Growing Chick Embryos Research Articles

Effect of the goitrogen methimazole on skeletal muscle growth of chick embryos

The effect of methimazole (MMI) treatment on the body growth of chick embryos, with particular reference to skeletal muscle growth, was ascertained during the second half of embryogenesis. MMI-induced hypothyroidism is easily achieved and the optimum effective dose appears to be 2.5 mg/100 g body wt/day. When this dose is administered from 10 through 19 days of incubation, the following parameters at 20 days of incubation are reduced below control levels by the percentages indicated in parentheses: body wt (38%), shank-toe length (20%a), gastrocnemius muscle weight (50%), gastrocnemius total actin (75%), gastrocnemius total crude fibrillar protein (60%), sartorius muscle weight (48%), sartorius total actin (65%), and sartorius total crude fibrillar protein (50%). Muscle DNA levels were not appreciably altered by the MMI treatment. Most of the effect of hypothyroidism on body weight and muscle growth becomes apparent between 17 and 20 days of incubation when there are normally large increases in these parameters. The effects of MMI were counteracted, in part, by thyroxine replacement from 16 through 19 days of incubation. The effect of MMI administration from 10 through 19 days of incubation was compared to the effectiveness when administered from 10 through 14 or 15 through 19 days. At 20 days of incubation, body weight and gastrocnemius muscle weight and actin content were affected nearly the same following either 5-day treatment as following 10-day MMI treatment. Apparently, early hypothyroidism effects a change in body and gastrocnemius muscle growth which persists after withdrawal of MMI. Also, this early influence of thyroid deprivation does not seem to be required for a nearly full effect of MMI-induced hypothyroidism on these parameters from 15 to 20 days of incubation.

Adrenergic sensitivity of circulation in the chick embryo.

ARTICLESAdrenergic sensitivity of circulation in the chick embryoH GirardH GirardPublished Online:01 Feb 1973https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1973.224.2.461MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByThe cardiovascular systemHeart ventricular histology and microvasculature together with aortic histology and elastic lamellar structure: A comparison of a novel dual-purpose to a broiler chicken line21 March 2019 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 14, No. 3The Cardiovascular SystemUltrastructural evidence of a vesicle-mediated mode of cell degranulation in chicken chromaffin cells during the late phase of embryonic developmentJournal of Anatomy, Vol. 214, No. 3Circulatory system in chicken skeletal muscle in the second half of embryogenesis: Shape, blood flow, and vascular reactivity6 April 2009 | Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, Vol. 40, No. 2Prenatal Development of Cardiovascular Regulation in Avian Species12 June 2009Impact of Hypoxia on Early Chick Embryo Growth and Cardiovascular FunctionPediatric Research, Vol. 59, No. 1Evolution of the microvascular distensibility during the embryo growth. Example of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)ITBM-RBM, Vol. 26, No. 2Maturation of cardiovascular control mechanisms in the embryonic emu( Dromiceius novaehollandiae )Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 206, No. 15α-Adrenergic contribution to the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxemia in the chick embryoA. L. M. Mulder, C. A. van Goor, D. A. Giussani, and C. E. Blanco1 December 2001 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 281, No. 6Differential Phosphodiesterase Activity Contributes to Restrictive Endothelial Barrier Function during AngiogenesisMicrovascular Research, Vol. 62, No. 3Ontogeny of cholinergic and adrenergic cardiovascular regulation in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus)Dane Crossley, and Jordi Altimiras1 September 2000 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 279, No. 3Contractile and relaxing reactivity in carotid and femoral arteries of chicken embryosFerdinand A. C. le Noble, Karin Ruijtenbeek, Susanne Gommers, Jo G. R. de Mey, and Carlos E. Blanco1 April 2000 | American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Vol. 278, No. 4Cyclic GMP-Mediated Macromolecular Extravasation from Angiogenic Microvessels In Vivo13 July 2009 | Endothelium, Vol. 7, No. 3Increased expression of VE-cadherin correlates temporally with differentiation of a restrictive endothelial barrier during normal angiogenesis in vivoTissue and Cell, Vol. 31, No. 6Modulation of Angiogenic Endothelial Permselectivity by the cAMP PathwayMicrovascular Research, Vol. 57, No. 1Cardiac output distribution in response to hypoxia in the chick embryo in the second half of the incubation time22 September 2004 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 508, No. 1Vascular effects of endothelin-1 in stage 21 chick embryosHeart and Vessels, Vol. 12, No. 6Changes in Mean Chorioallantoic Artery Blood Flow and Heart Rate Produced by Hypoxia in the Developing Chick EmbryoPediatric Research, Vol. 42, No. 3Abnormal Cardiac Sensory Innervation Associated with Experimentally Induced, Electrocardiographic Long QT Intervals in Chick EmbryosPediatric Research, Vol. 39, No. 1Respiratory function of catecholamines during the late period of avian developmentRespiration Physiology, Vol. 83, No. 3Age-Dependent Heart Rate Response to Phenylephrine in Chick EmbryosAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 588, No. 1 Embryonic OriThe effects of cardioteratogenic doses of caffeine on cardiac function in the 3-day chick embryoJournal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 7, No. 3The effect of isoproterenol on cardiovascular function in the stage 24 chick embryoTeratology, Vol. 31, No. 1The ontogeny of the response of the avian embryo heart to autonomic neurotransmitters and to neurotransmitter-like drugsPharmacology & Therapeutics, Vol. 20, No. 1Chronotropism and blood flow patterns following teratogenic doses of catecholamines in 5-day-old chick embryosTeratology, Vol. 16, No. 3Pharmacology of Heart Cells During Ontogenesis More from this issue > Volume 224Issue 2February 1973Pages 461-469 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1973 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1973.224.2.461PubMed4686503History Published online 1 February 1973 Published in print 1 February 1973 Metrics

Incubator for Growing Chick Embryos in Vitro and in Ovo

Two chick incubators, with inside dimension 61 cm. H, 66 cm. W, 71 cm. D, were designed and constructed to meet critical control of temperature, atmosphere, humidity, and air borne bacteria. Construction was of plywood laminated to 2.5 cm. polystyrene insulation. The top and front had plexiglas and glass ports respectively, for visibility. Air entered the incubator from the top and bottom after being heated by a hair-dryer type heater-blower. It exited on the left and right sides. A controlled atmosphere chamber, 17 cm. H, 30 cm. W, 35 cm. D; 36 embryos capacity, was supported on a frame 15 cm. from all sides within the incubator. Temperature was controlled between 37.8–37.9°C. by a thermistor-regulator. Temperature at the level of the chick embryos was monitored with YSI Telethermometer using a probe thermistor. The inner chamber was purged with room air supplied by an aquarium air pump. The air entered the front of the inner chamber after passing through a series of flasks of water and a bacteriological filter, and exited from the rear. Chick embryos incubated in opened shells (2.5 cm. diam.) in these incubators lived to 18 days when experiments terminated.

Respiratory acidosis with partial metabolic compensation in chick embryo blood during normal development

“Venous” pH from extracorporal circulation of chick embryos shows a fall from 7.52 at 5 days of incubation to 7.31 at 19 days, with a plateau at 7.38 between 13 and 17 days. “Venous” P CO 2 , increases from 14 Torr at 7 days to 45 Torr at 15–19 days. Blood bicarbonate increases from 11 meq L at 7 days to 28 and 24 meq L at 15 and 19 days respectively. Standard bicarbonate increases from 13 meq L at 7 days to 27 and 23 meq L at 15 and 19 days respectively. The growing chick embryo develops a relative respiratory acidosis, which is partially compensated by an increase of [HCO − 3]. A stabilization at a maximal degree of acidosis is reached between 15 and 19 days. Initiation of lung ventilation at 19 days with pipped shell reverses the tendency.

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYO BRAIN

Abstract–Acetylcholinesterase has been assayed at different stages of development to see whether changes in the activity of this enzyme are correlated in any way with the ontogenesis of electrical activity in the brain of growing chick embryo. The specific activity of the enzyme was highest in the synaptosomal fraction of the brain. The activity of the enzyme increased progressively with the age of the embryo. There were three isozymic forms of the enzyme in the 6‐day‐old embryo brain. A new isozyme appeared around the 9th day. The Km values of the enzyme for acetylthiocholine from 6‐ and 20‐day‐old embryo brains were 6.5 ± 10‐5m and 3.3 ± 10‐5m respectively. Enzyme preparations from 6‐day‐old embryos were found to lose 50 per cent of their activity when heated at 50°C for 10 min. Under similar conditions the loss in activity in 18‐day‐old embryo brain enzyme was 22 per cent.

Effect of the proline analogue azetidine-2-carboxylic acid on collagen synthesis in vivo I. Arrest of collagen accumulation in growing chick embryos

Previous studies demonstrated that the proline analogue azetidine-2-carboxylic acid was incorporated in collagen synthesized in vitro and that the collagen containing the analogue was extruded from cells at a decreased rate. In the present study azetidine-2-carboxylic acid was administered for a 5-day period to rapidly growing chick embryos and it was found that the analogue arrested the accumulation of collagen in the embryos. The effect on collagen accumulation was always more marked than any effect on weight or non-collagen proteins and there was no histological evidence of non-specific toxicity. The decrease in collagen content was accompanied by a marked increase in the fragility of the embryos. Although an increase in the rate of collagen degradation was not completely excluded, the results suggested that the decrease in collagen content of the embryos can be explained by the intracellular synthesis of a collagen which contains the analogue and which cannot be extruded at a normal rate. After the cells have accumulated a large pool of analogue-containing collagen, they reach a new steady state in which both the rate of collagen synthesis and extrusion are decreased.

Growth of Chick Embryos in Polyethylene Bags

For the past several years we have attempted to grow chick embryos in artificial membranes. It was our hope to achieve development of chicks to hatching, as a preliminary to creating our own double yolked eggs for immunogenetic studies. Our results while not complete are worthy of mention to others. Hens eggs have been incubated in polyethylene bags and also in plastic chambers using a General Electric silicone membrane.Several types of commercial polyethylene bags were experimented with and the commercial “Baggies” were found to produce the best results.The procedure was simply to place a “Baggie” in a tall beaker with the top of the bag turned back over the rim. The egg was then cracked and emptied into the “Baggie,” which was then lifted out and the top twisted and secured in a loop with a rubber band. The loop provided a hanger for suspending the assembly on…

The effects of embryonic pars distalis grafts and albumen on the growth of chick embryos

ABSTRACT Normal chick embryos swallow and utilize the albumen in the egg between the 11th and 15th day of incubation (Witschi, 1949). They use approximately two-thirds of the yolk by the end of incubation (Romanoff & Romanoff, 1949). Thus the embryo has access to 4 g of protein in the albumen and 3 g of protein in the yolk (Romanoff & Romanoff, 1949). Embryos which have been hypo-physectomized by partial decapitation, which is the only practical way of hypophysectomizing chick embryos (Betz, 1965 a, see also the reviews of Benoit (1962) and of Hinni & Watterson (1963), do not develop an upper beak and do not swallow much of the albumen since most of it remains in the egg (Witschi, 1959; Betz, 1965b).

Determination of growth inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline for bone in organ culture.

LONG bones of premature children given tetracycline in therapeutically high dosages have shown up to 40 per cent growth inhibition during 2–4 weeks of treatment1. This effect was reversible, and approximately 2 weeks after the last administration of tetracycline the growth rate returned to normal. It is well known that large doses of tetracycline depress overall growth of chick embryos and mice2, but in other studies when therapeutic doses of tetracycline were given to rats and humans, growth inhibition was not observed3,4. It seemed probable that growth inhibition was dose dependent and that perhaps growth inhibiting concentrations of tetracycline could be reached in premature human infants, and so we decided to determine whether tetracycline would inhibit long bone growth in an organ culture system and, if so, at what concentration of tetracycline in the medium the inhibition occurred. The method developed by Proffit and Ackerman5, which evaluates growth of bone by measuring uptake of tritiated thymidine and of 14C proline from the culture medium, was used. Separate experiments indicated that, although there was some uptake of calcium-45 into bone spicules, there was no calcification of cartilage in this system. This culture method is similar to that used by Saxen6–8, who observed effects of tetracycline on calcification of immature bone in vitro but did not describe an effect on growth.

Inhibition of Growth of Chick Embryo by Inhibition of Deoxycytidylate Deaminase

Deoxyguanylate when added to chick embryos grown in explant inhibited growth and development. Deoxycytidylate deaminase activity was inhibited both in the explants and in vitro; since the effect was quite specific, it is suggested that this may represent another control mechanism for deoxynucleotide synthesis.

A Method of Growing Chick Embryos In Vitro

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE interest in growing chick embryos in vitro is not new. Romanoff (1943) used 50 ml. beakers and obtained consistently good results to 48 hours, if the embryos were not shaken. The main problem was to obtain enough fresh air without drying out the embryo. Kosin (1945) employed a 30 ml. tall form beaker. He used this method of confirming the macroscopic method of identifying fertile, unincubated germ disks. Quisenberry and Dillon (1962) employed a plastic shell and obtained normal embryonic development up to six days of age. Williams and Boone (1961) successfully grew embryos in petri dishes and in evaporating dishes. They were able to maintain embryonic growth up to six days. However, in some instances the growth rate was retarded. The object of this experiment was to test various size beakers, incubators and several types of transparent covering to determine which types of material permit proper ventilation…

Effect of cortisone and related compounds on growth and cell division in the chick embryo.

1. The effect of cortisone and related hormones on the early development and growth of chick embryos has been investigated. 2. Cortisone and related compounds produce a retardation in development and slight abnormalities in chick embryos, the effect depending on the dosage of the hormone used and the duration of treatment. 3. The mechanism involved in the retardation of growth has been found to be a depression of cell division and a disturbance of cellular movements. The effect was more pronounced in older embryos. Thus the mitotic counts showed a depression of 30% in treated embryos allowed to grow up to 24 hrs. while there was a depression of 45% in embryos grown up to 48 hrs. 4. The interference occurs at the antephase and the mitotic figures seem not affected by the treatment. Fragmentation of nuclei occurs in extreme cases of inhibition. 5. The biochemical nature of this hormonal influence has been analysed by histochemical tests which showed that a decrease in both types of nucleic acids of the cells occurred in treated embryos as evidenced by reduced basophilia. Tests also showed a greater stainability for glycogen content in embryos treated with cortisone. 6. These results have been discussed in the light of available information.

Effect of cortisone on growth of chick embryos during early embryogenesis.

Cortisone acetate was administered on the initial day of incubation and at two or three day intervals thereafter to Cornish cross-White Hampshire chick embryos. The weight and length measurements were compared with controls on the fourth, seventh and tenth incubation days. A growth retarding effect of cortisone was demonstrated, which was more strikingly manifested in the alteration of the average length of the embryo in the earliest period, and in the alteration in average weight in the later periods. With this demonstration of growth retardation as early as the fourth day of incubation, it would appear unlikely that this effect is due to a suppression of somatotropin secretion by the hypophysis, since the latter is not fully differentiated prior to the tenth day. It would appear more likely that this effect represents a direct inhibition of protein synthesis and growth by cortisone.

Effect of Glucagon on Growth of Chick Embryo

SummaryThe effect of highly purified, crystalline glucagon on the weight of chick embryos was studied in a series of 5 experiments and using a wide range of doses. No significant effect on weight of embryos was observed. It is suggested that a previous report of significant increases in embryo weight induced by glucagon may have been due to contaminants in the relatively crude glucagon preparation used.

STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF VITAMIN BT (CARNITINE)

1. The procedure in the bio-assay of BT (carnitine) with the use of Tenebrio molitor as the subject has been described. The minimum requirements of carnitine to give optimal survival and nearly optimal growth of the Tenebrio larva are 0.35 µg. per gram of the dry diet. For optimal growth 1.5 µg. per gram are required.2. Yeast and Neurospora contain about 35 µg. carnitine/g., and wheat 7-14 µg./g. No evidence of the presence of carnitine could be obtained from Escherichia coli, Tetrahymena geleii and corn.3. Synthesis of carnitine takes place in two insect species (Dermestes and Phormia) which do not require it in the diet, while Tenebrio, which requires it in the diet, shows no sign of synthesis under any conditions. The growing Tenebrio larva retains more than 50% of the carnitine which it takes up in the diet.4. Little carnitine was found in the hen's egg. It is synthesized in sizeable quantities in the growing chick embryo.5. In mammalian tissues, by far the largest quantities of carnitine, about 1000 ...

A Comparison by Means of the Complement-Fixation Test of the Relative Potencies of Chloramphenicol, Aureomycin, and Terramycin in Experimental Q Fever Infections in Embryonated Eggs

Abstract In the course of screening a series of compounds for anti-rickettsial activity, a procedure was investigated which takes advantage of the complement-fixation test as a means of estimating rickettsial growth in chick embryos. The anti-rickettsial activity of compounds has previously been assessed in infected chick embryos either by measuring the increase in prolongation of life or by determining the infectiousness of the yolk sacs of treated embryos at various times after treatment or by a combination of these two methods (1–6). The anti-rickettsial effectiveness of compounds has also been estimated in terms of the numbers of organisms observed in stained smears made from infected tissues (7, 8). These methods have their limitations and defects. A test for antibiotic activity should measure, as directly as possible, the effect of the test substance on the numbers of organisms present at any time following treatment, as compared with the untreated controls.

Effect of Folic Acid, "4-Amino" Folic Acids and Related Substances on Growth of Chick Embryo.

SummaryThe “4-amino” pteroylglutamic acids profoundly inhibit the growth of the chick embryo, with the production of developmental abnormalities. These compounds are active in the range of 0.003 to 0.005 mg/egg, and their actions are not prevented by large doses of folic acid. The “4-amino” folic acids with aspartic acid, threonine and alanine substituted for the glutamic acid are considerably less toxic but produce similar toxicological effects. Other compounds allied to folic acid are relatively non-toxic and do not possess the growth-inhibitory activity of the “4-amino” compounds.2,6-diaminopurine, at LD30 doses, does not seem to be an active growth inhibitor, but it produces a pale embryo, presumably deficient in hemoglobin.

The Shape of the Chick Embryo Growth Curve

The Shape of the Chick Embryo Growth Curve

Problems Involved in Full-Color Reproduction of Growing Chick Embryo

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Effect of Multiple Turning upon Growth of Chick Embryos

THE influence of turning upon hatchability of eggs has been extensively studied, but the author is not aware of any evidence showing the effect of turning upon embryonic growth. Use is generally made of daily wet weights in studying embryonic growth, but differences in other procedure often make a comparison of investigations difficult. In this connection it is interesting to note that Romanoff (1929) showed that nine investigators obtained approximately the same growth curves when their data were grouped and a graphical comparison was made. While the important physical factors had a direct effect in producing the variability in these data, the lack of closer agreement might be due, in part, to a difference in the number of daily turnings which these investigators used.EXPERIMENTALThe eggs were selected for uniformity in size, shape, and shell texture from a flock of 42 S. C. White Leghorn yearling hens. The two .