil amendments decreased bioavailable soil Pb concentrations by 29–36%, but only CM decreased Zn, while the amendments increased or had no effect on Cd concentrations compared to the control. The amendments reduced Pb (>25%) and Zn concentrations (>18%) in the maize stover and grain. However, Cd concentrations in maize grain increased in the BF and TSP treatments. Bioaccumulation factors showed that Cd had the highest mobility from the soil into maize stover and grain, indicating the need for greater attention on Cd in Kabwe despite its apparently lower soil concentration compared to Pb and Zn. The hazard quotients for Pb and Cd were much greater than one, indicating a high risk of possible exposure to toxic levels by people consuming maize grain grown in this area. This study demonstrated the significant potential of manure and phosphate-based amendments to reduce Pb and Zn, and to some extent Cd, uptake in maize grain and consequently reduce associated health risks.