Chicken Eggshell Research Articles

Experimental Analysis of Lightweight Fire-Rated Board on Fire Resistance, Mechanical, and Acoustic Properties

Using lightweight fire-rated board (LFRB) presents cost-effective opportunities for various passive fire protection measures. The aim of the project is to develop an LFRB with enhanced fire resistance, acoustic properties, and mechanical properties. These properties were determined using a Bunsen burner, furnace, energy-dispersive X-ray, impedance tube instrument, and Instron universal testing machine. To fabricate the LFRBs, vermiculite and perlite were blended with flame-retardant binders, and four types of LFRBs were produced. A fire test was conducted to compare the fire-resistance performance of the LFRBs with a commercially available flame-retardant board. The B2 prototype showed exceptional fire-resistant properties, with a temperature reduction of up to 73.0 °C, as compared to the commercially available fire-rated magnesium board. Incorporating nano chicken eggshell into the specially formulated flame-retardant binder preserved the LFRBs’ structural integrity, enabling them to withstand fire for up to 120 min with an equilibrium temperature of 92.6 °C. This approach also provided an absorption coefficient of α = 2.0, a high flexural strength of 3.54 MPa, and effective flame-retardancy properties with a low oxygen/carbon ratio of 2.60. These results make the LFRBs valuable for passive fire protection applications in the construction and building materials industry.

Formulasi Pupuk Organik Pelet Cangkang Telur Ayam dan NPK sebagai Media Pertumbuhan Tanaman Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum)

This study aimed to determine the effect of chicken eggshell organic fertilizer pellets (POPe) and NPK on the growth and yield of tomato plants. The research was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya from April to August 2022. The experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial with two factors, namely: Factor (1) POPe chicken eggshell (P) and Factor (2) NPK dose (K). Each treatment was repeated three times with P0 (without POPe treatment), POPe chicken eggshell treatments consisted of P1 (7.5 gr POPe), P2 (15 gr POPe), P3 (22.5 gr POPe) and K0 (without NPK dose), NPK fertilizer doses of K1 (9 gr NPK). The results showed that the use of POPe and NPK on tomato plants had no effect on their growth and yield.

Effect of eggshell powder on the microstructural and thermal behavior of Al7075/waste eggshell surface composites produced by solid-state friction stir processing developed for potential thermal applications

Lightweight composite materials for potential thermal applications are the contemporary demand for manufacturing and aircraft industries where the possibility to improve and tailor the desired properties is based on the application. Carbonized eggshell powder is a solid lubricant with absorbent capability and has proven as a reinforcement for metallic base composites. In the present work, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of carbonized chicken eggshell powder (3 to 9% by weight) on the microstructural and thermal properties of Al7075 alloy processed by solid-state friction stir processing. An infrared thermography and three K-type thermocouples equipped with the base plate at three equal distances are used to measure the temperature with respect to time. The comparative study of microstructure and grain structure analysis has been done by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction methods. The findings explored the dynamic recrystallization and grain recovery with a reduced grain size of 6.2 to 10.3 µm at a varying percentage of eggshell powder (3 to 9%) in the stir zone. The thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were measured for the temperature range of 50 to 400 °C. In addition to it, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTG) are conducted for the temperature range of 25 to 900 °C to discuss the endothermic, exothermic nature, and degradation characteristics. The result revealed the decreasing trend of thermal conductivity, and CTE values were found in the range of 97 to 53 W/mK and 26.6 to 24 × 10−6 K−1 (heating cycle), 27.2 to 23.8 × 10−6 K−1(cooling cycle), respectively. Furthermore, the higher and lower thermal conductivity of 108 W/mK and 62 W/mK is observed at higher and lower terminal voltages, 250 V and 100 V, respectively. The DTA, TGA, and DTG curves explored the maximum weight loss, which varies up to 5.25% with exothermic peaks and decomposition steps for each surface composite.

Mechanical, water absorption and tribological properties of epoxy composites filled with waste eggshell and fish scale particles

Egg shells and fish scales are two abundantly available by-products from food industries which can be used as filler materials to reinforce polymer composites. The bulk of discarded chicken eggshells and fish scales are disposed of in landfills, which cause environmental issues. The present research work focuses on the water absorption, mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with chicken eggshells and catla fish scale particles. Hybrid composites incorporating both fillers were also made and evaluated. Results from the water absorption tests showed that the addition of fillers decreased the water absorption of the composites than neat epoxy. Tensile and impact tests revealed that the inclusion of fillers reduced the tensile and impact strength of the composites compared to neat epoxy, but improved the tensile modulus. The hybrid composite (EFREC) showed improvement in both flexural strength and modulus in comparison to neat epoxy. Also, the results from the wear tests revealed that the addition of fillers improved the wear resistance of the composites. Among all the mechanical and wear tested composite specimens, the hybrid composite (EFREC) showed the best performance. This was also validated from the SEM images of the fracture and wear surfaces of the composites.

Valorisation of chicken eggshell as a novel food ingredient in madeleine cake: an exploratory study amongst young adults

PurposeThe circularity of food waste is gathering considerable pace globally. The present study aimed to explore the awareness, attitude and behaviour of Malaysian young adults towards food waste as a food ingredient. The physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptance of chicken eggshell powder (CESP)-fortified madeleine cake were also investigated.Design/methodology/approachA survey on awareness, attitude and behaviour was conducted online amongst young adults (n = 384) in the Klang Valley region. The control and fortified madeleine cakes were subjected to nutritional constituent analyses according to the methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) for moisture, protein, ash and calcium. Fat was determined via Soxhlet method whilst carbohydrate was estimated by difference. Physical analyses such as texture and water activity were assessed using instrumental techniques. Sensory acceptance test was conducted amongst another group of young adults (n = 105) using a nine-point hedonic scale.FindingsThe survey revealed that most young adults demonstrated a positive attitude and behaviour in trying food products made using food waste. Taste and texture were deemed important determinants that influenced the young adults' acceptability. Texture profiles of fortified madeleine cakes exhibited no significant differences (p > 0.05) in most attributes compared to the control whilst significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for fat, carbohydrate, ash and calcium contents with increasing CESP fortification levels.Research limitations/implicationsThe survey on awareness, attitude and behaviour was conducted amongst young adults from universities in the Klang Valley, Selangor region Malaysia through self-reports about food waste and the findings might not be applicable to the whole nation.Practical implicationsKnowledge of young adults' perceptions towards waste-to-value food products can contribute to the development of pragmatic framework for effective valorisation of food wastes, which aligns with United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to improve the targets and indicators for agriculture and food security.Social implicationsSustainable management of food waste will minimise the impact of the industry on our environment and contributes to a circular economy. Further, increased awareness of the food waste's potential as a novel food ingredient allows a positive shift in its role to achieve food sustainability.Originality/valueThis innovative study incorporates the element of exploratory research to gain an understanding of young adults' perceptions towards repurposing food waste. This is followed by the practical application of food waste (i.e. CESP) into the end application (i.e. madeleine cake) to gain a holistic view of young adults’ perceptions aligning with the actual acceptance. The results obtained from this study can be considered as a first perspective that provides indications of the plausibility of food products made from food waste in Malaysia.

Birds for Isis: The evidence from Pompeii

AbstractPeople have always been fascinated by birds. In the Roman period, birds (particularly chicken) were still largely employed in several rituals. Although Roman writers, such as Cicero, Livy, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian, inform us about the use of birds in a number of rituals, the archaeological evidence rarely allows us to associate the collected zooarchaeological remains with a single deity.In 2017, a well‐preserved archaeological context located in the vicinity of the temple of Isis in Pompeii and related to a single ritual event (dated to the mid‐1st century CE), revealed a number of faunal remains as well as ceramic and archaeobotanical finds. Chicken dominates the assemblage, followed by goose, pigeon, and turtle dove. A few remains of pig and a marine bivalve, the truncate donax, were also recovered. Skeletally young chickens were largely employed in the ritual, whereas the other bird taxa are only represented by mature bones. Chicken eggshell, taxonomically identified using ancient protein analysis, was also found. Taphonomic evidence indicates that bird bones were still covered with meat when exposed to the ritual fire. The results obtained have been linked to relevant written and iconographic sources dated to the Roman period. This work confirms that bird sacrifice was an important part of the Isis rituals. Among the birds involved, goose could be considered a possible marker of that goddess. The evidence from Pompeii adds new insights into our knowledge of the animals in the Isis cult during the 1st century CE.

Chicken Egg Shell Waste Derived Calcium Oxide Based Nanohybrid For Rapid Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water: Green Synthesis, Kinetics and Reusability

AbstractThe carcinogenic metal ions chromium (Cr+6) and lead (Pb+2) are prominent water pollutants. To substantiate this, green synthesized SnO2 nanoparticle (using S. mukorossi extract) was coupled with egg shell derived CaO nanocrystals. Crystalline nature of synthesized catalyst confirmed by PXRD and microscopic study revealed spherical SnO2 decorated on the irregular surface of CaO. Synthesized nanohybrid followed adsorption and photocatalytic reduction (Cr+6 to Cr+3; Pb+2 to Pb0) (Cr+6: 94 %; Pb+2: 88 %) phenomenon. Synergism of CaO (51.9 m2 g−1; 2.9 eV) and SnO2 (13.3 m2 g−1; 3.15 eV) was resulted into plenty of surface area (91.9 m2 g−1), low band gap (2.4 eV), and semiconducting nature of nanohybrid. As compared to Pb+2 removal of Cr+6 was faster due to higher value of reduction potential [Cr+6/Cr+3 (1.35 eV); Pb+2/Pb0 (−0.1262 eV)]. Photocatalyst proved to be effective upto 10th cycle. SnO2@CaO nanohybrid might be considered a potential photocatalyst in industries with sustainable approach.

Synthesis of cobalt-doped catalyst for NaBH4 hydrolysis using eggshell biowaste

In the present study, a cobalt-doped catalyst was prepared from chicken eggshell powder (CEP) biowaste to be used in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). In the presence of the prepared catalyst (CEPcat), possible effects of the parameters of NaOH concentration (%), catalyst amount (g), NaBH4 concentration (%), process temperature (oC) and reusability affecting the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride were examined. The CEPcat obtained was characterized with FT-IR, TGA, XRD, SEM and EDX analyses. The hydrogen generation rate (HGR) was determined as 432 mL gCo−1 min−1 in the presence of 1 g CEPcat, a CoO/CaO ratio of 10/90 and 1% NaBH4 concentration. The activation energy of the NaBH4 hydrolysis reaction was calculated as 16.78 kJ mol−1. After 16 reuses of the CEPcat there was no significant decrease in the hydrogen volume. Compared to the first use while there was an increase in the HGR. These results showed that the CEPcat prepared has a significant advantage over other catalysts for use in NaBH4 hydrolysis.

Effect of germination and eggshells nanocalcium fortification on characteristics of germinated mung bean drink (Vigna radiata.)

Germinated mung bean drinks with eggshell nanocalcium fortification are an alternative beverage to replace milk. This study aimed todetermine the effect of germination time and eggshells nanocalcium fortification on physicochemical characteristics of the germinated mungbean drink. This study used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two treatments factors. The first factor was germination timewhich consisted of three treatment levels (6, 12 and 18 hours) and the second factor was the type of eggshell nanocalcium which consistedof two type of treatment (chicken and duck eggshell), plus the control treatment as mung bean drink without germination and additionof eggshell nanocalcium. Each experiment was repeated three times. Observed parameters in this study were chemical characteristics(protein, calcium, vitamin C, and pH) and physical characteristics (viscosity and stability) of germinated mung bean drink. The resultsshowed that the germination time treatment significantly affected the value of protein, calcium, vitamin C, pH, viscosity, and stability ofthe germinated mung bean drink. Germination increased vitamin C in mung beans with an average value of 8,21-14,66 mg/100 g. Eggshellnanocalcium fortification showed a significant effect on increasing calcium of germinated mung bean drink. Germinated mung bean drinkproduced from 6 hours of germination and fortification of duck nanocalcium had the highest calcium content with value of 24.82%

Calcium carbonate from chicken eggshells as filler in composite Nafion membrane for direct ethanol fuel cell: a molecular dynamics study

AbstractBACKGROUNDDirect ethanol fuel cells (DEFC) need fillers to mitigate the issue of ethanol crossing over from the anode to the cathode, which lowers performance. Therefore, this study developed calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from chicken eggshells as a filler in a Nafion composite membrane for DEFC. Three cluster models of CaCO3 filler were developed, namely (CaCO3)2, (CaCO3)3, and (CaCO3)4, to form the Nafion composite membranes. The properties of composite membranes, such as proton conductivity, ethanol permeability, and selectivity, were studied using the molecular dynamics method. In addition, the three main factors influencing the composite membranes’ properties were analyzed in this study; these were cluster size of CaCO3, mass loading of the filler, and ethanol concentration.RESULTSThe results show that filler has reduced proton conductivity and ethanol permeability in the DEFC application compared to the Nafion membrane. However, the selectivity is used as a trade‐off between ion conductivity and ethanol permeability in the composite membrane, thus requiring a suitable size structure and mass loading to balance the high ion conductivity rate and reduce the ethanol permeability rate. The composite membrane C‐(CaCO3)4, which has a large cluster size in this study, shows that it is necessary to restrict ethanol permeability at a high ethanol concentration of 5 mol L−1. However, the structure size in cluster B – (CaCO3)3 – can reduce ethanol permeability but requires high mass loading by 5 wt%. Analysis of variance showed significant values for ion conductivity, ethanol permeability, and selectivity responses.CONCLUSIONCaCO3 successfully reduced ethanol crossover in DEFC, with all three composite membranes being suitable for use at low ethanol concentrations. However, specific size structure and mass loading are required to overcome ethanol crossover at high ethanol concentration. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

The Possibility of Using Bee Drone Brood to Design Novel Dietary Supplements for Apitherapy

Drone brood is a little-known bee product, often treated as beekeeping waste or natural varroosis bait. Obtaining drone brood from beehives does not weaken the bee family, which is why this product is used as natural medicine in Eastern European countries. The main objective of this work was to design an innovative dietary supplement containing freeze-dried drone brood (DB) enriched with calcium ions (3:1). As the calcium component, inorganic calcium carbonate (CC) and ground chicken eggshells (ES) were used. Bioaccessibility of hormones, selected nutrients (proteins and amino acids), non-nutritive polyphenols from pure drone brood (DB), and designed supplements (DB + CC, DB + ES) were analyzed using an in vitro gastrointestinal system. It was shown that drone brood components are better bioaccessible from the DB + ES compared to DB + CC and DB capsules. An increase was achieved by up to 93.33%, 21.29%, 105.14%, and 52.34% for testosterone, estradiol, calcium, and polyphenols, respectively. Drone brood proteins were completely digested to free amino acids which was confirmed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Due to the demonstrated synergistic action of drone brood and the calcium of eggshells, the newly proposed two-ingredient supplement seems to be an efficient treatment to equalize hormonal and calcium deficiency in osteoporosis; however, its application requires further studies.

Utilization of chicken eggshell and chitosan as coagulants for microplastic removal from aquatic system

Smaller size plastics known as microplastics are harmful for marine biota as well as humans. One of the common methods for the removal of microplastics from water is coagulation. Chicken eggshells and chitosan are two natural ingredients which contain useful content for the coagulation process. Therefore, this paper describes the effect of concentration of eggshells and chitosan as coagulants in the separation of microplastic from water using RSM (Response Surface Methodology). The effect of tannic acid concentration as coagulation aid was also analyzed in this paper. The coagulants were varied with concentration of 1.5-8.5 g/100 mL and tannic acid concentration was 3-17 mg/100 mL. The result of this study showed coagulation with the highest efficiency occurred when 8.5 g/100 mL of chicken eggshell coagulant (89.14%) and 10 g/100 mL chitosan coagulant (75.67%) was added. Optimum operation occurred after the addition of coagulant aid in the amount of 7 mg/100 mL with chicken eggshell and 15 mg/100 mL with chitosan.

Pembuatan Nanopartikel CaO dari Cangkang Telur Ayam Menggunakan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum)

Chicken eggshell waste contributes to environmental because it have CaCO3 content. Calcium carbonate in chicken eggshells is used as a basic material in the synthesis of CaO nanoparticles through a calcination process at 900oC. CaO nanoparticles have unique characteristics that make them are needed for various fields of application such as environment, materials, and biomedicine. In addition, the synthesis of these nanoparticles can reduce the use of hazardous and environmentally friendly chemicals. This method has been widely used as an alternative method, one of which utilizes secondary metabolites found in ethanol extract of bay leaves as reducing and stabilizing agents. This research was conducted with 3 volume variations of bay leaf extract with calcined eggshell base materials, namely 3:7, 5:5, and 7:3 (v/v) to determine the effect on the resulting particle size. Characterization of CaO nanoparticles using UV-Vis, FTIR, and SEM. The nanoparticles obtained were in the form of white fine powder. The characterization results show the maximum absorption of CaO nanoparticles at λ 215 - 270 nm. Based on the FTIR spectra, Ca-O bonds can be identified in the three variations at 712 cm-1 dan 514 cm-1 and 874 cm-1 shows Ca-O-Ca bond. The resulting material has a flake shape and agglomeration morphology with an average particle size range of 43-498 nm.

A comparative study on egg cholesterol contents and eggshell protoporphyrin and biliverdin pigments of different poultry species

This study compared the cholesterol levels and shell pigments (protoporphyrin and biliverdin) of chicken (conventional and organic), quail, pheasant, and goose eggs. The material for the study was chicken (organic system - Lohmann Brown and conventional system - HyLine Brown) eggs, quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), goose (local), and pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) eggs homogeneously selected with a subjective scoring. High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection was used to analyze the samples (HPLC-PDA). There were no significant differences in the yolk cholesterol content of eggs between species. Based on mg/g of yolk, different poultry species had comparable amounts of cholesterol. Quail eggshells contained significantly more protoporphyrin (81.92 M/g) than chicken (conventional-organic) and pheasant eggshells (P&amp;lt;0.01), but conventional chicken eggshells contained less protoporphyrin (10.73 M/g) than other species (P&amp;lt;0.01). Biliverdin was found only in the eggshells of quail (2.83 M/g) and pheasant (1.02 M/g) (P&amp;lt;0.01). It was observed that white shelled goose eggs had no detectable pigment. Research is required to elucidate the role of diet, age, stressor, strain, and housing systems on protoporphyrin and biliverdin pigment concentrations and cholesterol in table eggs and breeder eggs production.

Micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis of dentin remineralization using eggshell derived nanohydroxyapatite combined with phytosphingosine

The aim of this study was to assess the remineralization efficacy of chicken eggshell–derived nano-hydroxyapatite (CEnHAp) combined with phytosphingosine (PHS) on artificially induced dentinal lesions. PHS was commercially procured whereas CEnHAp was synthesized using microwave-irradiation method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HRSEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A total of 75 pre-demineralized coronal dentin specimens were randomly treated with one of the following test agents (n = 15 each): artificial saliva (AS), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), CEnHAp, PHS, and CEnHAp-PHS under pH cycling for 7, 14, and 28 days. Vickers microhardness indenter, HRSEM-EDX, and micro-Raman spectroscopy methods were used to assess the mineral changes in the treated dentin samples. Data were submitted to Kruskal–Wallis and Friedman's two-way analyses of variance (p < 0.05). HRSEM and TEM analysis depicted irregular spherical structure of the prepared CEnHAp with a particle size of 20–50 nm. The EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Ca, P, Na and Mg ions. The XRD pattern showed the characteristic crystalline peaks for hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate that are present in the prepared CEnHAp. Dentin treated with CEnHAp-PHS revealed highest microhardness values along with complete tubular occlusion compared to other groups at all test time intervals (p < 0.05). Specimens treated with CEnHAp showed increased remineralization than those treated with CPP-ACP followed by PHS and AS groups. The intensity of mineral peaks, as observed in the EDX and micro-Raman spectra, confirmed these findings. Further, the molecular conformation of the collagen's polypeptide chains, and amide-I and CH2 peaks attained peak intensities in dentin treated with CEnHAp–PHS and PHS whereas other groups revealed poor stability of collagen bands. Microhardness, surface topography, and micro-Raman spectroscopy analyses revealed that dentin treated with CEnHAp–PHS have an improved collagen structure and stability as well as highest mineralization and crystallinity.

Development of novel environmental proficient hybrid composites based on marble dust and poultry’s eggshell

Poultry eggshell and marble dust were added to a mixture that was then reinforced with glass fibres and epoxy resin, and the resulting material was studied for its effect. The samples were created utilizing the hand Lay-up method, chopped glass fibre (6 wt%), and powdered marble dust as the matrix material (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt%). The tensile, flexural, and impact characteristics of specimens reinforced with marble dust, poultry eggshell powder, glass fibre, and epoxy resins are evaluated. Chicken eggshell powder and marble dust both had mean particle sizes of 14.3 and 0.7 to 1.4 µm, respectively, when measured by a particle size analyzer. The maximum tensile strength of 212.64 and 191.46 MPa were noticed in 6 wt% of fiber/filler combinations. The tensile and impact test outcomes displayed that the modulus of elasticity and impact strength values are, increased with the addition 6 wt% of fiber and 8 wt% of fillers, the maximum modulus of elasticity and impact strength values are found in the range of 7.78 GPa, 7.16 GPa, 7.51 kJ/m2 and 7.17 kJ/m2 for poultry’s eggshell, marble dust particles correspondingly. Conversely the percentage of elongation was decreased with respect to the increased manner of both filler materials. The maximum elongation percentage of 3.67 was observed in controlled samples (94 wt% of Epoxy + 6 wt% chopped glass fiber). In terms of flexural characteristics, the maximum flexural strength and flexural modulus for 6 wt% of fibre and 8 wt% of marble dust powder and poultry's eggshell particles, respectively, were estimated to be 369.51 MPa, 261.62 MPa, 15.83 GPa, and 14.68 GPa.

The synthesis, characterizations, and lead adsorption studies of chicken eggshell powder and chicken eggshell powder-doped iron (III) oxide-hydroxide

The contamination of lead in wastewater causes water quality problems, which is toxic to aquatic organisms and environment, so wastewater treatment is required before discharging to receiving water. Chicken eggshell powder (CP) and chicken eggshell powder-doped iron (III) oxide-hydroxide (CPF) were synthesized, characterized, and investigated lead removal efficiencies by batch experiments, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and desorption experiments. The specific surface area and pore volume of CPF were higher than CP, whereas the pore diameter size of CPF was smaller than CP. The phase structures of both materials demonstrated semi-crystalline phases with presenting peaks of calcium carbonate. Their surface morphologies were irregular, rough, and uneven surfaces. In both materials, they detected carbon, calcium, oxygen, OH, NH, CO, CO, and CH. The point of zero charges (pHpzc) of CP and CPF were 4.47 and 4.83. For batch experiments, CPF demonstrated a higher lead removal efficiency than CP because of spending less material dosage and contact time than CP, and both materials had high lead removals at a lead concentration of 50 mg/L by more than 95 %. Thus, the addition of iron (III) oxide-hydroxide helped to increase material efficiency for lead adsorption. CP corresponded to the Langmuir model while CPF corresponded to the Freundlich model. In addition, both materials corresponded to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model relating to a chemisorption process. Moreover, both materials could be reusable for more than 5 cycles for lead adsorption of more than 77 %. Therefore, CPF was a potential material to apply for lead removals in industrial applications.

Mechanical Properties of Post-Cured Eggshell-Filled Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites

Eggshells are a potentially polluting industrial waste that are disposed of as landfill which has proven to be hazardous to the environment. The usage of chicken eggshells as a biofiller for polymer matrix composites instead of its disposal as landfill has proven advantageous in various studies. On the other hand, using eggshells as a filler material to replace inorganic calcium carbonate usage would be another environment friendly act. The present study is focused on studying the effects of eggshell filler addition and post-curing on polymer composites which could be utilised for domestic applications. Herein, uncarbonised and carbonised eggshell filler material were processed from waste eggshells. Hybridisation of the carbonised and uncarbonised eggshell filler was carried out. All three variants of eggshell fillers (10 wt.%) were used in the fabrication of composites. A hand lay-up technique was employed in the fabrication of unfilled composites along with three variants of filled composites, namely, uncarbonised, carbonised, and hybrid eggshell filled composites. The fabricated and cured composites were further subjected to post-curing at a temperature of 60 °C for a period of 2 h. All four variants of post-cured composites were then subjected to mechanical testing according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The tests revealed that all three variants of filled composites possess better mechanical properties in comparison with unfilled composites. Further, in comparison with unfilled composites, the carbonised eggshell filled composites showcased 42% and 49% improvement in flexural and tensile properties, respectively. The modes of failure of the specimens were observed and tabulated. SEM imaging revealed that the eggshell filler contributed to the strengths of the composites by means of arresting and deviating cracks. It was also observed that the post-cured specimens displayed improved properties when compared with our previous studies on non-post-cured specimens. In summary, the study showcased the benefits of eggshell filler addition and the post-curing of polymer composites.

Fast and efficient green synthesis of CaWO4 NPs using eggshells as a biogenic calcium source: Structure, optical property, and morphology

In summary, we report a fast, easy, and low-cost green synthesis approach to obtain calcium tungstate nanoparticles (CaWO4NPs_GS) using eggshells as a source of calcium by the sonochemistry method at room temperature. These nanomaterials were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement analysis, where a pure phase with very close structural parameters with calcium tungstate nanoparticles was synthesized at the conventional route (CaWO4NPs_CS). All vibrational Raman active modes characteristic of symmetry point C4h6 were confirmed. An optical band gap value (Egap = 3.92(2) eV) for CaWO4NPs_GS lower than for CaWO4NPs_CS (Egap = 3.92(2) eV) was archived, and that is associated with the intermediate electronic levels due to the oxygen vacancy and micro-strain effect. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) images show several nanoparticles with a particle size of 62.7 ± 1.3 nm for CaWO4NPs_CS and 48.7 ± 1.2 nm for CaWO4NPs_GS, where all elements characteristic of calcium tungstate (Ca, W, and O) were appointed by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. While the photocatalytic performance of CaWO4NPs_GS was 2.5 times faster than CaWO4NPs_CS in the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye in an aqueous solution under UV light in 120 min. Therefore, confirming that chicken eggshell is a promissory raw material as a biogenic source of calcium ions for synthesizing calcium tungstate with promissory photocatalytic properties.

The Effects of Chicken Eggshell Powder as Fine Aggregate Replacement on Mortar Pore Structure

Using alternative resources from industrial by-products to produce aggregates while keeping production costs as low as possible would be environmentally beneficial and profitable. This study aims to examine the effect of the pore on mortar properties with eggshell powder (ESP) as its fine aggregate alternative based on two fundamental properties: microstructural and mechanical strength. The study replaced the sands (by volume) with ESP in the usual mortar mix with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% chicken eggshell powder. The mortars underwent a wet curing period of 56 days with five observation days. The standard mortar properties, such as pH, carbonation depth, compressive strength, and sorptivity, were investigated. The findings show that the replacement rate significantly impacts the water-cement ratio, carbonation rate, sorptivity and compression strength. The additional calcareous of ESP is believed to have improved the mechanical component of the connection. There are no significant differences in pH for the control (R0) and modified mortars. The greatest replacement percentage of 20% is advantageous for carbonation rate acceleration, sorptivity and early compressive strength. However, if the specifier focuses on pH and sorptivity improvements, no formulation alteration is required.