Chicken Dung Research Articles

Efficacy of Chicken Feather Vermicompost From Poultry Waste for Sunflower Growth with a Sustainable Development SDG

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of different chicken feather vermicompost rates collected from poultry waste and applied as organic fertilizers on the growth performance of sunflowers. Theoretical Framework: In this study, the chicken feather vermicompost was formulated based on the combination of chicken feathers, chicken dung, mushroom medium residue, and banana trunks. The completed chicken feather vermicompost was applied to the sunflower to evaluate the growth performance. Method: The methodology involved five different rates; T1 Control (300g organic fertilizer), T2 (200g chicken feather vermicompost), T3 (300g chicken feather vermicompost), T4 (400g chicken feather vermicompost), and T5 (500g chicken feather vermicompost). Total of 35 sunflower plants were applied with 5 treatments for 7 replications. Results and Discussion: The physio-chemical properties of chicken feather vermicompost, such as EC, pH, moisture, and temperature were optimal for decomposition organism growth and reproduction. The population and reproduction of Eudrilus eugeniae in vermicompost are influenced by all ingredients used in vermicomposting. The results show that the different chicken feather vermicompost rate affects sunflowers' growth performance. T5 exhibits the best performance in the number of flowers, number of leaves, relative chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and dry weight. Research Implications: By considering the chicken feather vermicomposting method, it is useful in reducing environmental pollution by managing waste efficiently. Originality/Value: This study provides a new technique for maximizing poultry waste through the chicken feather vermicomposting process and identifies the optimum rate of chicken feather vermicompost on growth performance of sunflowers for sustainable agriculture.

Pests, Diseases, Growth and Yield of Tomato as Influenced by Variety and Cultivation Technology

Tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.) is one of the most important vegetables in the world. However, dearth of knowledge exists on cultivation technology that contributes to increased production of the crop. Meanwhile, low yielding varieties, high pests and diseases attacks, climate variability and poor soil fertility are among key production constraints that limit the increased production and productivity of tomato in Sierra Leone. A two-year field experiment was conducted at the School of Agriculture and Food Sciences experimental site during 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the effects of variety and cultivation technology (CT) on pests, diseases, growth, yield and productivity of tomato. The experiment was laid in a 2 × 4 factorial (i.e. two varieties of tomato, and four treatments: CT 1, CT 2, CT 3 and CT 4 known as control) arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that organic (CT 1 and CT 2) and inorganic (CT 3) treatments had a positive impact on growth parameters of tomato. The CT 1 (chicken dung, mulching, and neem extract biopesticide) was most effective in promoting vegetative growth and higher fruit yield, while CT 2 (NPK 15:15:15, urea, promethrin herbicide, and chlorpyrifos pesticide) exhibited highest potency in reducing population and damage caused by diseases and pests. Findings demonstrate that improved variety and cultivation technology boost tomato tolerance to pests and diseases, as well as its growth and yield performances that could be exploited for increased production and fruit quality of the crop. The CT1 was the most effective, followed by CT 2, while CT 4 or control plots had the lowest performance. The outperformance of the organic treatments relative to the inorganic and control is suggested to be attributable to its nitrogen-rich components. Weed control was also established to be effective in both inorganic and CT 2 treatments. The findings suggest that the CT 1 should be promoted for sustainable tomato cultivation, prioritizing environmentally friendly methods for long-term success.

Combined Aerobic Fermentation of Maricultural and Agricultural Solid Waste: Physicochemical Property and Bacterial Community Structure

The large-scale production of maricultural solid waste is not used effectively and has a significant impact on the environment. However, there is no report on the utilization of solid waste in mariculture of maricultural and agricultural solid waste. At present, aerobic composting is a simple and feasible means of waste resource utilization, but it also seriously pollutes the environment. This paper studied the change of physical and chemical properties (T1: solid waste + straw, T2: solid waste + cow dung + straw, T3: solid waste + cow dung + straw + 5% biochar, T4: solid waste + chicken dung + cow dung + straw + 5% biochar) and microbial succession in the composting process (T4: solid waste + chicken dung + cow dung + straw + 5% biochar) and the effect of decomposed products on seed growth. The results showed that the mixed compost of various materials had a good regulating effect on the physical and chemical indexes, and the highest temperature could reach 69.4 °C. Biochar could extend the high temperature period by 1–2 days. The germination indexes of seeds treated with T1–T4 were 75%, 80%, 81%, and 94%, respectively. Through the change of the seed germination index, it could be seen that the bacterial community structure changed significantly during composting. The Chao 1 index and Shannon index showed that the bacterial abundance and diversity index increased and then decreased. The analysis of the bacterial community structure showed that Proteobacteria and Acinetobacter were the main bacteria in composting, and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was 81.9% at the phyla level. Acinetobacter and Pseudoxanthomonas were the main bacteria in the process of composting. Acinetobacter was the dominant bacteria in the heating stage, with an abundance of 67.2%.

Mitochondrial genome comparison and phylogenetic position of Fannia pusio among the Calyptratae flies

Fannia pusio, the chicken dung fly species, remains unexplored despite its forensic, sanitary, and veterinary importance in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. In this study, we obtained the complete mitochondrial genome of Fannia pusio for the first time using next-generation sequencing. We compared it with previously published mitogenomes of the genus from the Palearctic region, and its phylogenetic position was studied based on the concatenated protein-coding genes (PCGs) dataset of Calyptratae flies. The circular mitochondrial genome of F. pusio is 16,176 bp in length, with a high A + T content (78.3%), whose gene synteny, codon usage analysis, and amino acid frequency are similar to previously reported Fannia mitogenomes. All PCGs underwent purifying selection except the nad2 gene. Interspecific K2P distances of PCGs of Fannia yielded an average of 12.4% (8.1%–21.1%). The Fannia genus is monophyletic and closely related to Muscidae based on molecular data. Further taxonomic sampling is required to deep into the phylogenetic relationships of the originally proposed species-groups and subgroups within the genus. These results provide a valuable dataset for studying the mitochondrial genome evolution and a resource for the taxonomy and systematics of Fannia.

Influence of Chicken Manuer Compost on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Field Production in the South Cameroon Region

The objective of the present field work in southern Cameroon was to test the effect of chicken dung compost on growth parameters and yield of cowpea. Two cowpea varieties (Lori and Komcalle) and four treatments (T= control; C= compost; CF= chemical fertilizer; CCF= mixture of compost and chemical fertilizer) were used in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Seed emergence rate, height, number of leaves, leaf area, crown diameter, number of nodules per plant and grain yield were evaluated. The results show that the Komcalle variety recorded an emergence rate of 94.85% and the Lori variety a washout rate of 91%. At 60 DAS, the chicken droppings compost shows the optimum values on height of (60.6±11.73 and 63.93±9.39 cm), number of nodules (73.63±1.60 and 72.7±1.62 nodules) and number of leaves (76.13±23and 60.41±18 leaves) for Lori and Komcalle variety respectively. The best seed yields were provided by chicken droppings compost (230±3.7 and 243±2 kg/ha) for Lori and Komcalle varieties respectively, compared to synthetic chemical fertilizer which recorded values of 217±4.7 and 214±2 kg/ha for Lori and Komcalle respectively. Based on the results, it appears that chicken dung compost is beneficial for cowpea cultivation due to improved growth and yield in the Southern Cameroon region.

Effectiveness of Chicken Manure Flower Extract (Tagetes ercta L.) Against Mortality and Antifeedant in Chili Aphid Pests Myzus persicae sulz

This research was motivated by the chicken dung flower plant (Tagetes erecta L.) which is one of the plants that is often found in several areas in North Sulawesi, containing active chemical compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids which can improve health. improve health. improve health. improve health. improve health. improve health. used as a vegetable protector. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chicken manure flower extract on the mortality and antifeedant effect of chili aphids Myzus persicae sulz. This examination utilized an exploratory technique utilizing the leaf separate strategy utilizing a Totally Randomized Plan (CRD) design comprising of 4 treatments and 4 replications. Each treatment was given chicken manure flower extract with respective concentrations, namely P0 (0%), P1 (5%), P2 (10%), and P3 (15%). The results showed that the administration of chicken manure flower extract had a significant effect on the death of the chili aphid Myzus persicae sulz. The higher the extract from chicken manure flowers the higher the death rate of chili aphids Myzus persicae sulz and chicken manure flowers have an antifeedant effect at a concentration of 15%. So it can be concluded that giving chicken manure flower extract is effective in increasing the mortality of Myzus persicae sulz at a concentration of 15%, namely an average of 4.75 birds and has an antifeedant effect at a concentration of 15.%, namely an average of 0.350 grams.

Combination of Organic Fertilizer from Catfish Wastewater (Clarias gariepinus) with Inorganic Fertilizer for Best Growth of Chili (Capsicum frutescens)

This study was designed to observe the effects of catfish wastewater as a fertilizer on the growth and yield of chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens). The aim of our research is to find out the alternative to reduce the usage of inorganic fertilizers for chilli cultivation. In addition, it is also to investigate the potential of catfish wastewater as an organic fertilizer for chili pepper cultivation. Three treatments were used to evaluate the effect of fertilizers on chili pepper growth performance, and they were as follows: organic fertilizers (catfish wastewater) (T1), co-application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (T2), and inorganic fertilizer (T3). The data collected for growth and yield included the average (±) height (cm), Number of leaves, Leaf width (cm), Number of buds, Weight of fruits, Length of fruits and Number of fruits. Based on the results obtained from this experiment, T2 fertilizer, which applies a combination of organic (catfish wastewater) with inorganic fertilizer, shows higher growth, quality, and yield performance than control treatment using inorganic fertilizer only. However, the lowest growth, quality and yield showed the fertilizers from organic (catfish wastewater) only. Thus, organic (catfish wastewater) has good potential as an alternative fertilizer same as chicken dung and cow dung that can be used for crops.

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulolytic Fungi From Decomposing Rice Straws

Rice straw is an agricultural waste that is normally produced after the paddy is harvested. Rice straw, which is high in cellulose content, makes it difficult to degrade. It is burnt away by most farmers as this method saves time and labor. However, the burning of rice straws could have a serious impact on the environment and human health in general. To overcome this, biodegradation using fungi should be applied in degrading the cellulosic waste. In this study, rice straws from Bagan Serai, Perak were collected. Decomposing of rice straws was prepared by adding coffee residue, cow and chicken dung, and phosphate fertilizer. A total of 18 isolates were isolated and purified from the sample and the isolates were brought further to macroscopic by observing the morphology. Morphological and microscopic characterization using a microscope was performed where the structure of the isolate was observed and their respective genus level was deduced. Among the 18 isolates, most of them were Aspergillus. Next, cellulase screening was done using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) agar with Gram iodine staining. Isolate C7 showed the largest diameter of the halo zone at 48 h of incubation whereas isolate 4D has the most significant increase of halo zone in 24-h duration.

Kinetic Study of Microbial Growth in Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste

Solid waste when discarded to the environment causes serious environmental problems. The kinetic study of microbial growth in anaerobic digestion process is process specific, yet, there are limited reported studies with regards to the feedstock’s (banana peel, chicken dung and waste water treatment sludge). The objective of the study is to carry out the kinetic study of microbial growth, and to know the conditions or environment responsible for the degradation of chicken dung, waste water treatment sludge and banana peel for the production of biogas and biofertilizer. The methodology involves the use of serial dilution, pour plating, cell counting for microbial population and Monod parameters were determined. Microsoft excel 2016 was use to carry out regression analysis, results shows that the maximum, growth rate (????????????????) estimated from the basic Monod equation, of microorganism, was 0.098 hr-1 and the half saturation constant, (????????), 1.2 ×108 mg/l. This pin point the availability of substrate for the survival of microorganisms

Sustainability Engineering on Chicken Slaughterhouse Waste as a Source of Liquid Biofertilizers Supporting Eco-Farming

On average, Indonesia’s chicken slaughter sector consists of Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Businesses (MSMEs), which primarily use domestic product components. The government is concerned with raising national competitiveness, especially for MSMEs, to ensure fair and equitable growth. So that development can be accomplished in a sustainable way, all of these must be accomplished without compromising environmental concerns. The Chicken Slaughterhouse (RPA) MSME industry’s production processes undoubtedly create waste that pollutes the environment. The RPA liquid waste’s high nutrient content must be utilized as a natural resource to aid in the growth of organic and environmentally friendly agriculture. One solution is to use a fermentation process to turn the trash into liquid organic fertilizer. This research was done to ascertain the quality and quantity of macronutrients in liquid biofertilizers as well as the ideal fermentation period for the process. In order to conduct this study, rotten bananas and banana gedebog, EM4, molasses, and chicken manure were added to a reactor containing RPA wastewater. Throughout the 35-day fermentation process, samples were taken on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 in order to test the macronutrient content, which included C, N, P, and K, using the UV/VIS, SSA, and N spectrophotometry methods utilizing the Kjeldahl method. The best liquid biofertilizers in this study were made from a combination of RPA waste with banana gedebog, rotten bananas, EM4, molasses (molasses), and skin chicken dung. The mixture fermented for 14 days and contained 17.4 each of the components C-Organic, N-total, K2O, and P2O5 per day. With the exception of the P2O5 level, the liquid organic fertilizer generated complies with Permentan Number 261 of 2019. Notwithstanding this, the liquid organic fertilizer obtained is of higher quality than some fertilizers that have been sold commercially.

Effects of the coexistence of antibiotics and heavy metals on the fate of antibiotic resistance genes in chicken manure and surrounding soils

Both heavy metals and antibiotics exert selection pressure on bacterial resistance, and as they are commonly co-contaminated in the environment, they may play a larger role in bacterial resistance. This study examined how breeding cycles affect antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in chicken manure and the surrounding topsoils at 20, 50, 100, 200, and 300 m from twelve typical laying hen farms in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of northwest China. Six antibiotics, seven heavy metals, ten mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and microbial community affected the ARGs profile in chicken dung and soil samples. Tetracycline antibiotic residues were prevalent in chicken manure, as were relatively high content of aureomycin during each culture period. Zinc (Zn) content was highest among the seven heavy metals in chicken feces. Chicken dung also enriched aminoglycosides, MLSB, and tetracycline ARGs, notably during brooding and high production. The farm had a minimal influence on antibiotics in the surrounding soil, but its effect on ARGs and MGEs closer to the farm (50 m) was stronger, and several ARGs and MGEs increased with distance. Manure microbial composition differed dramatically throughout breeding cycles and sampling distances. ARGs were more strongly related with antibiotics and heavy metals in manure than soil, whereas MGEs were the reverse. Antibiotics, heavy metals, MGEs, and bacteria in manure accounted 12.28%, 22.25%, 0.74%, and 0.19% of ARGs composition variance, respectively, according to RDA and VPA. Bacteria (2.89%) and MGEs (2.82%) only affected soil ARGs composition. These findings showed that heavy metals and antibiotics are the main factors affecting faecal ARGs and bacteria and MGEs soil ARGs. This paper includes antibiotic resistance data for large-scale laying hen husbandry in northwest China and a theoretical framework for decreasing antibiotic resistance.

Effects of different tea manure on growth and yield of selected chilli pepper (Capsicum annum) varieties under DEBESMSCAT Masbate Condition, Philippines

The study used 3 x 4 factorial experiment in RCBD. Factor A (variety) used V1-Django, V2-Vulcan and V3-Sinigang. T1-control, T2-100 ml cattle manure tea, T3-100 ml chicken dung tea, and T4-100 ml vermi tea were used in Factor B (a different tea). The results showed that tea manures had no effect on plant height, leaf length and width, and fruit length. The interactions of both factors were also not significantly affected. All the tea manures gave similar responses in terms of plant height, size of leaves, and length of fruit. Application of different tea manures had a significant response in varieties in terms of number of leaves, but no significant effect in the interactions of all the factors. The number of fruits, length and diameter, and total yield were not significantly affected of both factors A and B. However, significant findings were found in the number and diameter of fruits, and total yield in the interaction of block and variety. Based on cost and return analysis, V1 gave the highest net income of ₱ 858.33 in three harvests and an ROI of 33.585%. Django chilli variety is recommended and used of chicken dung tea for organic chilli pepper production.

Soil Amendment With Biochar Blend Produced From Selected Waste

Agricultural performance of biochar blend prepared from waste on the properties of soil supporting the oil palm was investigated. The biochar from the waste produced from coconut coir and chicken dung at 300oC for three hours were characterized in terms of pH, attrition, porosity, bulk density, ash content, conductivity, surface charge, nutrient value, yield% and surface area. Soil samples collected at the Nigeria Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) main station were prepared and analyzed for physico-chemical properties in the laboratory using standard techniques. The physico-chemical properties of the biochar blend –soil mixture samples in which sprouted oil palm seedlets have been planted were measured as a function of biochar blend and loading and compared with the values obtained in the control without biochar. The biochar blend showed significant (p<0.05) improvement in soil properties and growth of the oil palm seedlets.

Ensuring household food security through enhanced production of pechay (Brassica rapa L.) as influenced by different levels of carbonized rice hull integration

Household gardens have been a staple of many rural areas in the region. However, due to limited space, a need to intensify productivity while maintaining our natural resources has risen to the forefront of research innovativeness. The productivity and economic efficiency of pechay applied with varying rates of carbonized rice hull (CRH) were evaluated from February 2021 to April 2021. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with five (5) growing media as treatments (T1 - garden soil with the recommended rate of NPK; T2 - growing media (GM) consisting of mixtures of garden soil, chicken dung, and coco peat; T3 - GM + 5% CRH; T4 - GM + 10% CRH; and T5 - GM + 15% CRH) with three (3) replications. Results revealed that the integration of 5% CRH with specialized mixed growing media (T3) significantly increased yield attaining 102.13 kg per 100 m2. Utilization of specialized growing media (T2, T3, T4, and T5) either with or without integration of CRH has higher dry matter yield which was significantly higher than plants harvested from plots grown with purely garden soil. Cost and return analysis revealed that pechay production utilizing the specialized growing media with the integration of 10% CRH obtained the highest return of expenses of Php 2.57 which was significantly higher than the rest of the treatments. The study concludes that the addition of 10% CRH to specialized mixed media is promising based on its yield performance and return on cost invested, thus, it is highly recommended.

In-situ biogas enrichment using generated photovoltaic hydrogen

Hydrogen is the richest element in energy per unit of mass that exist. The challenge nowadays is its handling for different usages, as biogas upgrading. This research aims to study the behaviour of biogas upgrading with photovoltaic in-situ hydrogen generation with different type of substrates. It operates into batch reactors with 85 % of humidity of the mixture, with stainless steel electrodes at a controlled direct current voltage of 1.2 V at 38 °C, using pig slurry, chicken dung and rabbit poop (p > 0.05). Results showed a hydrogen generation during the process of 0.13 mol, 0.21 mol and 0.192 mol for pig slurry, chicken dung and rabbit poop, respectively. Leading to energy balance and energy recovery efficiency of 302.24 Wh.kg−1 and 12.45 %, 596.53 Wh.kg−1 and 19.99 %, and 1158.84 Wh.kg−1 and 30.33 % for pig slurry, chicken dung and rabbit poop, respectively. This upgrading technique improved biomethanization, but varied depending on substrate chemical characteristics involved.

The effect combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) growth

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is the most commonly and popular vegetables. The application of inorganic fertilizer is very important to increase the productivity of the crop, but overuse of inorganic fertilizer can lead to soil acidification that can affect the plant growth. The purpose of these study is to determine the effectiveness combination rate of organic and inorganic fertilizer toward okra growth and yield performance. This study was conducted in a greenhouse by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. The study was used chicken dung as organic fertilizer. The treatments applied were T0 (NPK), T1 (NPK + 20 g chicken dung), T2 (NPK + 40 g chicken dung), and T3 (NPK + 60 g chicken dung). NPK green was applied only one-time during 14 days after sowing (DAS) and was continued with NPK blue. T3 showed an increasing in fresh pod yield. Thus, combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer was showed the positive effect to the crop production. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer was proven to be the most effective in okra production.

The influence of manure-based organic fertilisers on the oviposition behaviour of Anopheles arabiensis

The rice agroecosystem provides suitable breeding habitat for many malaria vector species, and rice-adjacent communities are consequently exposed to a greater malaria transmission risk than non-rice-associated communities. As part of efforts to expand rice production in Africa, sustainable and climate-adapted practices such as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) are being promoted. SRI encourages the use of organic fertilisers (OFs) such as cow and chicken dung, as opposed to inorganic industrially produced fertilisers, due to their lower resource cost, apparent benefit to the rice agroecosystem and as a means to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of industrial fertilisers. However, the impact of OFs on mosquito fauna is not well documented and may have knock-on consequences on malaria transmission risk. Here, we demonstrate, using dual choice egg count assays, that both cow and chicken dung modulate the oviposition behaviour of Anopheles arabiensis, a major malaria vector in Sub-Saharan Africa. A significantly reduced proportion of eggs were laid in water treated with either cow or chicken dung compared to untreated water, with higher dung concentrations resulting in further reduced proportions. When presented in competition, significantly fewer eggs were laid in water treated with chicken dung than with cow dung. Moreover, there was no evidence of egg retention in any experiment, including in no-choice experiments where only dung-containing dishes were available. These results suggest both cow and chicken dung may act as oviposition deterrents to malaria vector species and that the application of manure-based OFs in rice agriculture may modulate the oviposition behaviour of An. gambiae s.l. within agroecosystems. Quantification of the ammonia present in dung-infused water showed higher concentrations were present in the chicken dung infusion, which may be one contributing factor to the difference in observed deterrence between the two dung types. Deterrence of mosquito oviposition in OF-treated farms may potentially affect the overall production of malaria vectors within rice fields and their contribution to local malaria transmission.

Growth Development and Yield of Potted Carrots ((Daucus Carota L) as Influenced by Different Organic Mixtures

This study investigated the influence of the different organic mixtures as soil media use for carrot (Daucus carota L) planted in pots, specifically it investigated how these organic mix influence the growth development and yields of carrots. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatment and three replicates for each treatments was used which are as follows: T0: Purely Garden Soil (1.75kg GS), T1: 1.25 kg GS + 0.5kg vermicompost (VC), T2: 1kg GS + 0.25kg VC + 0.5 kg cocopeat (CP),T3:1kg GS + 0.25kg VC + 0.25kg CP + 0.25 chicken dung (CD), and T4: 1kg soil compost + 0.25kg VC + 0.25kg CP + 0.25kg CD. The experiment was conducted at the researcher’s house in Mindanao State University faculty cottage, Marawi City. Data collection started 22 days after the seed germination. For growth development, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf stalk length and leaf area were measured every week for seven weeks, except for the stem diameter which was only obtained during harvest. Yield was measured through measuring the length diameter, and mass of the carrot taproot. Findings revealed that there is a significant difference among treatments. Treatment 4 shows the highest growth development and yield followed by treatment 3, while treatment 0 or the control shows the lowest growth development and yield. These findings implied that soil compost and chicken dung has the greatest influence to the growth development and yield of potted carrots compared to the other treatments particularly those treatments without chicken dung.

Development of Biofertilizer from Locally Sourced Materials

The appropriate rationing of NPK is a core problem in biofertilizer production. In this study, a 30-liter bench-scale anaerobic biodigester for biofertilizer production from solid waste was fabricated using galvanized steel sheet. About 4kg of chicken dung, 7.5 kg of wastewater treatment sludge, and 0.5 kg of banana peel are mixed, a total of 12kg, the substrate is then mixed with water in a ratio of 1:1. (w/w) 24 kg of the slurry is fed into the biodigester. The slurry is allowed to stay for 37 days at mesophilic temperature. The pH of the digestion is between 6-7, and the temperature is within the range of 25-34oC. The amount of total solid, moisture content, ash, and volatile matter of the feedstock after digestion decreases by about 31%,47%,67%, and 69%. Moreover, an increase in the amount of nitrogen content from 0.3783% to 0.6420%, phosphorous from 0.1903% to 0.2983%, and potassium from 0.1876% to 0.3153% was also observed. After digestion the biofertilizer produced has an appropriate ratio of 2:1:1. For the kinetic study, the specific growth was found to be 0.0098hr-1. Also, experimental data for microbial growth obtained from the study fitted the Monod model.

THE ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CHICKEN DUNG’S DISPOSAL

The twelvemonths study of Mephosphone and Baikal-EM1’s drugs effect on the fresh chicken dung’s processing results are presented. During the experiment chicken dung on OOO "Chelny - Broiler" large poultry complex and private farm were studied. The methods of chicken dung’s processing currently used, such as composting, pyrolysis, gasification, anaerobic digestion, were analyzed. The Mephosphone and Baikal-EM1’s drugs as composting accelerators were used. The experiments in four variants: option 1 (control - initial chicken dung without drugs), option 2 (chicken dung + Baikal-EM1’s drug), option 3 (chicken dung + Mephosphone’s drug), option 4 (chicken dung + Mephosphone’s drug + Baikal-EM1’s drug) were carried out. To conduct this study, chicken dung in plastic buckets of 4 kg was packed, then mixed with 50 ml tap water and additives was mixed, and to create anaerobic (microaerophilic) conditions with a lid was covered. The drugs at the rate of 0,5 ml per 1 kg of waste and 0,25 ml of each drug at together applying were added. Given drugs activate the microorganisms’ biotic activity, by the way in small and ultrasmall concentrations, when they form supramolecular structures in size from 10 to 100 nm ranging. The positive effect of the Mephosphone drug’s "maturation" on dung’s rate, and unpleasant odors’ deodorization has been demonstrated. The conducted studies have shown that Mephosphone and Baikal-EM1’s drugs introduction the dungs’ accelerates fermentation processes, and helps the environmental hazard’s class from III till IV to reduce.