SPSS Chi-square Test Research Articles

Brand awareness and preference towards shampoo products in Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu

In the present global market scenario, brand has become vital for the business enterprise. Now a days, consumers are more interested in buying the branded products. Creating brand awareness among the consumers is the challenging job for the marketers. Therefore, it becomes necessary for the marketers or manufacturers to understand the factors attracting purchasers or buyers towards the brand. The aim of this study is to examine the brand awareness in agrarian area of Thiruvarur District and to study the factors influencing the preference for branded shampoo products. This paper has attempted to identify the factors influencing brand preference towards shampoo products. For conducting the research, descriptive and analytical research design were used and data were collected through random sampling of 246 respondents. The data were analysed and hypotheses were tested, by using percentage and chi-square test in SPSS. The result of this paper showed that there was significant difference between age and brand preference and important factors, influencing for brand preference towards shampoo products, were quality, brand name and special offer for promotion.

Primary Causes for Tooth Extraction Among Patients Attending The IIUM Kulliyyah Of Dentistry Polyclinic

Introduction: To investigate the pattern and major causes of tooth extraction among patients attending IIUM Kulliyyah of Dentistry Polyclinic. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study. Total 1036 number of tooth extraction done in the polyclinic were recorded to determine the causes of tooth extraction among patients attending the Polyclinic IIUM. Study period was from year 2012 to 2015. Collecting patients’ information was required from Pearl dental system and clinical year students’ Oral Surgery Department logbooks. Information includes patient’s name, identity card number, diagnosis and indications for dental extractions noted for each case. Other demographic features such as age, gender and race were analysed by using SPSS Chi-Square test. Result: The major causes of tooth extraction were dental caries 53.3%, periodontal problem 20.9%, impaction 7.7%, orthodontic reason 4.6%, malposted 3.6%, pre-prosthetic 0.9% and other reasons 8.9%. Among races, Malay had highest tooth extraction cases which were 85.2%, followed by Chinese 11.2%, Indian 2.8% and others 0.8%. Based on gender, female had total of 56.6% of tooth extraction while male 43.4%. Highest prevalence of extraction was patients’ age between 21 to 40 years old (44.4%) followed by age between 41 to 60 years old (35.5%). Conclusion: Dental caries is the major causes for tooth extraction among patients attending IIUM Kulliyyah of Dentistry Polyclinic.

Evaluation of the Accuracy of Human Kallikrein6, Cancer Antigen125, and Human Epididymis 4 in Predicting Ovarian Cancer

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of hK6, HE4, and CA125 in predicting the malignancy of ovarian mass.
 Methods: The design of this study was cross-sectional. This study was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, between the period of September 2014 and August 2016. Samples were all patients with ovarian tumors who underwent surgery at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Data analysis was performed using McNemar and chi square test in SPSS for windows version 17.0.
 Results: 22 samples were obtained. P > 0.05 value of age and parity variables indicated no differences between the two groups. There is no accuracy differences (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) of hK6 compared to histopathology examination in diagnosing ovarian cancer (p = 1). There is no accuracy differences (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) of HE4 compared to histopathology examination in diagnosing ovarian cancer (p = 1). There is no accuracy difference (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) of CA125 compared to histopathology examination in diagnosing ovarian cancer (p = 0.687).
 Conclusion: There was no accuracy differences (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) found between hK6, CA125, HE4 compared to histopathology examination in predicting ovarian cancer.
 [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 5-2: 110-113]
 Keywords: cancer antigen 125, human epididymis-4, human kallikrein 6, ovarian cancer

Effects of Administering Prophylactic Acetaminophen on Short-term Complications of Vaccination in 6-month-old Infants.

Background:We aimed to assess the effects of administering prophylactic acetaminophen on short-term complications of vaccination in 6-month-old infants admitted to a private pediatric clinic in Rasht (Iran) during 2002–2013.Methods:This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 696, infants aged 6-month-old admitted to a pediatric clinic in Rasht before vaccination during 2002–2013. Overall, 31 infants were excluded during the course of the study. While prophylactic acetaminophen was administered in 322 participants (intervention group), 343 infants (control group) received acetaminophen after vaccination. Data were collected by a checklist including complications such as fever, drowsiness, anorexia, seizure, long and excessive crying, mood change, pain, and wound at the site of injection, abscess, induration, limb swelling, and erythema. The time of occurrence of each complication was also recorded. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test in SPSS 16.0. P < 0.05 was considered significant.Results:Six hundred sixty-five participants (49.6% boy) were assessed in this study. The intervention and control groups had no significant difference in terms of sex distribution (P = 0.53). Short-term complications occurred in 45% of the infants. The most common complications were erythema (24.4%), induration (19.9%), and low-grade fever (16.1%). There was a significant relation between administering prophylactic acetaminophen and the incidence of low-grade fever (P = 0.01), induration (P = 0.01), and anorexia (P = 0.03).Conclusions:Our findings indicated the efficacy of prophylactic acetaminophen in reducing postvaccination complications in a population of Iranian infants. According to our findings, further research is required to determine the preferred dose and time of administering acetaminophen.

Adolescent brushing and its association with parents′ socio-economic status

Sir, Tooth brushing is an effective method of cleaning smooth surfaces of the teeth and disturbing plaque colonies where accessible.[1] Studies showed that children's oral health is associated with parents’ socio-economic status (SET).[2,3] Oral hygiene is considered one of the primary health care (PHC) components in Iran. In terms of the brushing practice and its importance in dental caries prevention, the current study was conducted to investigate brushing rate and its relation with parents’ EST among female high school students in Gorgan city, northern part of Iran, 2011. In a cross-sectional study, 300 eligible 11th-grade female students were selected through cluster sampling. We randomly selected 5 high schools and recruited all students in every high school. Data were collected through individual interviews using a valid and reliable questionnaire, which included family income, maternal education, father's education, mother's and father's occupation, weight, height, family size and the question toward brushing. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test in SPSS 18 software. Results of the study showed that 62% brushed on a regular basis, 27.7% brushed irregularly and 10.3% never brushed. The rate of brushing was influenced by income (χ2 = 21.37, P < 0.001), parents’ education (χ2 = 29.44, P < 0.001) and father's occupation (χ2 = 31.42, P < 0.001). Students who had a better economic status, having had higher-educated parents and employed fathers brushed significantly more than others. Students who had a low income, low-educated parents, and unemployed or collar workers as their fathers brushed significantly less than other students. A large percentage of students don’t regularly brush, which is consistent with other studies in this area.[4,5] Today's female students are tomorrow's mothers who have a great influence on their children's home care habits like brushing. Therefore, we recommended appropriate intervention especially educational intervention for increasing the rate of brushing among high school female students. In this regard, we should pay more attention to students whose fathers have poor economic status and are illiterate, less educated, unemployed and collar workers.

Comparative study of the toxicity of 5-fluorouracil-adriamycin-cyclophosphamide versus adriamycin-cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel in carcinoma breast

When cure is possible treatment should be undertaken despite life-threatening toxicities. Fluorouracil-Adriamycin-Cyclophosphamide (FAC) and Adriamycin-Cyclophosphamide (AC-P) are two popular regimens used in the treatment of carcinoma breast and the data regarding the toxicity profile of the AC-P regimen is scarce in the South Indian population. To study the severity of different types of toxicities seen in patients on FAC and AC-P regimens, to grade the toxicity according to the World Health Organization (WHO) toxicity grading, and to compare the same. A prospective observational study, with 50 patients in each regimen, was conducted in the Department of Radiotherapy between February 2007 and July 2008. The high risk patients received the AC-P regimen and the rest received the FAC regimen. The toxicities developed were graded according to the WHO guidelines. The data was analyzed using the chi square test in SPSS 16. Anemia, hyperpigmentation, stomatitis, and diarrhea were significantly high (P < 0.05) in patients receiving the FAC regimen, whereas, leukopenia, myalgia, arthralgia and peripheral neuropathy were significantly high (P < 0.05) in patients receiving the AC-P regimen. The Karnofsky performance status was higher in patients receiving the AC-P regimen. Although both the regimens had different toxicity profiles the quality of life was better for patients on the AC-P regimen.

Evaluation of childhood autopsies in Sivas, Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine the features and changes in the medicolegal childhood deaths that occurred in Sivas, Turkey; and to contribute in the establishment of a database on childhood deaths. The authors evaluated the deaths of children aged to 0 to 18 years, whose autopsies were performed in Sivas Cumhuriyet University between 2006 and 2009. The childhood deaths were reviewed with respect to sex, age, event region, event date, event type, creme scene, cause of death. The evaluation of 90 cases was made by use of Chi-square test in SPSS (Ver: 10.0). During four years, of 547 forensic death cases that underwent autopsy, 90 were aged between 0 to 18 years. 57 (63.3%) of the cases were male. The main cause of death was traffic accident in 24 (26.7%) cases. In order to avoid children deaths, the preventive and curative health services should be strengthened, and the training programs must be provided for parents. To avoid child abuse, it should be a concern of the government bodies and civil society. As a result, the child protection programme is needed in our regions and new regulations should be enacted to protect children against accidents, injuries, hazards and abuse. Key words: Childhood deaths, accident, abuse, autopsy, forensic medicine.

Observations of differences in laterality imbalance of breast biopsies and breast disease between Caucasian and African American women

10781 Background: A number of published reports have indicated that the left breast is at greater risk of cancer than the right breast (laterality imbalance) in women of all ages. In addition, a woman’s left breast is usually larger than her right breast. In the Clinical Breast Care Project, more than 2400 subjects have been enrolled following HIPAA compliant, IRB approved protocols. Of these, 1200 have undergone a biopsy and completed demographic and pathological questionnaires. We investigated whether there is a laterality imbalance among the patients with respect to ethnicity, menopausal status or pathological diagnoses. Methods: Female patients with biopsies on only one breast whose pathological questionnaire was completed within 90 days of the demographical questionnaire were included in this analysis but patients who were surgically post-menopausal were excluded. Multiple biopsies on one breast for each woman were counted as one event. For statistical analysis, Pearson’s chi-square test in SPSS was used. Results: Of the 1200 patients, 708 (546 caucasian; CA and 172 African American; AA) satisfied the above criteria. Although the total number of biopsy events are essentially evenly distributed on either breast for either ethnicity, statistical analysis showed that post menopausal CA women have fewer biopsy events on the left breast (41%, n=264) than their pre-menopausal counterparts (52%, n = 282; p &lt; 0.05); On the contrary, post-menopausal AA women have significantly more biopsy events on the left breast (62%, n=50) than their pre-menopausal counterparts (42%, n = 122; p = 0.02). Further analysis based on pathological diagnoses indicated that benign, pre-menopausal, AA patients have fewer events on the left breast (42%, n = 98) compared to CA (54%, n = 211; p &lt; 0.05). Discussions: Despite the small sample size, the data nonetheless suggest that there are significant, menopausal status dependent, laterality imbalances of breast disease biopsy among CA and AA women. These differences await evaluation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Prevalence of Insomnia and Factors Associated with it Among the Elderly People of Sarangdanda VDC in Panchthar District

Insomnia is one of the major and unsolved problems in older people. Most of the sleep studies report that the different forms of insomnia like Difficulty Initiating Sleep (DIS), Difficulty Maintaining Sleep (DMS) and Non-Restorative Sleep (NRS) are common among the elderly that are associated to many factors. The objective of the study was to measure the prevalence of insomnia and the factors associated to it among the elderly people. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 142 elderly people of and above 60 years of age in Sarangdanda VDC of Panchthar District of Eastern Nepal. The presence or absence of insomnia and the associated factors were assessed on them by the help of interview schedule. The results were analyzed using chi-square test in SPSS (version 11.5). DMS was the most common reported form of insomnia among the elderly followed by DIS and NRS. Association between insomnia and each of factors like use of tobacco before sleeping hours, eating too close to bedtime, use of tea/coffee before sleeping hours and use of alcohol before sleeping hours were statistically significant at 95% level of confidence. Insomnia affects a large proportion of elderly and is triggered by many factors like use of tobacco before sleeping hours, use of tea/coffee before sleeping hours, eating too close to bedtime and use of alcohol before sleeping hours. Keywords: Alcohol; tea/coffee; difficulty initiating sleep (DIS); difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS); non-restorative sleep (NRS); tobacco DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4517 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.129-142