Chickens In Bangladesh Research Articles

Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Chickens, Bangladesh

To determine the epidemiology of outbreaks of avian influenza A virus (subtypes H5N1, H9N2) in chickens in Bangladesh, we conducted surveys and examined virus isolates. The outbreak began in backyard chickens. Probable sources of infection included egg trays and vehicles from local live bird markets and larger live bird markets.

Identification and Characterization of Hemagglutinating Viruses in Native Chickens in Bangladesh

2 Abstract: A total number of 224 cloacal swabs were examined for hemagglutinating activity from 4 different poultry farms of Noakhali district in Bangladesh. Out of the total samples 15 exhibited positive reactions with chicken erythrocytes. Among the 15 positive samples, 11 were found to be positive for Newcastle disease virus. The highest (100%) prevalence of Newcastle disease virus was found in Ram Nagar union and the lowest (66.66%) were found in Rajapur union. Seventy five percent prevalence was found in Jaylashker and Matubhuyian union. The overall prevalence of Newcastle disease virus was found to be 79.17% in the four unions. No egg drop syndrome virus and avian influenza viruses were identified in the samples those gave positive result in hemaggluntination test.

Immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing plasma cells in the Harderian gland in broiler and native chickens of Bangladesh

The distribution and frequency of immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing plasma cells, their variations due to sex, and the mode of secretion of Ig cells into the duct system of the Harderian gland was investigated in broiler and native chickens of both sexes in Bangladesh. The Harderian gland is covered by a capsule, and the connective tissue septa divide the gland into numerous unequal-sized numerous lobes and lobules. The Ig-containing plasma cells were located in the interstitial space, interacinar space, apical part of the lobule, and lumina of the lobules of the Harderian gland in both broiler and native chickens. The population of these Ig-containing plasma cells varied in between broiler and native chickens, and also between male and female broiler and native chickens. In the broiler, the number of IgM-containing plasma cells was higher; in contrast, in the native chickens, the population of IgA-containing plasma cells was larger. In the broiler, there were more IgA- and IgG-containing plasma cells in the male; in contrast, there were more IgM-containing plasma cells in female. In native chickens the frequency of IgA-containing plasma cells was greater in the female than male. When the data for broiler and native birds were compared, it was found that there were significantly more IgA- and IgG-containing plasma cells in the native male and female chickens than in the broiler males and females. The secretory Igs were located in the lumina of acini and the duct system of the Harderian gland. In the present study Ig-containing plasma cells were observed to be released in the lumina of the lobules of Harderian gland by the breakdown of acinar tissues in broilers, and by holocrine mode of secretion in the native chicken. These results suggested that the Harderian gland, even though it is not a lymphoid organ as a whole, but acts as an immunopotent organ in chickens, and that the gland in native chicken contains more Ig-containing plasma cells due to their scavenging.

Study on the quantitative and morphological characteristics of native chicken in Bangladesh

Study on the quantitative and morphological characteristics of native chicken in Bangladesh

Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolated from Broiler Chickens in Bangladesh

Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolated from Broiler Chickens in Bangladesh

Molecular and antigenic characterization of Bangladeshi isolates of infectious bursal disease virus demonstrate their similarities with recent European, Asian and African very virulent strains.

Three isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), obtained from chickens in Bangladesh in 1999 and designated as BD 1/99, BD 2/99 and BD 3/99, were characterized. In an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a panel of VP2-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb), all three isolates showed a mAb-binding profile similar to that of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strains. In contrast to the classical virulent strains, they did not react with mAb 3 and mAb 4. Molecular characterization was performed by direct sequencing of a 677-base pair cDNA corresponding to the VP2 variable domain of the polyprotein gene, synthesized by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In comparison to the classical virulent strains, the Bangladeshi isolates were found to have five amino acid substitutions in this region. Four of these changes, Pro222Ala, Val256Ile, Leu294Ile and Asn299Ser, were also observed in other vvIBDV strains. The fifth substitution, Glu300Ala, was similar to that in some African strains of IBDV. The results support the observation that antigenically and genetically similar vvIBDV strains, first observed in Europe in the late 1980s, have spread to most parts of the world in a short period of time.

Isolation of five species ofeimeria from chickens in Bangladesh

Five species ofEimeria, namelyE. acervulina, E. tenella, E. maxima, E. brunetti andE. necatrix were identified in chickens in Bangladesh on the basis of lesions seen at post-mortem examinations of naturally infected birds, and on the dimensions of oocysts and the lesions seen in chicks experimentally infected with single oocyst derived strains. The use of filter top, polycarbonate cages permitted the isolation of strains without sophisticated animal isolators and is appropriate for use in laboratories throughout the developing world. Responses to a questionnaire sent to all known intensive poultry farms suggested that coccidiosis is a major disease. For control, producers rely mostly on management procedures and the tactical use of sulphonamides; in-feed chemoprophylaxis is not widely used. These control measures are unsatisfactory and recent coccidiosis outbreaks were reported from seven of 16 farms. There was evidence of a seasonal incidence in clinical coccidiosis.

Gene constitution of indigenous chickens in Bangladesh.

Morphological characteristics, blood groups and blood protein polymorphisms of indigenous chickens in Bangladesh were investigated. Gene frequencies were analyzed at 29 loci controlling comb shape (the P, R and Cr loci), plumage color (the B, E, I and S loci), shank color (the Id locus), blood groups (the Ea-A, Ea-B, Ea-D and Ea-E loci) and blood proteins (the Amy-1 and -3, Akp and Akp-2, Es-1, Alb, Tf, Pas, Hb-1 and -2, LDH, 6-PGD, PGM, PHI, To, MDH and Es-D loci). In addition, phenotypic frequency of earlobe color was also examined. Among these 29 loci, 8 blood protein loci were monomorphic. Gene frequencies were compared among the local populations in Bangladesh. The frequencies of the E and I alleles for plumage color and of the Amy-1A and Hb-1A alleles for blood proteins showed a geographical cline. These frequencies were a little higher in the populations of the Chittagong Division than in those of the Dhaka Division. Although gene frequencies at other loci also varied considerably among the local populations, no geographical cline was found. Genetic distances between each pair of the local populations were small, and the coefficient of gene differentiation among them, GST, was only .058. These results suggest that the indigenous chickens (nondescript deshi type) of Bangladesh may be regarded as one breed or population.

Pattern of Occurrence of Single and Concurrent Diseases Associated with Mortality in Commercial Chickens in Bangladesh

The high mortality rate of commercial poultry has been encountered as a major problem which discourage farmers and entrepreneurs in this industry in Bangladesh. This study was carried out to determine the role of single and concurrent infections associated with mortality in 1751 commercial chickens during one year period from January to December 2002. Diagnosis of diseases was made on the basis of history, necropsy findings, isolation and identification of causative bacteria and other laboratory tests. The etiological investigations of 1751 dead chickens showed that about 39.81% bacterial, 22.73% viral, 13.65% mycoplasmal, 1.54% fungal, 10.11% parasitic, 31.64% systemic, 3.43% nutritional deficiency and 1.77% other diseases were associated with these mortality. Salmonellosis (21.99%), Colibacillosis (8.40%), Fowl cholera (6.52%), Avian mycoplasmosis (13.65%), Infectious bursal disease (11.20%), Newcastle disease (10.34%) and coccidiosis (6.23%) were recognized as major diseases associated with mortality in commercial chickens in Bangladesh. About 32 diseases were recorded, of which both single (76.30%) and mixed infections as two (21.53%), three (1.83%) and four (0.34%) types were associated with mortality of chickens. Significantly (p < 0.01) highest proportionate mortality rate was recorded in > 20 weeks old adult layer (45.52%) in comparison to > 2 to 8 weeks old grower (24.04%), > 8 to 20 weeks old pullet (18.16%) and up to 2 weeks old brooding (12.28%) chickens. Seasonal influence showed highest mortality rate during Summer (43.06%) in comparison to Rainy (27.81%) and Winter (29.13%) seasons. It may be concluded from this study that both the single and concurrent infections are associated with high mortality rate in commercial chickens in Bangladesh. Therefore, the interactions of different pathogens in naturally occurring diseases should be considered during diagnosis and evaluation of vaccination.  Key words: Occurrence; concurrent; mortality; diseases; chickens DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v1i1.1911 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2003). 1 (1) :  15 - 20

Production of formalin killed fowl typhoid vaccine using local isolates of <i>Salmonella</i> Gallinarum in Bangladesh

A locally isolated Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) was used for fowl typhoid vaccine production. 2 x 107 colony forming unit (CFU) of SG was used for the vaccine production. The fowl typhoid vaccine was produced with the local isolates of SG (LRI 49) strain. Efficacy study of the vaccine was performed primarily in laboratory trial in 6 weeks and then in 8 weeks old commercial layers in the field. Chickens were boasted after 4 wks of vaccination. Rapid serum plate agglutination (SPA) test and ELISA were carried out for the detection of antibody response against SG vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds. Positive results of the rapid plate agglutination and the ELISA were 81% and 77% in laboratory trial, and 76.4% and 73.8% in field trial, respectively. The chickens of vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were challenged with the infective dose (2 x 2 x 107CFU) of freshly prepared live SG bacteria and lesions were not detected in vaccinated birds at necropsy. The vaccine was proved safe and effective in terms of preventing of fowl typhoid in chickens in Bangladesh.  Key words: Fowl typhoid vaccine, potency, ELISA, plate agglutination test, Salmonella Gallinarum   DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1306 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 33-38

Detection of avian rotavirus-like virus in broiler chickens in Bangladesh

The presence of rotavirus infection in broiler chickens (1-2 weeks old) was studied. A total of 232 faecal specimens were collected during the period from July to September 2004 and examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining (PAGE-ss) technique for the presence of rotavirus dsRNA in the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The total prevalence of rotavirus infection in broiler chickens was in Gazipur 2.43% and 0% in Mymensingh. In the two specimens positive for avian rotavirus (ARV), identical and peculiar RNA patterns were observed and were not similar to those for groups A, D, or F, but partially similar to that of group G rotavirus, suggesting that these viruses may belong to novel rotavirus group. Additional studies on more numbers of strains obtained from different flocks will be necessary to substantiate the notable observation. Key words: Avian rotavirus-like virus, broiler chickensDOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v4i2.1287Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2006). 4 (2): 73–77

Seroprevalence of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> infection in chicken in the greater Rajshahi district of Bangladesh

A serological investigation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection in chicken was conducted in the greater Rajshahi district of Bangladesh on 115 flocks during the period from July 2006 to June 2007. A total of 575 sera samples were collected and tested by serum plate agglutination (SPA) test using Mycoplasma gallisepticum antigen (Nobilis MG, Intervet International B.V. Boxmeer-Holland) to determine specific antibodies in different flocks. The overall seroprevalence of MG infection in different flocks was recorded as 55.13%. Seroprevalence of MG infection was found significantly (p < 0.05) higher during winter season (61.48%) than in summer (47.74%). Again this was recorded in different age groups, with significantly (p < 0.01) higher occurrence in young (72.72%) compared to adult (44.00%). On the other hand, the seroprevalence of MG infection was found little (p>0.05) higher in large flocks (62.86%) in comparison to small flocks (52.00%). It has been found that MG infection is still an important disease problem in chickens in Bangladesh. Key words: Seroprevalence, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, chicken, serum plate agglutination (SPA) test DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1302 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 09-14

Colibacillosis in commercial chickens in Bangladesh

The prevalence of colibacillosis in layer chickens was studied from May to September 2007. Sixty five cloacal swabs from apparently healthy birds and 55 swabs of liver (n=15), lung (n=15) and intestine (n=25) from 30 dead birds were collected in sterile nutrient broth, with histopathological samples. Bacteria were isolated and identified. Tissue samples were studied under light microscope. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was isolated from 83% of cloacal swabs of apparently healthy chickens and 87% of samples from dead birds. Affected birds had cloudy thickened air sacs, pericarditis, congestion in the liver, lung and spleen. On histopathological examination focal necrosis in liver and infiltration of heterophils, lymphocytes and macrophages in liver and lung was found. Thickening of pericardium was found due to infiltration of reticulo endothelial (RE) cells. In duodenum, severe infiltration of leukocytes mainly heterophils, lymphocytes and macrophages was found in the sub-mucosa. DOI: 10.3329/bvet.v25i1.4614 Bangl. vet. 2008. Vol. 25, No. 1, 17-24