Chicken Eggshell Research Articles

An effective green and renewable heterogeneous catalyst derived from the fusion of bi‐component biowaste materials for the optimized transesterification of linseed oil methyl ester

AbstractBiological waste materials are rich sources of important minerals such as calcium and potassium, which are required in the preparation of effective biocatalysts for biodiesel production. Their adoption into green catalyst production is becoming important due to the ease of process synthesis and the availability of waste animal shells and agricultural materials. In this study, the potential of a bi‐component, heterogeneous catalyst of fused chicken eggshells and pawpaw peels was tested in the transesterification reaction of linseed oil. The waste materials, separately, were dried and calcined at 900 °C or at 700 °C for 3 h to obtain their calcined ashes (calcined eggshells (CES) and calcined pawpaw peels (CPP)). The CES and CPP were then bonded by the wet impregnation method (by dissolving each ash at weight concentration of 7:3 CES/CPP in 100 mL warm distilled water and further calcining them at 600 °C for 2 h). The catalyst that was developed was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy ‐ Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Box–Behnken design was applied to generate 15 experimental runs, which were used to investigate the effect of the operational parameters such as methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time. The characterization results show that the ash is very rich in Ca and K ions. The best reaction condition for the transesterification process was found to be a methanol / oil molar ratio of 14.9:1, catalyst loading of 3.78 wt%, process reaction time of 80 min at constant reaction temperature of 65 °C with a biodiesel maximum yield of 91.20 wt%. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were measured and found to meet the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) and European National (EN) standards and South African National Standards (SANS) biodiesel quality standards. The fused catalyst can be reused for up to five cycles with little reduction in yields. The study demonstrates the potential of utilizing biomass feedstock in developing effective and sustainable biodiesel fuels. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Development and analysis of bread fortified with calcium extracted from chicken eggshells of Pakistani market

Calcium fortification is usually achieved by employing wheat flour as the most frequently used vehicle. In this study, potential of calcium extraction from chicken eggshell and its utilization as a bread fortificant in straight grade flour (SGF) is investigated. In addition, the fortified and unfortified (control) flour samples were evaluated for nutrient composition and rheological properties. Results showed that addition of fortificant at different concentrations significantly (p<0.05) enhanced calcium content of fortified flour and it was considerably increased from 115.80 mg/kg (To) to 1135.1 mg/kg (T3). Nutrient composition data of fortified flour have shown a significant (p<0.05) reduction in moisture content of flour from 12.7% (To) to 11.76% (T3) and protein content from 9.89% (To) to 9.79% (T3). However, a significant increase in ash content was observed by increasing fortificant level from 0.54% (To) to 1.04% (T3). Rheological properties indicated a significant increase in water absorption from 63.60 to 67.527%, dough development time (DDT) from 7.38 to 11.37 min and dough stability from 13.79 to 17.37 min. Textural characteristics of fortified bread revealed a significant reduction for hardness values from 11.40 N (control) to 6.50 N (T3) in response to fortificant addition. Quality assessment of bread indicated that bread quality was significantly affected with corresponding rises in fortificant addition levels.

Isolation, characterization and comparison of lytic Epseptimavirus phages targeting Salmonella

This study describes the characterization and genomic analysis of six lytic Salmonella phages. To examine the feasibility of using these phages as biocontrol agents, we analyzed their genomes and compared them to those of similar phages. These six phages belong to genus Epseptimavirus, family Demerecviridae. We identified the genes of these six phages by comparing their genomes with those of three type phages in subfamily Markadamsvirinae. All six phages examined in this study were obligately lytic and did not carry undesirable genes. Two phages (vB_SalS_1-23 and vB_SalS_3-29) were selected as the representative phages for general characterization and physiological tests. The biocontrol efficacy of the representative phages was determined by comparing the viable counts of recovered host Salmonella ser. Newlands ZC-S1 from treatment and phage-free control samples. The biocontrol experiment showed that the representative phages were able to reduce the counts of ZC-S1 to below 2 log10 CFU/mL (~4.3 log10 CFU/mL reduction) at 3 h post-infection at 37 °C. Furthermore, we investigated the application of these two phages in the control of ZC-S1 contamination in chicken products and on eggshells. When applied to the surfaces of the samples, the phage cocktail (MOI = 100) reduced the ZC-S1 count to below 2 log10 CFU/mL on chicken skin and to undetectable levels (1 log10 CFU/mL) in chicken breast meat, ground chicken meat and eggshell samples (p < 0.01). Compared to the initial experiment, the phage cocktail reduced the ZC-S1 count by 2–4.08 log10 CFU/mL when applied at an MOI = 1 (except in the ground chicken meat group) and by 4.48–5.67 log10 CFU/mL at an MOI = 100 after 7 h. In conclusion, these two phages with lytic effects show a high potential to inhibit the growth of Salmonella contaminants and can be used as candidate biocontrol agents.

Closed Genome Sequence of a Salmonella enterica Serotype Senftenberg Strain Carrying the mcr-9 Gene Isolated from Broken Chicken Eggshells in Trinidad and Tobago

ABSTRACTSalmonella enterica is a highly important foodborne pathogen worldwide. We report the complete genome sequence of a sequence type 14 Salmonella enterica serotype Senftenberg strain carrying the mcr-9 gene in a plasmid isolated from broken chicken eggshells in Trinidad and Tobago, obtained by using a combination of long- and short-read sequencing.

Mechanical and Microstructural Characterizations on Commercial and Synthesized by the Sol-Gel Method Using Chicken Egg Shells as Precursor Hydroxyapatite

The purpose of this work is to determine one of the most important mechanical properties of brittle materials, the hardness. Our work material is called hydroxyapatite (HAP), in this case, using chicken egg shells as precursor. Once considering the experimental parameters of force and time of the indentation, the Vickers microhardness measurements were obtained for both for HAP, synthesized from chicken egg shells and commercial hydroxyapatite for comparison purposes. The microstructural characterization of the materials, as well as their specimens, has been performed by the microscope scanning, x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses.

Biodiesel production from poultry wastes: Waste chicken fat and eggshell

One of the major setbacks to biodiesel production is its relatively higher cost compared to petroleum diesel. Eggshell and waste chicken fat are poultry wastes that can be valorized as cheap sources of catalyst and oil respectively for the production of biodiesel. In this work, eggshell waste catalyst was investigated for the transesterification of waste chicken fat as an affordable value addition process applicable especially in developing countries. The heterogeneous catalyst prepared by calcination of eggshell at 1000 °C was used in the transesterification experiments, considering catalyst concentration and reaction time. SEM analysis of the prepared catalyst indicated that the shape and size of the particles of derived eggshell decreased after calcination. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the biodiesel produced at the highest yield. A maximum yield of 90.2% biodiesel was obtained at 2% catalyst weight and 2 h reaction time. The properties of the biodiesel (acid value, saponification value, viscosity) conformed to ASTM standards. The yield shows that eggshell waste is a potential affordable catalyst source for biodiesel production from chicken fat feedstock.

Physico-chemical and biological behaviour of eggshell bio-waste derived nano-hydroxyapatite matured at different aging time

The present study explores the effect of aging time on the properties of nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesized from chicken eggshells. CaO obtained from eggshells serves as calcium precursor which is combined with di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) as a phosphate precursor for the synthesis of HAp. The reaction precipitate is allowed to mature considering aging times of 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. The synthesized powders are characterized using FTIR and XRD to confirm the HAp formation. SEM micrographs of all the aged samples reveal dense agglomerated HAp particles. It is observed from the TEM results that the particle morphology of all the HAp samples appears to be nano-sized, spherical-shaped and polycrystalline in nature. A novel relationship between relative density vs. aging time is also established where relative density is found to increase with an increase in the aging time. In- vitro bioactivity and biodegradability evaluation of 12 h aged HAp with best physico-chemical properties show the formation of HCA apatite layer and significant weight loss respectively. In-vitro cytotoxicity test with Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) (HiMedia CL001-T25) shows approximately 90 % cell viability assuring non-cytotoxicity of the 12 h aged HAp. The derived HAp can be a possible regenerative biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications.

Investigation on Fabricating a Chicken Eggshells Powder Mold for Metal Casting

Sand casting is one of the metal casting techniques that is widely used in many applications. Besides a problem on surface quality of the casting from sand mold, sand extraction from places also gives serious environmental impact. Instead of using sand, a less environmental impact material has been considered. In this study, chicken eggshells waste is investigated for applying in metal casting process. The chicken eggshells waste is cleaned, air-dried and crushed into powder form. Bentonite and water are used to help cavity formation. A design of experiment was conducted to determine a suitable composition that provided the durable mold. Results illustrated that the specimens prepared from eggshells powder mixed with bentonite 10 wt% and water 16 wt% of eggshells powder, provided the highest ultimate compressive strength of 27.05±1.17MPa. In addition, the surface roughness of the castings was 5.86um, lying lower than the normal range of the sand casting process. With these investigated properties, the results presented the potential of using the chicken eggshells waste in this application. Keywords: Chicken, Waste, Eggshells, Metal Casting, Mold

Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite/La Prepared by a Solid Chemical Reaction Method

Mechanical properties of Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HA, still need to be modified to improve its function as dental filler or bone implant. HA is usually substituted with other metals to increase its mechanical strength. In this study, HA from chicken eggshells was substituted with La with a concentration variation of 1-3 wt % with a solid chemical reaction at a temperature of 1100 °C for 2 hours. The structure, morphology and mechanical strength of HA/La were characterized by XRD, SEM and Vicker Hardness, respectively. All HA samples adopt the P 63/m space group. Likewise, the IR spectra are similar to each other, which shows the formation of the HA structure, indicated by the presence of the -OH and PO43- groups. HA/La with the highest hardness value of 1.85 GPa is obtained from the 3 wt % La doping. The higher the La content added, the higher the hardness of the hydroxyapatite. The doping of 3% La increased the hardness of HA 17%.

Contamination of chicken eggshell and egg contents with &lt;em&gt;Salmonella&lt;/em&gt; species from selected farms in Kosgama, Colombo district

Contamination of chicken eggshell and egg contents with &lt;em&gt;Salmonella&lt;/em&gt; species from selected farms in Kosgama, Colombo district

Isolation, identification and some characteristics of two lytic bacteriophages against Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium from various food sources.

Salmonellosis is an important worldwide food-borne disease. Increasing resistance to Salmonella spp. has been reported in recent years, and now the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. is a worldwide problem. This necessitates alternative approaches like phage therapy. This study aimed to isolate bacteriophages specific for Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from different sources (chicken meat, beef and eggshells). The antibiotic resistance profiles of the bacteria were determined by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes was examined by polymerase chain reaction. In total, 75% of the isolated Salmonella strains were resistant to tetracycline, whereas 70% of them were resistant to azithromycin. All of the isolates from beef were resistant to nalidixic acid. The most common extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes among the isolates were blaSHV (15%) followed by blaTEM (10%) and blaCTX (5%). Two specific bacteriophages were isolated and characterized. The host range for vB_SparS-ui was Salmonella Paratyphi B, S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica, while that for vB_StyS-sam phage was Salmonella Typhimurium and S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. The characteristics of the isolated phages indicate that they are proper candidates to be used to control some foodstuff contaminations and also phage therapy of infected animals.

Pemanfaatan cangkang telur dan sekam padi sebagai bioadsorben metilen biru pada limbah tekstil

The textile industry in Indonesia has increased since the 1980s. From the non-oil and gas sector, the textile industry is the government's largest source of income. In addition to its impressive growth, about 10-15% of the used textile dyestuff is wasted at the dyeing process can exceed the maximum Chemical Oxygen Demand level of 150 mg/L. Synthetic dyes contain carcinogenic ingredients that can harm the environment and aquatic biota. The alternative for handling the dye waste is the adsorption method using bio adsorbent from a mixture of chicken eggshells and rice husk ash. Both have the potential to be used as adsorbents because they have an active site, abundant amounts, and are economical. This study was to determine the effect of the process variables of the adsorbent mass ratio, contact time, and pH on the adsorption capacity of methylene blue using a mixture of eggshells and rice husk ash with the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer analysis method. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the adsorption of 20 ppm methylene blue were 0.2:0.8 gram of adsorbent ratio, 80 minutes, and pH of 3. The adsorption capacity obtained was 98.817%, reduced the methylene blue concentration to 0.237 ppm.

Equilibrium and Kinetic Study of Removal Copper(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Chicken Eggshells: Low Cost Sorbent

The research aims to investigate feasibility eggshells as potential adsorbent to remove copper(II) ions from aqueous solution. Eggshells powder was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Effect of copper(II) initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time have conducted. The optimum adsorption condition obtained when 0.7 g eggshells applied to 50 mg/L copper(II) solution for 50 minutes. The maximum percentage of copper(II) removal was exceeded more than 85%. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model were applied to describe the equilibrium adsorption. Copper(II) kinetics sorption process was fitted to pseudo-second order model with a rate constant equal to 0.516 g/mg.min. The results clearly exhibit that eggshells powder can be effectively used to remove copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions.

Effect of Chicken Egg Shell Powder and Gallic Acid as Remineralising Agent on Early Enamel Carious LesionAn In Vitro Study

Background: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of chicken eggshell powder and gallic acid asremineralising agent on early enamel caries lesion.Material and Methods: Ten extracted deciduous molars was cleaned using distilled water. The teeth weredecoronated at CEJ. Each decoronated tooth then sectioned longitudinally in a mesio-distal direction firstand then in a bucco-lingual direction with diamond disc so that four samples obtained from a single tooth.Then from these samples, four enamel blocks of dimensions (4mm long, 4mm width and 2mm thick) madefrom each sample and embedded in acrylic blocks. These 40 samples are divided into four groups, eachhaving 10 samples (GROUP A,B,C,D). Samples were demineralised followed by application of chicken eggshell solution and gallic acid. Chicken egg shell has the highest content of Calcium present as compared toGallic acid.The ratio of Calcium/Phosphorous was found to be increased in the following sequence. Chickenegg shell&gt;Gallic acid&gt;Control&gt;Demineralised group.Conclusion: It can be concluded from the results shows that Calcium has a vital role in remineralisation.

Functional Food for Elderly High in Antioxidant and Chicken Eggshell Calcium to Reduce the Risk of Osteoporosis-A Narrative Review.

The elderly population is increasing globally and is predicted to reach 1.5 billion in 2050. The quality of life of the elderly must be concerned, for example, with developing functional food for the elderly. In this article, the development of functional food to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in the elderly is reviewed. Oxidative stress is one of the factors which accelerates osteoporosis. Various antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, polyphenols, or lycopene, have been proven by former studies to have antioxidant activity, therefore, could reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Additionally, the application of eggshell powder in various food products has been reported to improve calcium intake, and its usage is environmentally sustainable as this could contribute to reducing food waste. The application of both antioxidants and calcium could be a good combination, but the amount of some antioxidants must be concerned so it would not interfere with the bioavailability of calcium. Therefore, this review aims to explore the functional food for the elderly to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, particularly with antioxidants and calcium from chicken eggshells. The eating preference and dietary pattern of the elderly are also considered to determine the suitable form of functional food for the elderly. The results presented in the study may be the basis for the development of new calcium-enriched food products for the elderly.

Valorization of waste chicken egg shells towards synthesis of heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production: Optimization and statistical analysis

The present research elucidates the synthesis of Zn/CaO catalyst from waste chicken egg shells and its application towards synthesis of biodiesel using waste frying oil (WFO) as a feedstock. The study also emphasizes on significant factor analysis and parametric optimization using Taguchi approach. The waste egg shells were calcined at 900 °C to obtain CaO and further loaded with Zn via wet incipient impregnation method. The engineered solid catalyst was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET analyzer and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Taguchi approach was employed to recognize factors affecting yield of biodiesel significantly. The variables considered for optimizing the transesterification process were reaction time, catalyst loading, methanol to oil ratio and reaction temperature. The produced biodiesel was examined experimentally for estimation of physicochemical properties. The observed optimum conditions were: reaction temperature 65 °C, catalyst loading 4 wt%, reaction time 150 min, and methanol to oil ratio 15:1 giving a maximum biodiesel yield of 93.27%. Taguchi method also revealed that contribution of catalyst concentration and reaction temperature has pronounced effect on biodiesel yield. Hence, the developed Zn/CaO catalyst from waste chicken egg shells could be considered as efficient and active catalyst for transesterification of waste frying oil towards biodiesel production.

Properties of Concrete with Eggshell Powder and Tyre Rubber Crumb

Solid waste management is one the leading problems in Malaysia. Rapid development and population growth have prompted researches to improve the recycling and reusing of waste material for sustainable development. Chicken eggshell is discarded in Malaysia as municipal waste, while waste tyre is a waste that is difficult to handle and often ends up in the landfill. This paper presents the properties of high performance concrete with eggshell powder and tyre rubber crumb as partial replacement of cement and sand. Grade 45 concrete was prepared with 5% tyre rubber crumb as sand replacement and up to 15% of eggshell powder as cement replacement. The mechanical strength of concrete was investigated for up to 90 days while durability properties were studied through water absorption and carbonation test. Results show that concrete with 5% eggshell powder is optimal for high mechanical properties, lower water absorption and low carbonation depth. X-Ray Diffraction of concrete shows increase of calcite compound which contributes to the gain of strength. Microstructure analysis with SEM and EDX provides insight of the improved performance, which is attributed to a denser C-H-S gels and finer pore structure.

Mildly Processed Natural Eggshell Membrane Alleviates Joint Pain Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.

Poor joint health is a significant burden to society. Millions of people suffer from some form of joint-related disorder or disease, most often osteoarthritis (OA). It was hypothesized that chicken eggshell membrane (EM) is effective in the regeneration of cartilage and/or immunomodulation (oral tolerance), and as such relieves pain and stiffness in joints commonly affected in arthritis. We tested this hypothesis in a double-blind, placebo-controlled EM intervention study. Of 150 male and female volunteers, 40–75 years of age and diagnosed with knee OA, 75 were randomly assigned to the EM intervention group and 75 to the placebo group. During 12 weeks, subjects received a daily capsule containing either 300 mg of EM or a placebo. The main primary dependent variable consisted of self-reported pain ratings on a Numerical Rating Scale Pain (NRS-P) 6 weeks after study start. As secondary dependent variables served NRS-P scores collected after 12 weeks, and Knee injury and self-reported Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores [KOOS]). NRS-P scores decreased for both groups at approximately the same rate, but only EM relieved self-reported pain scores obtained with the KOOS questionnaire starting 1 week after initiation of treatment. This effect was significant for two of five KOOS category scores, that is, “Pain” and “Daily Life” functioning, aggregate pain, and functioning scores composed of complaint ratings for a wide variety of daily activities. These scores showed long-lasting improvement, and demonstrated that EM extract successfully reliefs knee OA pain and contributes to daily life functioning.

Eggshell Membrane Assisted CdS Nanoparticles for Manganese Removal in Water Treatment

Domestic food waste chicken eggshells can produce naturally abundant protein-based eggshell membranes (ESMs), which is used as a less-explored source of sulphur to synthesize hexagonal CdS nanoparticles (NPs) under 365 nm (UVA) light irradiation. The perspective of CdS NPs synthesis in the way of UVA light irradiation soakage technique using ESM is distinctive compare to other traditional methods. Various physicochemical methods were employed to validate the formation of CdS NP using ESM assisted process. The obtained NPs exhibit an average particle size of ~5 nm as obtained from the transmission electron microscopy study. The capability of the synthesized CdS NPs was further explored in the catalysis reaction for the decomposition of KMnO4, considered as toxic Mn VII (violet) ion source at room temperature. The degradation results as monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis confirms the CdS NPs exhibit excellent catalytic activity towards the reduction of KMnO4, toxic Mn VII (violet) ion to MnO2 as non-toxic Mn IV (brownish yellow) ion in aqueous solution (pH 7.0) at room temperature by 50 min. The KMnO4 decomposition reaction follows a pseudo-first-order reaction having the rate constant value of 1.9 x 10 -2 min -1 . This study encourages the potential use of natural waste materials for wastewater treatment.

Experimental investigation on the effects of micro eggshell and nano-eggshell catalysts on biodiesel optimization from waste chicken fat

The chicken eggshell was investigated to synthesis a highly efficient heterogeneous base catalyst to produce chicken oil biodiesel. The micro eggshell catalyst and nano-eggshell catalyst were subjected to various characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and BET to study the catalytic performance. The nano-eggshell catalyst showed a high specific surface area of 8.32 m2/g, and pore volume of 0.116 cm3/g exhibited excellent catalytic performance during transesterification. Response surface methodology based central composite design was adopted to optimize the transesterification reaction parameters. The maximum biodiesel yield of 96.7% was achieved using nano-eggshell catalyst at 1:12 molar ratio, 7.5 wt% catalyst loading, and 2 h reaction time. The R2 value 0.98 and adjusted R2 value 0.96 exhibited high correlation between actual and predicted values. Whereas using a micro eggshell catalyst, the maximum biodiesel yield obtained was 94.7%. The physicochemical properties of produced chicken oil biodiesel meet ASTM D 6751 standard.