Chicken Blood Serum Research Articles

The effect of gadolinium and lanthanum orthovanadate nanoparticles on the content of vitamins (B2, A, E) and trace elements (Cu, Zn, Se) in the blood serum and liver of broiler chickens

As a result of scientific progress, substances in the nanoscale state are increasingly being introduced into various areas of human activity, including animal husbandry (poultry farming). In particular, nanotechnology is used successfully to enrich food products with minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, that is, they can increase the bioavailability of nutrients by oral administration. In this study, the content of vitamins (A, E, and B2 ) and trace elements (Zn, Cu, and Se) in the blood serum and liver of broiler chickens under the influence of gadolinium orthovanadate, lanthanum orthovanadate, and a mixture of all these was investigated. It was established that their administration to broiler chickens for 10 days at a dose of 0.2 mg/l of drinking water (an average of 0.09 mg/kg body weight) increases the bioavailability of vitamins B2 , A, and E and the trace elements selenium, copper and zinc, which was manifested by an increase in their concentrations in the blood serum compared to the control group (from 8.6% to 3.0 times for vitamins, and from 17.8% to 2.5 times for trace elements, P<0.05) and liver deposition (from 9.4% to 4.6 times for vitamins and from 6.3 to 56.3% for trace elements, P<0.05), with a prolonged effect after administration was stopped. The introduction of nanoparticles (both in mono-solutions and in a mixture), along with a vitamin preparation, indicates the possibility of increasing the content of vitamins and trace elements without their additional introduction, using the dietary resource more fully.

Lipid profile of blood serum of chickens under conditions of long-term exposure to extremely low frequency variable pulsed electromagnetic field

It has been proven that electromagnetic fields (EMF) of various intensities have various effects on living organisms – from a therapeutic effect to the appearance of various functional disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of long-term continuous exposure of poultry with extremely low frequency variable pulsed electromagnetic field (ELF-PEMF) of weak intensity on indicators of lipid metabolism in chickens. 150–day-old Tetra X breed chickens were irradiated with ELF-PEMF at a frequency of 8 Hz for about 30 minutes for 174 days. The irradiation regime of experimental groups 1 and 2 was continuous, and in groups 3 and 4 it was alternated with weekly breaks. In 1 experimental group, poultry was fed according to the basic diet with a protein content increased by 10–15 %, and in 2 – with a protein content reduced by 10–15 %. In the control group of non-irradiated poultry, the protein content in the diet corresponded to generally accepted norms. The results of the experiment proved that the irradiation regimes of ELF-PEMF selected by us have an effect on lipid metabolism in the body of Tetra X breed chickens. On the 112th day of the experiment, regardless of the used regimes of irradiation of chickens with ELF-PEMF and the protein level in the diet, in the blood serum of the experimental groups, compared to the control, an increase in the level of free triacylglycerols by 1.56–2.76 times was found; cholesterol level – by 1.04–1.39 times; of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) – by 1.24–1.84 times and the reduction of atherogenic index – by 1.41–1.73 times, which is predicted to have a positive effect on their health and productive qualities. Meanwhile, during longer exposure of chickens to ELF-PEMF, the level of triacylglycerols in the blood serum of experimental groups of chickens did not differ significantly from the indicators of non-irradiated poultry (control group). In general, by selecting different modes of irradiation with ELF-PEMF with different supply of protein in the rations, it is possible to influence the indicators of lipid metabolism of Tetra X breed chickens.

Effect of cuprum proteinate on blood parameters in broiler chickens

The data obtained during the scientific and economic experiment show that the replacement of copper sulfate with copper proteinate in broiler chickens, even in smaller doses, did not significantly affect hematological and biochemical blood parameters. Some increase in the total level of albumins and globulins, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and the content of calcium, phosphorus and copper in blood serum was noted. Introduction of cuprum proteinate to compound feed to broiler chickens of the third experimental group in doses of 13.9; 12.6 and 9.0 g/t (on average for 42 days – 12.5 g/t) contributed to a probable increase in total protein by 14.2 % (Р < 0.05) on the 30th day of the experiment and by 12.3 % (Р < 0.05) on the 42nd day of the experiment compared to the control group. At the same time, the level of albumins increased by 11.9 % (Р < 0.05) and 15.8 % (Р < 0.05), and globulins by 12.0 % (Р < 0.05) and 10.7 %, respectively. This fact shows that reducing the dose of cuprum proteinate has a positive effect on protein synthesis, activation of albumin and globulin synthesis occurs, which reduces the load on the immune system of broiler chickens and has a positive effect on protein metabolism. On the 42nd day of the experiment, the calcium content in the blood of all groups increased, but in the experimental groups it was higher than the control indicator in the second group by 4.8 % and by 5.6 % in the third experimental group. Regarding the level of Phosphorus in the blood serum of experimental groups of broiler chickens, its amount increased to 1.85–1.96 mmol/l on the 42nd day. The content of cuprum in the blood of broiler chickens, which were fed cuprum proteinate as part of compound feed, was probably higher than the indicator of the control group. Chickens of the second experimental group, which were fed cuprum proteinate in quantities of 18.2; 16.8 and 12.0 g/t of compound feed exceeded their counterparts by 14.0–16.3 % (Р < 0.05). Broiler chickens of the third experimental group, which were added to compound feed with cuprum proteinate in doses of 13.9, 12.6 and 30 g/t, prevailed on day 30 of the experiment by 18.8 % (Р < 0.01), and on day 42 day by 18.9 % (Р < 0.01). A higher level of Calcium and Phosphorus in the blood serum of experimental broiler chickens indicates an increase in the resistance of the bird to infections and better mineralization of bone tissue. Feeding of cuprum proteinate to broiler chickens makes it possible to reduce the dose of the trace element in compound feed, which reduces the burden on the bird's body and increases the biological availability of mineral compounds.

The Effect of Substituting (Triticosecale) Instead of Yellow Corn and using a Mixture of Enzymes on some Chemo-Biological Properties of Broiler Serum

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit for a period of 38 days. Tartikelle was replaced with yellow corn after the naturalization of one-day-old chicks, and it was fortified with a mixture of enzymes to see the extent of its effect on some chemo-biological characteristics of the blood serum of broiler chickens. 288 ROSS 308 birds were used, with an initial weight of 43 g. The chicks were distributed into six treatments, and each treatment had six replicates with 8 birds per replicate (three replicates males and the same number of females), and the treatments were as follows, the first treatment (T1) represented the control treatment without any addition (control negative). The second and third treatment (T2 and T3) partial and total replacement of corn by 50% and 100%, respectively. As for the treatments T4, T5 and T6, they are similar to the treatments T1, T2 and T3, respectively, with the addition of the enzyme mixture in an amount of 500 g / ton, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. We note that there is a significant increase in the sixth treatment compared to the first treatment, and gender had no significant effect on the mentioned characteristics. In terms of the interaction between the experimental treatments and gender, the fourth treatment, females, was significantly superior in calcium concentration over the second and third treatments, males. The sixth treatment, males, outperformed the first and fifth treatments, males and the third. Males and females in York lions. As for blood glucose, the first treatment, females, decreased significantly in comparison with the rest of the experimental treatments. The first treatment was significantly superior to the second in serum albumin concentration. Gender did not have any significant effect. As for the interaction, the first treatment, males, decreased significantly in comparison with the second and fifth treatment, males, as well as with the second treatment, females, in total protein concentration. Blood serum on the first and second treatments were males and the fifth were females, and the second treatment was significantly superior to the first, fifth and sixth treatments in cholesterol, and the sixth treatment was significantly superior to all the experimental treatments in triglycerides, and the second and sixth treatments were significantly superior in HDL to the first and fifth treatments. Effect on the characteristic of cholesterol. As for the triglycerides and HDL, the males were significantly superior to the females. As for the overlap, the second treatment, males, was significantly superior in cholesterol over the first, males, and the first and sixth, females. As for the triglycerides, the sixth treatment was superior to males compared to all the treatments of the experiment, as well as the second and sixth treatments outperformed males in HDL on the fifth males and the first, fourth and fifth females.

Использование нового вида кормового ресурса в рационах кур родительского стада кросса «Хайсекс коричневый»

Purpose. The study of the productive traits of chickens when fed sunflower polysaccharide extract (hereinafter referred to as SPE), which can activate protein and carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate the body's natural defense factors. Materials and Мethods. The studies were carried out in a certified laboratory using classical and modern zootechnical, biochemical and other methods. Laboratory hematological studies were carried out on automatic biochemical analyzers URIT-800Vet and URIT-3020 (China) in the complex analytical laboratory of VRIMMP (Volgograd, Russia). The obtained results were processed using the software, calculation of the mean (M), standard errors of the mean (±SEM) and determination of the Student-Fisher test for the significance of the difference. Results. In I-III experimental groups, an increase in the yield of hatching eggs was recorded, respectively, by 88, 239 and 149 pcs. relative to the control, the intensity of egg production of hens – by 0.65; 1.35 and 0.77%, feed conversion per unit of egg mass – by 0.03; 0.07 and 0.05 kg. There has been a steady trend towards an increase in the mass of eggs in the experimental groups by 0.27 (0.43%); 0.81 (1.29%) and 0.63 g (1.01%), the acid number of the yolk decreased by 8.01 relative to the control; 9.42 (P≤0.05) and 10.29% (P≤0.05), which suggests the presence of antioxidant properties of PPE. The use of the studied additive had a positive effect on the morphological composition of the blood of laying hens of the experimental groups: the content of erythrocytes increased by 15.41 (P≤0.05), 17.47 (P≤0.05) and 17.81% (P≤0, 05), hematocrit – by 5.57 (P≤0.05); 10.22 (P≤0.01) and 11.15% (P≤0.01), hemoglobin – by 6.25 (P≤0.05), 8.67 (P≤0.05) and 9.19 % (P≤0.05) against the background of the control. In laying hens of the experimental groups, an increase in AST activity by 4.86 was recorded; 15.89 and 10.79 u/l, with a decrease in ALT activity by 0.70; 1.37 and 1.25 u/l. A significant increase in glucose in the blood serum of laying hens of the experimental groups was recorded in comparison with the control group by 15.26 (P≤0.05); 23.66 (P≤0.01) and 25.51% (P≤0.01), lactic acid level and glycogen content respectively by 15.26 (P≤0.05); 25.06 (P≤0.01); 25.51% (P≤0.01) and 2.19 (P≤0.05); 3.77 (P≤0.01) and 3.86% (P≤0.01). The bactericidal activity of blood serum of chickens of I-III experimental groups exceeded the control group by 5.02 (P≤0.05); 5.51 (P≤0.05) and 5.70% (P≤0.05 ), lysozyme activity – by 12.31 (P≤0.05); 15.89 (P≤0.01) and 16.36% (P≤0.01), phagocytic activity of leukocytes – by 3.06 (P≤0.05); 4.63 (P≤0.01) and 4.79% (P≤0.01), respectively. Conclusion. The results obtained confirm the activation of metabolic processes in the body of chickens of all experimental groups, under the influence of PPE, however, the studied additive at a dosage of 5.0% in the diet structure had the greatest efficiency in the production of hatching eggs.

Humoral indicators of resistance of broiler chickens when combining plant extract and probiotic

The article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of the immunostimulating effect of Echinacea purpurea extract and probiotic «Subtilis-C». The experimental part was carried out in two scientific and production experiments, in poultry houses with floor maintenance, on four similar groups of broiler chickens of the Cobb cross-500 with 100 heads each. To select an effective dose of Echinacea purpurea extract, the first scientific and production experience was conducted. The most optimal dose of Echinacea purpurea extract identified in the first scientific and production experiment was 5.5 mg/ kg of body weight. To evaluate the effectiveness of combining a plant extract with a probiotic, a second research and production experiment was conducted. Bactericidal and lysozyme activity in the blood serum of chickens. The paper provides data on the nature of the change in the level of the studied indicators in response to the introduction of Echinacea purpurea extract and probiotic «Subtilis-C» into the diet, the optimal dose and mode of combined administration of the studied preparations into the diet, composing the following scheme: Echinacea purpurea extract at a dose of 5.5 mg/kg body weight + «Subtilis-C» at a dose, pre-starter and starter feed (from birth to the age of one month) – 0.3 kg/ton, in finisher (from the age of one month to slaughter) – 0.15 kg/ton. In the established scheme, the plant preparation and probiotic effectively complement each other, which is significantly manifested by an increase in lysozyme activity of blood serum by 17.85%, and bactericidal activity of blood serum by 18.11%. It is noted that the established regime for the use of the studied evaporates contributes to improving the safety of livestock and the realization of the biological potential of meat productivity in broiler chickens.

Effect of Olive Leaves Hydroalcoholic Extract (Olea Europaea L.) and LactoFeed® probiotics on Induced Ascites in Male Broilers

The incidence of disease and damage will increase, if environmental control and acceptable management practices are not provided during the rearing period. Ascites affect young broilers with rapid growth, and the most critical factor in causing ascites syndrome is the lack of oxygen in body tissues (hypoxia). This research aimed to investigate the effect of olive leaves hydroalcoholic extract and probiotics (LactoFeed) on experimental ascites caused by levothyroxine in male broiler chickens. The present study was an interventional type, and for its implementation, a single-factor design was used in eight groups with 3 replicates. Data were analyzed based on a one-way analysis of variance. Blood parameters of male chickens were measured after 42 days. Biochemical factors of the blood serum of broilers included AST, ALT, ALT, TSHT, T4, T3, Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Urea, Uric acid, TP, Albumin, and Globulin. AST, ALT, and ALP levels in the induced ascites group increased by 1.16, 1.35, and 1.16 times, respectively. When the chickens had induced ascites, the levels of all three hormones in the blood serum of broiler chickens increased significantly (P

Biochemical parameters of chicken blood under the influence of technological stimuli of various etiologies

Violation of the main technological parameters of keeping and feeding poultry is the main factor in reducing egg productivity and health in the industrial production system. Therefore, the research aims to determine biochemical markers in acute technological stress caused by factors of various etiologies. In this study, serum biochemical parameters were evaluated for the effects of stimuli in egg-laying chickens. The study was conducted on several Hy-Line W-36 cross chickens in the conditions of a production line. Four groups of chickens (101 heads each) aged 52 weeks were formed to conduct the study. The control group was formed from 10 representatives of each of the groups. Further, each group was exposed to a corresponding technological stimulus. Birds of group 2 were not fed for 24 hours, those of group 3 were kept in a darkened place, and 60 additional birds were placed in a cage with the chickens of group 4. The highest effect on the dynamics of biochemical parameters was an increase in their concentration by 1 m2 cage space. The studies identified a substantial increase in the concentration of glucose and creatinine in the blood serum of chickens during over-compaction – by 24-28% (p<0.05) compared to the control group, regardless of the cause of the stressful situation, all birds exposed to acute stress had an increase in these indicators in the blood serum. The main part of the examined enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase, tended to increase their activity depending on the strength of the influence of the technological factor on the body of birds. Dynamic characteristics of glucose and creatinine levels were distinguished among the examined biochemical parameters by rapid and differentiated reactions within the physiological norm, and considering the simplicity of their determination, they may have prospects of becoming the main markers of early diagnosis of stress in industrial poultry farming

Voltammetric determination of doxycycline in feedstock using modified carbon screen-printed electrode.

In this work, we describe the development of an electrochemical sensing platform that employs electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) and gold (Au) deposited on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to synthesize Au/ErGO/SPCE for the determination of the antibiotic drug doxycycline (DC). A modified Hummer's approach was adopted to initially prepare graphene oxide, which was then characterized by using powder XRD, FTIR, and UV spectroscopy before being utilized for modification on SPCE. Cyclic voltammetry was performed to form ErGO on SPCE to give ErGO/SPCE followed by electrodeposition of gold to get a final modified electrode Au/ErGO/SPCE. The effect of experimental conditions, like scan rate and pH on the electrochemical behavior of DC for Au/ErGO/SPCE, was evaluated. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were used to assess the electro-oxidation of DC on Au/ErGO/SPCE, and the electrochemical reaction conditions were also optimized. Furthermore, Au/ErGO/SPCE-based electrochemical sensors showed good recovery and high accuracy for DC determination in the complex food matrix and blood serum. The limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), and the linear calibration range of DC on Au/ErGO/SPCE under optimum experimental conditions were 0.124µm, 0.415µm, and 1-100µm respectively, with high sensitivity of 0.194 μA μM-1cm-2. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensing platform was effectively used to determine low DC concentrations in real samples such as chicken flesh and blood serum, indicating its wide range of applications in quality control.

Effect of probiotic biologics on morpho-biochemical parameters of broiler chicken blood

In the production of broiler poultry products, market operators use intensive technologies that involve the use of various, environmentally friendly nutraceuticals, in particular, probiotic preparations. In the technology of raising broiler chickens, probiotic preparations are necessary as a means for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, stimulating the growth and increasing the productivity of poultry. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of probiotic biologics on haematological parameters when it is fed to broiler chickens. The experiment used 20 broiler chickens, which were given a probiotic from 28 to 42 days in the following amounts: 0.5 g/10 dm3 , 2.0 and 4.0 g/10 dm3 of water. It was found that the morpho-biochemical parameters of poultry blood corresponded to the physiological standards for broiler chickens of the established age and confirmed the absence of pathophysiological changes in their body. On days 35 and 42 of rearing, an increase in the number of leukocytes from 4.4 to 17.2% and the haemoglobin content by 3.9 and 6.2%, respectively, was observed in the blood of broiler chickens fed the probiotic at a dose of 4.0 g/10 dm3 compared to the control group. On day 35 of the study, a 1.2-fold increase in total serum protein was observed when drinking a probiotic in poultry, respectively, at doses of 2.0 and 4.0 g/10 dm3 of water, and on day 42 – 1.0 times for its drinking at a dose of 4.0 g/10 dm3 of water. It was found that the content of inorganic calcium and phosphorus in the poultry blood serum corresponded to physiological limits, which indicates a sufficient level of mineral nutrition in the body of broiler chickens. The absence of changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, the content of total lipids, cholesterol, and creatinine in the blood serum of broiler chickens of the experimental groups indicates the hepato- and nephronethoxicity of the probiotic. Based on the results obtained, the drug under study can be recommended to increase the resistance of the poultry body and regulate metabolism

The assessment of serum trace element levels as the diagnostic biomarkers of functional state of broiler chickens.

Elemental analysis is a useful technique for predicting metabolic disorders in broiler chickens. Elemental imbalances are also important for the development of new methods to diagnose the health status of birds that can be implemented on a farm-wide scale. This study aimed to identify elemental markers related to pre-nosological diagnoses of metabolic disorders in broiler chickens. We compared birds given high-protein, high-carbohydrate, and high-fat diets. A control group received the standard diet recommended by the All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Poultry, while experimental Group I received a diet with high-protein content, Group II received a diet with high-carbohydrate content, and Group III received a diet with high-fat content. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for biochemical and elemental analysis. Biochemical analysis was carried out using an automated biochemical analyzer, and the levels of trace elements in the serum were assessed using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. We found that the high-protein diet was accompanied by a decrease in chicken body weight, cholesterol, and several elements (i.e., P, Cr, Cu, Zn, and B) as well as an increase in the levels of Ca, Co, and Si. The high-carbohydrate diet led to a significant increase in glucose levels as well as a decrease in the levels of albumin, triglycerides, and Cr, Mn, Se, I, and Cu. Finally, the high-fat diet led to an increase in body weight, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and the elements Cu, Zn, and Si as well as a decrease in the levels of Mg, Cr, and Fe. The determination of the levels of trace elements such as Co, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Cu in chicken blood serum may be an important indicator of the state of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism of poultry stock.

Hematology, Blood Serum, Growth Performance, and Carcass Characteristics of Slow-growing Chickens Fed Single and Blended Root Meals

Toxins and substances with anti-nutritional potential have impeded the successful integration of root and tuber crops into animal diets. However, the ultimate indices of the physiological state of a farm animal are the growth performance and blood profiles. Hence, single and mixed formulations of Dioscorea hispida and Cyrtosperma merkusii root meals were used to assess chicken performance and hematological reactions. Two hundred and forty Bisaya chickens were fed with maize and root meals. Each set of treatments had 60 chickens, with three replicates of 20. The diets were: T1 (100% corn-based), T2 (50% D. hispida diet), T3 (50% C. merkusii diet), and T4 (25% D. hispida+25% C. merkusii diet). Feed intake, body weight, and mean weight gain (MWG) were collected biweekly, and carcass evaluation was done on harvesting. Hematological indices and serum profiles were tested. The T1 and T4 diets produced the most significant body weight and MWG, followed by T2 and T3. An improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) for T1 and T4 were significantly different from T2 and T3. The T4 specific growth rate (SGR) was similar to T1 and T2 but greater than T3. The T1 diet gave the most significant slaughter weight and dress weight, carcass components, and edible offal, followed by T4. The T4 diet raised PCV, RBC, Hb, cholesterol, and triglycerides more than T2, and T3, but no significant difference was found between T4 and T1. All solo root meal substitutes (T2 and T3) negatively impacted chicken performance; however, the 25% D. hispida+25% C. merkusii mix (T4) enhanced growth performance, most carcass features, and the blood profiles of slow-growing chickens when compared to a corn-based diet (T1).

Influence of chelated compounds on protein metabolism in the blood serum of broiler chickens

The use of chelated compounds (mineral proteinates) in animal diets has a targeted effect on specific functions and enzyme systems of the body, since they are absorbed intact. The purpose of the work was to study the influence of chelated compounds of trace elements in the composition of the metalloprotein “Belmin” on the blood content of broiler chickens of total protein, its fractions, as well as free amino acids. In order to determine the eff ect of chelated compounds of trace elements in the composition of the metalloprotein “Belmin” on the indicators of protein metabolism in blood serum 9 heads of broiler chickens of 37-day-old age (per 3 heads in each; in the 1st control, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups) were selected. The metalloprotein content in the 2nd experimental group was 0,20 %, in the 3rd experimental group – 0,15 % of the feed weight. It was determined as a result of the studies that the concentration of total protein in the blood serum of chickens of the 1st control and experimental groups was within the normal range, but its higher level was recorded in the 2nd experimental group (47,5 g/l vs 45,6 g/l in the control). The content of blood protein fractions (albumins, α- and β-globulins) responsible for the transport of certain substances in the experimental groups was also higher (52,4 % of albumins in the 2nd experimental group and 42,5 % in the control) the content of protein fractions was calculated as % of the total protein level. Also, in the blood serum of experimental broiler chickens a higher content of free amino acids (both replaceable and nonreplaceable) was observed compared with the control group, which indicates a more intensive protein metabolism in broiler chickens in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups. The amount of free amino acids in the blood serum of chickens in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups exceeded the control group by 12,74 and 13,57 mg%, respectively.

The efficacy of a chicken antibody for the development of immunoassay‐based rapid detection in sugarcane mosaic virus disease

Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) infection is one of the most serious problems that can result in severe yield loss of sugarcane. Since the symptoms of SCMV infection are similar to other biotic and abiotic stress symptoms, the development of a rapid diagnostic with high precision is required. The use of laboratory animals such as rabbits is required for antibody production in immunoassay‐based detection. However, due to its many advantages, specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) has received considerable attention as an alternative antibody production in immunodiagnostics for infectious diseases. In this study, IgY antibody against SCMV recombinant coat protein (CP) was successfully obtained from chicken blood serum and tested to compare its efficacy against antibody from rabbit (IgG) using immunocapture reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (IC‐RT‐PCR). The result showed that IgY and IgG could detect 0.1 g SCMV infected leaves using 1000‐times‐diluted antibodies. The IgY antibody was also confirmed to be reproducible and potentially applicable in plant disease diagnostics using an antibody‐based detection.

Влияние снижения относительной влажности воздуха в период выращивания бройлеров на показатели иммунитета и продуктивности

Abstract. An unsatisfactory microclimate in poultry premises contributes to damage in the form of a decrease in the average daily gain of broilers by 10 %. Purpose of research is to study the effect of relative humidity at the same temperature regime on the immunity and productivity of broilers of the Ross-308. Research methods. The experiment was carried out on broiler chickens of the cross Ross-308 up to 35 days of age. In group II, period 0–1 days of growing broilers, the relative humidity indicators were less than the lower limit of the norm by 10 %, in periods 5–7, 11–16, 20–22 and 26–35 days, the relative humidity indicators were less than the lower limit of the norm by 5 %. In group I, all indicators were recommended as recommended. The bactericidal activity of blood serum was determined by the method of I. M. Karput, lysozyme activity was determined by the nephelometric method according to V. G. Dorofeychuk. Results. As a result of the study, it was found that a decrease in the change in relative air humidity had a negative effect on immunity: the bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum decreased. So, on the 21st day, the indicator of bactericidal activity of blood serum of broiler chickens in group II was lower by 14.2 % (P ≤ 0.05) compared to group I. At 3 weeks of age, the lysozyme activity of the blood serum of chickens of group II was lower by 14.3 % (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the control group. The productivity of birds also decreased to 13.70 % in relation to the control. Scientific novelty. For the first time, we have shown that a decrease in the indicators of relative air humidity at the content of Ross-308 cross broilers during the period of 0–1 days of cultivation by 10 % relative to the lower limit of the norm, during the periods of 5–7, 11–16, 20–22 and 26–35 days – by 5 %, subject to the recommended temperature parameters, has a negative effect on immunity.

The effectiveness of the complex use of pharmacological agents to preserve the bioresource potential of broiler chickens in conditions of overcompacted planting aggravated by high ambient temperature

The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of the use of pharmacological agents to preserve the bioresource potential of broiler chickens in conditions of overcrowded planting and high ambient temperature. The experimental bird of the Ross 308 cross was divided into 2 groups. The stocking density averaged 48.1 ± 1.8 kg/m2, the temperature in poultry houses was 27.1 ± 2.3 °C. Growing and fattening of poultry was carried out for 40 days. In the control group, broilers were not treated with pharmacological agents; in the experimental group, 6 days before slaughter, the method of pharmacological stress correction was used, which consisted of 3 successive stages: 1 preparatory stage - enrichment of the poultry diet with methionine by 10% compared to its initial content; potassium chloride at a dose of 0.3% and betaine at a dose of 10% of the total feed; stage 2 (increasing thermal stability) - 2 hours before the maximum recorded temperatures in the house with drinking water, broilers were given acetylsalicylic acid at a dose of 50-60 mg/kg of body weight; Stage 3 - compensatory, the implementation of which began in the evening, at the time of the temperature drop in the poultry house to the optimum, and consisting in drinking a water-soluble complex, at the rate of 195 mg per 1 kg of body weight. When applying this scheme, a decrease in the mortality of poultry during transportation by 31.5%, an increase in safety to 94.4%, and an increase in the proportion of carcasses of the 1st grade by 7.6% were noted. In the blood serum of broiler chickens of the experimental group, there was a significant increase in total protein by 17.1%, cholesterol by 13.8%, beta-lipoproteins by 23.8% and calcium by 12.3%. The meat of broiler chickens of the experimental group exceeded the control in protein content by 1.08%, tyrosine by 6.9%, threonine by 9.5, phenylalanine by 15.0, leucine and isoleucine by 13.7 and histidine by 34.5%.

ДЕЙСТВИЕ СЕЛЕНСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ НА ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СТАТУС БРОЙЛЕРНЫХ ЦЫПЛЯТ

The use of selenium-containing preparations "E-selenium", "Selplex" and "LovitVA + SE" in the diet of broiler chickens stimulates humoral non-specific protective factors, an increase in the number of erythrocytes, total protein, albumin, vitamin E, carotene and allows you to get high-quality products of meat origin from broiler chickens. At the first stage of research, it was established that the physiological status of Ross 308 day old chickens is characterized by a relatively high content of leukocytes and platelets in the blood, and stab and segmented pseudoeosinophils in the leukogram, which protect the body from adverse environmental factors. The content of such formed elements as erythrocytes is at the lower limits of the physiological norm. The concentration of hemoglobin in them is also low. The introduction of the drug "Selplex" into the diet contributes to an increase in such humoral non-specific protective factors as lysozyme and bactericidal activity of the blood serum of chickens. At the second stage of research, selenium-containing preparations "E-selenium" and "LovitVA + SE" were used for broiler chickens. The use of the drug "E-selenium" contributes to an increase in the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood of chickens, the content of erythrocytes, in comparison with the control group, increases. Additional use of the drug "LovitVA + SE" leads to an increase in the level of erythrocytes in the blood of broiler chickens, hemoglobin, and also contributes to an increase in the concentration of total protein, albumin, vitamin E and carotene in the blood serum.

Sensitive and selective neurotransmitter epinephrine detection at a carbon quantum dots/copper oxide nanocomposite

Herein, the electrochemical detection of epinephrine (EP) at a carbon quantum dots/copper oxide nanocomposite (CQDs/CuO) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was investigated. The carbon quantum dots (CQDs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), and their composite (CQDs/CuO) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A limit of detection (LoD) of 15.99 µM over a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 10–100 µM was obtained at GCE/CQDs/CuO using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) for EP electroanalysis at pH 7. The theoretical evidence for the conventional weak epinephrinequinone (EPQ) reduction peak and EPQ cyclization was investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This sensor was also applied for the analysis of EP in chicken blood serum and EP injection with percentage recovery of 101.23 and 93.54 %, respectively. In addition to its outstanding long-term stability, good reproducibility, and ease of fabrication, the detection of EP in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) was achieved at this sensor. The proposed sensor also demonstrated the ability to simultaneously detect epinephrine (EP), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA).

Profiling and analysis of exosomal miRNAs derived from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1-infected White Leghorn chickens

Exosomes are small cell membrane-derived vesicles; they play important roles as mediators of cell-to-cell communication via delivery of their contents, such as proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs). In particular, exosomal miRNAs regulate the gene expression of recipient cells by inhibiting the expression of target mRNAs. In this study, we investigated the miRNA expression profiles of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1-infected White Leghorn chickens and analyzed the functions of their target genes. After 3 d of infection with A/chicken/Vietnam/NA-01/2019 (H5N1), exosomes were isolated from the blood serum of White Leghorn chickens for small RNA sequencing. We accordingly identified 10 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs; 5 upregulated and 5 downregulated) by comparing the exosomes derived from infected and noninfected chickens. The target genes of DE miRNAs were predicted using miRDB and TargetScan for Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. A majority of the target genes was found to be associated with the MAPK signaling pathway; several immune-related genes were identified as being regulated by these DE miRNAs. Moreover, we predicted DE miRNA binding sites in HPAIV RNA segments using the RNAhybrid algorithm. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for gaining insights into the regulatory mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs in response to HPAIV H5N1 infection and the identification of novel vaccine candidates.

Mosquito population structure, pathogen surveillance and insecticide resistance monitoring in urban regions of Crete, Greece.

BackgroundIn Greece vector borne diseases (VBD) and foremost West Nile virus (WNV) pose an important threat to public health and the tourist industry, the primary sector of contribution to the national economy. The island of Crete, is one of Greece’s major tourist destinations receiving annually over 5 million tourists making regional VBD control both a public health and economic priority.MethodologyUnder the auspices of the Region of Crete, a systematic integrative surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and associated pathogens was established in Crete for the years 2018–2020. Using conventional and molecular diagnostic tools we investigated the mosquito species composition and population dynamics, pathogen infection occurrences in vector populations and in sentinel chickens, and the insecticide resistance status of the major vector species.Principal findingsImportant disease vectors were recorded across the island including Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles superpictus. Over 75% of the sampled specimens were collected in the western prefectures potentially attributed to the local precipitation patterns, with Cx. pipiens being the most dominant species. Although no pathogens (flaviviruses) were detected in the analysed mosquito specimens, chicken blood serum analyses recorded a 1.7% WNV antibody detection rate in the 2018 samples. Notably detection of the first WNV positive chicken preceded human WNV occurrence in the same region by approximately two weeks. The chitin synthase mutation I1043F (associated with high diflubenzuron resistance) was recorded at an 8% allelic frequency in Lasithi prefecture Cx. pipiens mosquitoes (sampled in 2020) for the first time in Greece. Markedly, Cx. pipiens populations in all four prefectures were found harboring the kdr mutations L1014F/C/S (associated with pyrethroid resistance) at a close to fixation rate, with mutation L1014C being the most commonly found allele (≥74% representation). Voltage gated sodium channel analyses in Ae. albopictus revealed the presence of the kdr mutations F1534C and I1532T (associated with putative mild pyrethroid resistance phenotypes) yet absence of V1016G. Allele F1534C was recorded in all prefectures (at an allelic frequency range of 25–46.6%) while I1532T was detected in populations from Chania, Rethymnon and Heraklion (at frequencies below 7.1%). Finally, no kdr mutations were detected in the Anopheles specimens included in the analyses.Conclusions/SignificanceThe findings of our study are of major concern for VBD control in Crete, highlighting (i) the necessity for establishing seasonal integrated entomological/pathogen surveillance programs, supporting the design of targeted vector control responses and; ii) the need for establishing appropriate insecticide resistance management programs ensuring the efficacy and sustainable use of DFB and pyrethroid based products in vector control.