Chicken Gizzard Research Articles

Genesis of Antibiotic Resistance (AR) LXXI: Turbulence Modeling of Hemodynamics in Simplified Severe Sepsis Protocol‐2 (SSSP‐2) ‐ NCT01663701: Activated E‐Oligomer Complex Elicit Rapid Leucocyte‐Platelets‐Erythrocytes (LPE) Aggregation and Occlusion of Capillary by Impairing Energy Cascading and Starling Forces (Net Filtration Pressure)

Here we present a rationale for the fluid overload-induced accelerated LPE aggregates to occlude the arterial end of the capillary bed resulting in critical closing pressure (CCP). It is known that native purine/pyrimidine receptors have yet to be purified to homogeneity and characterization of receptor-ligand kinetics. Recombinant purine/pyrimidine receptors knockout genotype mice are not embryonic lethal, while its characterization in vivo is dependent of multifactorial factors of epigenetic origin namely (post-translational modification, lineage-specific developmental and hemodynamic heterogeneity; ex: meaning age, gender, morphological attribute(s) of the platelet(s), viscosity, and hematocrit). Every attempt to purify Ca2+ /Mg2+ ecto-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.15) to homogeneity, showed co-purification of CD36, PMID: 9925363); cell-CAM105 (PMID: 1637321 PMCID: PMC1132742, PMID: 8387753, PMID: 1985902); mmCGM1a (PMID: 1633107); PECAM-1,(PMID: 19558578); CBATP, (PMID: 9218468); BgP (PMID: 2527235); caldesmon (PMID: 1930128); NCAM (PMID: 8262246, PMID: 7804134); Ig gene superfamily (PMID: 2141577), Cadherin (PMID: 8489264); and chicken gizzard ecto-ATPase amino acid similarity to CD39 (PMID: 8995405). The fact remain that native CD39 has never been tested for mM [Ca2+] or [Mg2+] ecto-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.15) or E-NTPDase (NTPDase1) (EC 3.6.1.6) (PMID: 1672348, PMID: 1721639). Further, neither CAM nor CD39 knockout genotype is embryonic lethal. Experimental evidence shows that differential regulation of CD38, integrin's (CD11), and CD39 in the liver allograft, implicit of interdependency in host immune response (PMID: 31511354). We have obtained evidence that the phylogenetic tree analysis, neighbor-joining tree without distance correlation among CD36, CD38, CD39, CAM, P2Y/P2, and corona #2, receptors. The cladogram show a marked evolutionary conservancy between CD39 & P2X, CD36 & Corona virus-2, CAM & P2Y &cadherin, with a possibility of existence as an oligomer (ECpx). Taken together, it is hypothesized that nucleotide receptors (P2Y/P2X), CAM, and ectonucleotidases family of a protein complex (E-Cpx) could possibly exist as a membrane-bound oligomer. Subsequent activation of E-Cpx on LPE, aggregation, and rapid occlusion of the capillary by forming T-S waves, 3D distortion of T-S waves, in phase arrays of hairpin K-type vortices, turbulent spot formation, merging of turbulent spot formation, without energy cascading among the LPE aggregates and adherence to the damaged endothelial cells at the arterial end of the capillary, Refer Fig: 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 3.8; (ISBN: 978-0-13-127498-3), a robust anaerobic /aerobic persister (s) colonization eliciting CCP. In turn, a progressive hypotensive state induced endothelial damage and abrupt collapse of interstitial space would result in CCP ensuing hypoxia. Such a scenario may have been the cause for exacerbated mortality among the sepsis cohort in NCT01663701-SSSP-2 (PMID: 28973227).

Salmonella Serovars, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Factors Isolated from Intestinal Content of Slaughtered Chickens and Ready-to-Eat Chicken Gizzards in the Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria.

Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed food-borne diseases, and the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in poultry and poultry products is a global public health problem. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to July 2017 with an aim of determining the isolation rates of Salmonella species from the intestinal contents of slaughtered chickens, the most common serotypes that invade and colonize the tissues of chickens in Ilorin, and the susceptibilities of the isolated species to commonly used antibiotics. Four hundred samples of intestinal contents from apparently healthy slaughtered chickens and one hundred ready-to-eat chicken gizzards in Ilorin, Kwara State, were examined for the presence of Salmonella and their serotypes. Salmonellae were isolated and identified according to the techniques recommended by the World Health Organization: preenrichment, selective plating, biochemical testing, and serotyping. A total number of forty-three (43) Salmonella isolates consisting of 33 from intestinal contents and 10 from ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were isolated and identified. There was an overall Salmonella prevalence rate of 8.6% (43/500), and the isolates were distributed as follows: gizzard, 2% (n = 10) and intestinal contents, 6.6% (n = 33). The predominant serovars were Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (16) and S. Haifa (5). All ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were associated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (5). The Salmonella from intestinal contents belong to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars 45: d: 1, 7 (11) and S. Haifa (5). Salmonella species isolated were 100% resistant to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and ceftazidime. This is followed by cloxacillin (81%), tetracycline (75%), and sulfamethoxazole (67%). The Salmonella isolates were, however, 100% sensitive to enrofloxacin, 74% to streptomycin, and 72% to gentamycin antibiotics. The most common serotype was S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7. All the twenty five Salmonella serovars consisting of twenty-one serotypes (n = 21), two of the Salmonella that could not be cultured after enrichment, and the two that were contaminated with Proteus possessed the virulence genes of invA and stn. The Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 and S. Haifa possess virulence genes so they are potentially virulent for humans in this area. The national and local health authorities in Nigeria should improve hygiene measures especially at retail slaughter markets to reduce salmonellosis which is one of the most important food-borne diseases in humans.

Virulent genes of Campylobacter jejuni contaminating in chicken cuts and giblets.

The objective of this examination is to decide the predominance of Campylobacter spp. in some chicken cuts and giblets items by utilizing both ordinary and sub-atomic techniques. Campylobacter is zoontic spp.widelyhus,120 chicken item tests (25g of each) were gathered from different general stores at Menofia legislature of chicken breast, thigh, liver and gizzard. Most examples were defiled with Campylobacter species and chicken liver demonstrated the most elevated pollution (56.67%) trailed by gizzard (53.33%), thigh (30%) and breast (23.33%). Campylobacter.jejuni was the most segregated serotype (6.67%),(13.33%),(16.67%) and (23.33%) in breast,thight,gizzard and liver ,individually. hipO quality was identified in secluded C. jejuni. Harmfulness qualities cdtA, cdtB and cdt C, cdtA and cdtC, cdtB and cdtC, CdtA, CdtB and CdtC were 30% , 15%, 25%, 10%, 15% and 5% of the detached C. jejuni strains, separately. At long last, the use of atomic techniques is more greatr than regular strategies in identification of Campylobacter serotypes.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter species in chicken carcasses

Campylobacter species are basic bacterial microbes that cause gastro enteritis in people, both in most industrialized and most creating countries. Campylobacter has been recuperated from chicken corpses, poultry meat parts and supplies in preparing plants worldwide. The regularly announced pathogenic species is C. jejuni representing over 90% of the cases, trailed by C. coli speaking to 7% of the diseases, with the remainder of cases being chiefly C. lari and C. fetus.The objective of this investigation is to decide the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in some poultry items by utilizing both traditional and recent strategies. One hundred and twenty chicken samples were gathered from different grocery stores at Menofia governorate (25g of every one)taken of chicken breast, thigh, liver and gizzard are taken without any pollution or careless. Most examples were debased with Campylobacter spp. Chicken liver indicated the most elevated defilement item (56.67%) trailed by gizzard(53.33%), thigh (30%) and breast (23.33%) gradually.The level of antimicrobial resistance rate of C.jejuni to cephalothin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin ,gentamicin,streptomycin,ciprofloxacin,neomycin,chloramphenicol were 22.2%,33.3%,94.5%,77.8 % ,11.1% ,5.5%,100%,44.4%,61.5and44.4% individually.

Occurrence of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile in Poultry Giblets at Slaughter and in Retail Pork and Poultry Meat in Southeastern Spain

Raw meat and meat products contaminated with Clostridioides difficile could be a vehicle for spreading community-associated C. difficile infection. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of C. difficile in pork and poultry meat samples (n = 325) from retail establishments and in edible giblet samples (n = 36) from a poultry processing plant in Murcia (southeastern Spain). C. difficile was isolated after selective enrichment from 2% (6 of 361) of the samples, all of which were from the poultry processing plant. These isolates were recovered from 17% (6 of 36) of the edible chicken giblets, i.e., 28% (5 of 18) of the gizzard samples and 6% (1 of 18) of the liver samples. All six C. difficile isolates were negative for toxin A and B genes by PCR assay. These findings indicate that C. difficile can survive in the gastric acid of the chicken gizzard and could be transmitted to other meat products. However, the very low prevalence of C. difficile in the tested samples indicates that retail meat may not be an important source for transmission of C. difficile to humans.

Determination of Vitamin K 1 and Vitamin K 2 in Foods by HPLC-FLD

An analytical method was developed for determining vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 in foods by high performance liquid chromatography with Fluorescence Detector(HPLC-FLD). Milk powder,yoghurt,natto freeze-dried powder and chicken gizzard freeze-dried powder were hydrolyzed by enzyme,dispersed by isopropanol,extracted by n-hexane,evaporated by rotation and redissolved. The separation of vitamin K1(VK1),menaquinone-4(MK-4),menaquinone-7(MK-7)and menaquinone-9(MK-9)were achieved on Thermo AcclaimTM120 C18 column(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)and derivatived by zinc powder reduction column(50 mm×4.6 mm)using 900 mL methanol:100 mL tetrahydrofuran(containing 0.3 mL glacial acetic acid,1.5 g zinc chloride,0.5 g anhydrous sodium acetate)as the mobile phase at excitation wavelength was 243 nm,emission wavelength was 430 nm. The results showed that the linear range of VK1、MK-4、MK-7、MK-9 were 20~1000 μg/L. The relative standard deviation(RSD)of VK1,MK-4,MK-7,MK-9 in dried milk,yoghurt,natto freeze-dried and chicken gizzard were less than 5%,indicating high precision. The recovery rate of VK1,MK-4,MK-7 and MK-9 in dried milk,yoghurt,natto freeze-dried were 85.0%~107.8%,85.8%~109.6%,85.1%~102.7% and RSD were less than 5%,indicating high recovery rate and small relative standard deviation. Therefore,this developed method is high reproducibility and accuracy. It can be applied to accurate determine of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 in foods.

Detection of Enrofloxacin Residues in Poultry Meat and its Offal and the Effect of Boiling on these Residues

One hundred random chicken breast, thigh, gizzard and liver samples (25 of each) were taken from various chicken slaughter shops at Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Each sample was wrapped via a plastic bag and putted in an ice box then transferred to the laboratory for detection of their enrofloxacin residues. As well as to evaluate the effect of different cooking (boiling) on such detected concentrations of the antibiotic residues in the chicken meat and offal. It was found that the incidence of enrofloxacin residues in different chicken muscles and giblets by MIT were 12% in breast, 20% in thigh, 20% in gizzard and 24% in liver. By HPLC levels of enrofloxacin residues (ppb) in the examined samples of chicken meat and offal were with a mean value 78.5 ± 4.1 in breast , 97.3 ± 4.9 in thigh ,182.6 ± 7.2 in gizzard & 220.1 ± 8.6 in liver, respectively. Application of boiling on the examined samples for enrofloxacin residues indicated that the heat treatment by boiling method helps in degrading the concentrations of enrofloxacin residues with mean reduction% 26.4% 24.3%, 28.9% and 31.1 after boiling of such samples respectively.

Effect of incorporation of different levels of Indian gooseberry on physico-chemical qualities of chicken gizzard pickle

Effect of incorporation of different levels of Indian gooseberry on physico-chemical qualities of chicken gizzard pickle

The Nocturnal Ovipositon Behavior of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Brazil and Its Forensic Implications.

Chrysomya megacephala (Fab. 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a very important species for forensic entomology, mainly contributing estimations of the postmortem interval (PMI) in judicial investigations. There are some doubts about the nocturnal oviposition of these flies, which could lead to errors in the PMI calculation. This study aimed to monitor the nocturnal oviposition behavior of this species through four experimental conditions carried out in laboratory. Ten cages, each containing five males and females (n = 100), were kept in a fume hood and subjected to total darkness or to artificial light for 11 consecutive hours. Two verifications were performed to determine whether the females deposited eggs on the substrate of ~20 g of chicken gizzards per cage. The first verification occurred at 9:00 pm in nocturnal experiments and at 09:00 am in diurnal experiments. The second verification occurred at 05:00 am in nocturnal experiments and at 05:00 pm in diurnal experiments. Each experiment lasted 5 d. Chrysomya megacephala deposited eggs at night under artificial light and in total darkness, but the amount of eggs was significantly lower when compared with the daytime experiments in dark conditions and under natural light. Oviposition occurred when the average temperature was around 25°C (± 2°C) and relative humidity around 73% (± 6%). Night oviposition is a possibility which should not be ruled out. Thus, future experiments are recommended.

Bioconservation of iron and enhancement of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of chicken gizzard protein hydrolysate fermented by Pediococcus acidilactici ATTC 8042.

The poultry industry is one of the fastest growing sectors, and it generates considerable quantities of chicken gizzards (CG) every day. However, due to their hard texture and high microbial load, and due to cultural beliefs, they are not preferred by consumers. Chicken gizzards are a substantial source of proteins, iron, and other nutrients, which can be used effectively to produce nutraceuticals, rich in peptides (antioxidants and antibacterial), bio-iron, essential free amino acids, and fatty acids vital for human health. Lactic acid fermentation of CG by Pediococcus acidilactici ATTC 8042 increased the antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiaziline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) by up to 26 times compared with unfermented CG (P < 0.05). The amount of hydrolysis and solvents (ethanol and water) used for extracting protein hydrolysates significantly affected the antioxidant properties. Moreover, fermented CG showed a negligible reduction in bio-iron (2-3%) compared with heat-processed CG (85 °C for 15 min), in which bio-iron was reduced by up to 20.3% (P < 0.05). The presence of unsaturated fatty acids such as C20:4 and C22:4 n-6 indicated a low level of lipid oxidation. Fermented CG, with its reasonably high antioxidant and antibacterial activity, together with a substantial amount of bio-iron and other nutritional components can serve as a functional food or feed additive to reduce oxidative stress and to treat iron deficiency. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Development and validation of miRNA based method for rapid identification of offal meats in processed chicken meat products

Food labelling requirements specify manufacturers to indicate the actual ingredients used in the processed meat products. However, several times, skeletal meat is replaced by less costly offal meats to maximize the revenues from the processed meats. Available DNA based analytical methods are inappropriate for declaration of “true to its labelling” within the species, because all the tissues have exactly the same DNA sequence. In this study, tissue specific candidate miRNA biomarkers were used to detect the presence of offal (liver, heart and gizzard) in skeletal meat of chicken. Deep sequencing of chicken microRNAs from liver, heart, gizzard, muscle and blood was performed using Illumina Nextseq 500 and 11, 25, 9.2, 8.8 and 6.1 million reads were analyzed for each sample. Unique and differentially expressed miRNAs were evaluated. Specific miRNAs having differential expression in each tissue studied were selected as candidate markers. A qRT-PCR based on SYBR® Green chemistry was standardized in terms of PCR efficiency, limit of detection and limit of quantification for expression analysis. These candidate biomarkers were validated in tissues as such and further in minced chicken meat samples admixture with 5, 25 and 50% of liver, heart and gizzard separately. The candidate biomarker gga-mir-148a -3p, gga-mir-126 -5p and gga-mir-490 -5p were proven as organ specific marker for detection of chicken gizzard, gga-mir-122 -5p and gga-mir-27b -5p are for liver and gga-mir-218 -5p and gga-mir-499 -3p for heart. Further, gga-mir-34a -5p and gga-mir-21 -5p shown to be specific marker for identification of two offal at a time. The developed assay was validated in processed ready to cook/eat commercial products. This method offers highly reproducible results with easy interpretation and can be combined with DNA techniques without requirement for any extra equipment, in regulatory laboratories for accurate detection of species and tissue origin of real world samples.

Food intake-related genes in chicken determined through combinatorial genome-wide association study and transcriptome analysis.

The chicken gizzard is the primary digestive and absorptive organ regulating food intake and metabolism. Body weight is a typical complex trait regulated by an interactive polygene network which is under the control of an interacting network of polygenes. To simplify these genotype-phenotype associations, the gizzard is a suitable target organ to preliminarily explore the mechanism underlying the regulation of chicken growth through controlled food intake. This study aimed to identify key food intake-related genes through combinatorial GWAS and transcriptome analysis. We performed GWAS of body weight in an F2 intercrossed population and transcriptional profiling analysis of gizzards from chickens with different body weight. We identified a major 10 Mb quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 1 and numerous minor QTL distributed among 24 chromosomes. Combining data regarding QTL and gizzard gene expression, two hub genes, MLNR and HTR2A, and a list of core genes with small effect were found to be associated with food intake. Furthermore, the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway was found to play a key role in regulating the appetite of chickens. The present results show the major-minor gene interactions in metabolic pathways and provide insights into the genetic architecture and gene regulation during food intake in chickens.

Molecular characterization of megaplasmids encoding the type VI secretion system in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from chicken livers and gizzards

Megaplasmids in Campylobacter spp. likely play important roles in antibiotic resistance, virulence, and horizontal gene transfer. In this study, megaplasmids pCJDM202 (119 kb) and pCJDM67L (116 kb) from C. jejuni strains WP2-202 and OD2-67, respectively, were sequenced and characterized. These megaplasmids contained genes for tetracycline resistance [tet(O)], the Type IV secretion system, conjugative transfer and the Type VI secretion system (T6SS). The T6SS genes in Campylobacter plasmids encoded genes and proteins that were similar to those identified in Campylobacter chromosomal DNA. When the megaplasmid pCJDM202 from C. jejuni WP2-202 was transferred via conjugation to C. jejuni NCTC11168 Nal+, transconconjugants acquired tetracycline resistance and enhanced cytotoxicity towards red blood cells. A T6SS mutant of strain WP2-202 was generated and designated Δhcp3; the mutant was significantly impaired in its ability to lyse red blood cells and survive in defibrinated blood. The cytotoxicity of Campylobacter strains towards the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK 293 was not impacted by the T6SS. In summary, the T6SS encoded by Campylobacter megaplasmids mediates lysis of RBCs and likely contributes to survival on retail meats where blood cells are abundant.

Studies on Analytical Methods of Robenidine Residues in Chicken Meat and Viscera

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of robenidine residues in chicken meat and viscera has been developed.Samples were extracted with ethylacetate,cleaned up with Alumina B SEP PAK and C18 SEP PAK cartridges, and finally determined by HPLC. Recovery studies were performed using chicken meat, liver, gizzard and skin samples each fortified with robenidine at 0.05,0.25 and 0.5ppm separately.The recovery data were varied from 80.0-92.3% with coefficients of variation which ranged from 0.5-7.0%. The detection limit for the fortified samples was found to be 0.025 ppm. Twenty-five samples of chicken meat, liver, gizzards and skin taken from the market were analyzed. It was found that no robenidine residue was detected in these samples.

Quality and acceptability evaluation of pickle from Japanese quail gizzards

Gizzard pickle developed from Japanese quail gizzards were studied for various physico-chemical, microbial and sensory qualities. Gizzard pickle was prepared from chicken gizzards were used as control. Significantly (p

Incidence of Aflatoxin B1 in Commercial Poultry Feed and Tissues of Broiler ‎Chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) belongs to a group of hepatocarcinogenic and hepatotoxic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus found in food or feed products. In this study we analyzed 180 feed of six different brands of commercial poultry feeds from three feed distribution outlets in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria for the occurrence and concentrations of AFB1. In addition, to the transfer of AFB1 to broiler meat from chicken fed for four weeks with one brand of feed associated with the highest AFB1 contamination. The study was carried out between April and June, 2019. The presence/concentration of AFB1 was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) following solid phase extraction of sample and preparation. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in all (100 %) the brands of feed and 48 % of chicken samples tested. The concentration of AFB1 in feed ranged between 10.5 ± 4.0 and 47.78 ± 6.4, while the mean AFB1 residues obtained in chicken muscle, gizzards and liver after four weeks were 0.07 ± 0.02, 0.18 ± 0.05 and 0.13 ± 0.02 μg/kg, respectively. The presence of AFB1 in all the brands of poultry feeds tested in this study and its possible transfer into chicken meat poses food/feed safety and public health concern. There is therefore, the need to screen feed and apply Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point to feed manufacturing, storage and broiler chicken production to prevent aflatoxicosis.

Virucidal effect of commercial disinfectants on fowl adenovirus serotype 1 strains causing chicken gizzard erosion in Japan

Summary To find an efficient control method for gizzard erosion (GE) caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1) infection in poultry farms, we examined the virucidal effects of commercial disinfectants. In laboratory tests, the virucidal effects of the disinfectants calcium hydroxide (CHO), glutaraldehyde (GLT), orthodichlorobenzene, cresol, and didecyldimethylammonium chloride against FAdV-1s were examined. Among them, CHO and GLT were extremely effective in all tested viruses, even at low concentrations, under the condition of 20°C. However, virucidal effect under the condition of 4°C at low concentrations of GLT was attenuated. Then, in a broiler farm where GE in chickens continuously occurred, we applied 2 combinations of disinfectants on the inside and outside of poultry houses every “chicken-free” period after shipping of chickens. The disinfection effect was then evaluated by gizzard rejection rate in the next flock. We detected GE in the flocks after disinfection with a combination of GLT and CHO at an ambient temperature of approximately 11°C. Moreover, we detected GE in the flock after disinfecting with didecyldimethylammonium chloride and CHO, regardless of the environmental temperature. In contrast, we did not detect GE in the flock after disinfecting with GLT and CHO under the condition of ambient temperature of approximately 21°C. These findings underline the importance of performing thorough disinfection with effective disinfectants during the “chicken-free” downtime to prevent the persistence of GE caused by FAdV-1 infection. It is necessary to use liquid disinfectants such as GLT and to pay close attention to ambient temperatures and the working concentration of disinfectants.

Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Plasmids Associated With Strains Isolated From Various Retail Meats.

Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most important foodborne bacterial pathogens causing food poisoning and related illnesses. S. aureus strains harbor plasmids encoding genes for virulence and antimicrobial resistance, but few studies have investigated S. aureus plasmids, especially megaplasmids, in isolates from retail meats. Furthermore, knowledge about the distribution of genes encoding replication (rep) initiation proteins in food isolates is lacking. In this study, the prevalence of plasmids in S. aureus strains isolated from retail meats purchased in Oklahoma was investigated; furthermore, we evaluated associations between rep families, selected virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and food source origin. Two hundred and twenty-two S. aureus isolates from chicken (n = 55), beef liver (n = 43), pork (n = 42), chicken liver (n = 29), beef (n = 24), turkey (n = 22), and chicken gizzards (n = 7) were subjected to plasmid screening with alkaline lysis and PFGE to detect small-to-medium sized and large plasmids, respectively. The S. aureus isolates contained variable sizes of plasmids, and PFGE was superior to alkaline lysis in detecting large megaplasmids. A total of 26 rep families were identified by PCR, and the most dominant rep families were rep10 and rep7 in 164 isolates (89%), rep21 in 124 isolates (56%), and rep12 in 99 isolates (45%). Relationships between selected rep genes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and meat sources were detected. In conclusion, S. aureus strains isolated from retail meats harbor plasmids with various sizes and there is an association between rep genes on these plasmids and the meat source or the antimicrobial resistance of the strains harboring them.

Risk of acquiring listeriosis from consumption of chicken offal among high risk group

Listeria monocytogenes causes mild foodborne infection in healthy adults but serious complication in high risk group such as infant, pregnant women, immunocompromised and elderly. This study aims to estimate the probability of infection based on the survivability of L. monocytogenes in chicken offal, particularly chicken liver, gizzard and heart. A total of 20 µl of L. monocytogenes with inoculum size of 9.02 log CFU/ml was spiked on the chicken offal and stored at room temperature (28oC) for 0, 1, 3, and 6 h. This experimental design was aimed to simulate the contaminated chicken offal stored at temperature danger zone. It was found that chicken offal supported the growth of L. monocytogenes that it significantly grows at 3 and 6 h incubation. Risk assessment was performed by combining this result with the data from our previous studies as well as data from government agencies and other studies. Dose-response model was used to estimate the probability of listeria infection per year. Immunocompromised was the highest risk group, followed by pregnant women, elderly and general population with probability of infection per year estimated at 3.78 x 10-3, 1.76 x 10-4, 5.68 x 10-8 and 5.75 x 10-9, respectively. It can be concluded that high risk group requires extra caution in their food consumption in order to prevent listeriosis which can result in serious complication and death.

PREVALENCE OF ENTEROCOCCUS SPECIES IN CHICKEN MEAT IN SHARKIA GOVERNORATE

ABSTRACT A total of 175 samples of fresh chicken breast, chicken thigh, chicken liver, chicken gizzard, chicken heart, cloacal skin and neck skin (25for each) were randomly collected from different markets and poultry shops at variable sanitation levels in Zagazig city. All collected samples were immediately transferred in an icebox container, aseptically handled and moved promptly to postgraduate student laboratory, Food Control department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. The bacteriological examination was applied for enumeration and isolation Enterococcus species.The enterococci detected in chicken samples within different percentages ranged from 15/25(60%) in chicken heart to 25/25(100%) in cloacal skin. The descending prevalence arranged cloacal skin > neck skin > gizzard > liver > thigh > breast > heart. The counts of enterococci ranged from 2.12 to 5.15, 3.19 to 5.64, 3.54 to 5.95, 3.68 to 6.32, 3.11 to 6.26, 4.82 to 6.3 and 3.24 to 6.7 with mean values 3.04 ±0.37, 3.47 ±0.48, 4.05 ±0.38, 4.15 ±0.41, 3.72 ±0.54, 5.03 ±0.13 and 4.8 ±0.25log 10 CFU/gin examined chicken breast, thigh, liver, gizzard, heart, cloacal skin and neck skin, respectively.