Chi-square Statistical Test Research Articles

The Relationship Between Maternal Employment and The Development of Children Toddler 1-3 Years of Age in The Working Area Puskesmas Kalabbirang, Minasatene Sub-district, Pangkep District

Development is the increase in ability (skill) in more complex body structures and functions in a regular and predictable pattern, as a result of the maturation process. Here it involves the process of differentiation of body cells, body tissues, organs, each of which can fulfill Function: Research Objective: To determine the relationship between mother's work and the development of children aged toddlers (1-3 years) in the working area of the Kalabbirang health center, Minasatene sub-district, Pangkep district.
 Analytical Survey research design with a Cross Sectional study approach. Samples were drawn using purposive sampling technique from 32 respondents. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire. The collected data was processed using the Chi-Square statistical test using the computer program SPSS version 11.5.
 In general, it can be concluded that based on the results of the research conducted, several suggestions can be made to related parties regarding the relationship between maternal employment and the development of toddler children aged 1-3 years. For the Kalabbirang Community Health Center, Minasa te'ne District, Pangkep Regency, so that in this case the nursing staff who carry out nursing care can pay attention to the impact where patients experience conditions where there is a threat of serious illness and a care environment that makes patients feel isolated from other people so as to prevent stress from occurring. and the patient's psychological problems.

CORRELATION BETWEEN THE ACCURACY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC CODES FOR RESPIRATORY CASES IN HOSPITAL INPATIENTS

Accuracy of writing terminology medical necessary to get accurate diagnosis code. Based on results studies introduction to document record medical patient take care Inpatient diagnosis of respiratory cases carried out at Mitra Pedan General Hospital was found to be 60% inaccurate medical terminology and 40% diagnostic code inaccuracies. This research aims to determine the relationship between accuracy in writing medical terminology and accuracy respiratory case diagnosis code for the patient take care stay. Deep method study This namely analytics with a retrospective approach. Amount population 530 documents with sample a total of 229 documents use proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Research instruments include observation guidelines, interview guidelines, checklists, and ICD – 10. Data management by editing, coding, classification, tabulation, cleaning, and data presentation. Analysis using univariate and bivariate. Accuracy writing diagnoses in respiratory cases was more than 140 documents (61%). big rather than inaccuracy as many as 89 documents (39%). For accuracy accurate respiratory case diagnosis code more than 195 documents (85%). big than inaccuracy as many as 34 documents (15%). Data is processed with the Chi-Square statistical test using SPSS, the p value is = 0.149 so p> 0.05. In conclusion namely H0 accepted and Ha rejected, meaning that there is no connection between accuracy of writing medical terminology with accuracy of respiratory case diagnosis codes at Mitra Pedan General Hospital in 2022. This because in handle inaccuracy writing medical terminology, coding officers will confirm directly with doctor so that the resulting diagnosis code still accurate.

19 Characterization of Neurodevelopmental Comorbidities within a Paediatric Population with a First Epileptic Seizure

Abstract Background Epilepsy is the most common paediatric neurological disorder. An estimated 4% of the general population will have an unprovoked epileptic seizure at least once in their lifetime. Of these, about 40% will experience a recurrence within two years. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) established that one part of the definition of epilepsy was the onset of a first seizure with a recurrence risk of more than 60% over 10 years. However, except for epileptiform abnormalities and a structural-metabolic etiology present on the electroencephalogram (EEG), very few known factors are consistently associated with first epileptic seizures. Objectives Our study’s objective was to characterize neurodevelopmental comorbidities, namely attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), anxiety, depression, gross motor delay and language delay, in patients following a first epileptic seizure as compared to healthy controls. Design/Methods Children referred in neurology for a first suspected epileptic seizure, between June 2016 and June 2018 at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), underwent EEG and neurological evaluations. For screening of comorbidities, parents completed age-appropriate M-CHAT-R/F, SCQ, ASQ-3, SCARED, and CES-DC questionnaires via a web platform adapted from CHADIS. Questionnaire scores were adjusted for age and sex and analyzed via a Student’s t-test. The prevalence of comorbidities was analyzed via a chi-square statistical test. Results A total of 72 subjects aged between 1 month and 18 years (42 males, 30 females) were enrolled in the study. Patients with a first epileptic seizure (n=37) showed significantly more comorbidities compared to the healthy subjects (54% vs. 31%, p<0.05). Patients with a first epileptic seizure had significantly more language delay (50%, p=0.015), ADHD (45%, p=0.008), and a significantly higher score in the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) (p=0.03), compared to healthy subjects. Conclusion Our results confirm the increased rate of comorbidities in children with a first epileptic seizure and, thus, the importance of concomitant screening for those disorders at the time of the initial presentation.

A cross-sectional study on factors influencing patient participation in undergraduate medical education in a public and private hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa

BackgroundThe active involvement of patients in medical education is a common practice globally. Despite this, there is a global paucity of data on patients’ views on their role in medical education. As such this study aimed to identify factors that influence patient participation in undergraduate medical education in public and private hospitals in Johannesburg.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted, using a 23-question, self-designed, paper questionnaire to collect data on patients’ perceptions of student involvement in their care – with regard to consent, confidentiality, ethics, and patient preferences. Participants were recruited on a voluntary basis in the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Gynaecology, at selected hospital sites. Fisher’s Exact and Chi-Square statistical tests were used where appropriate.ResultsTwo hundred and one adult patients, comprised of 150 public sector patients and 51 private sector patients, completed the questionnaire. One hundred and sixty-nine patients (84,1%) were willing to participate in undergraduate medical education and no notable difference between these sectors was demonstrated (p = 0,41). The results further demonstrated that the main factors influencing patient participation in undergraduate medical education across both sectors were (1) the presence of a supervising professional, (2) the perceived degree of invasiveness of a procedure, and (3) the perceived expertise of the student. In addition, data across other key themes such as consent, confidentiality, ethics, and patient preferences and perceptions were elucidated.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the majority of inpatients across the public and private sectors are willing to participate in undergraduate medical education to facilitate the development of healthcare professionals. It also demonstrated that most patients have a positive experience. However, more measures of quality informed consent need to be instituted to optimise the current role of the South African public health sector, whilst facilitating the development of a similar role for the South African private sector in future clinical education. In addition, further research is necessary to evaluate these findings in a South African context.

Curriculum preferences of physical education teachers in primary schools: differences in length of pedagogical practice

Purpose. Curriculum preferences of physical education (PE) teachers in primary schools differ, depending on educational policy, local guidelines, and particular needs of students (pupils); therefore, the survey objective was aimed at determining the curriculum preferences of PE teachers in primary schools in terms of differences in length of pedagogical practice.
 Material and methods. Curriculum preferences of PE teachers in primary schools (survey instrument) was conducted 6 months (January – June, 2022), through the purposive sampling of size (survey group) of 1 300 (100%) PE teachers in primary schools: (i) Pedagogical practice ≥10 years (n = 518, 39.84%); (ii) Pedagogical practice ˂10 years (n = 782, 60.16%). Descriptive (e.g., percentage frequency, arithmetic mean), inferential (e.g., Pearson's r, chi-square test) statistics were used to evaluate (e.g., analyze, compare) the data.
 Results. Significant differences (0.01, 0.05) between the pedagogical practice ≥10 years (n = 518, 39.84%) and ˂10 years (n = 782, 60.16%) of PE teachers (n = 1 300, 100%) were as follows: (i) Curriculum preferences of PE teachers (χ2(3) = 77.75, p = 9.35E-17); (ii) Demanding teaching activity in PE teachers (χ2(4) = 29.34; p = 6.65E-06); (iii) Undemanding teaching activity in PE teachers (χ2(4) = 30.10, p = 4.68E-06). No differences (p˃0.05), between the pedagogical practice ≥10 years (n = 518, 39.84%) and ˂10 years (n = 782, 60.16%) of PE teachers (n = 1 300, 100%), were as follows: (i) Popular teaching activity in PE teachers (χ2(4) = 6.82, p = 0.15); (ii) Unpopular teaching activity in PE teachers (χ2(4) = 8.78, p = 0.06).
 Conclusions. Curricular reform in Slovak primary schools allows PE teachers autonomy (partial) in selecting the educational content (course) in terms of meeting the specific needs of students and learning environment, in consultation with board of education (school board) in terms of meeting the particular needs of students and learning environment, recognizing the importance of PE teachers' autonomy and value of tailoring education.

The Relationship of Feeding Complementary Foods with Complete Menu on Babies Weight

Most children who experience failure to thrive are due to the practice of giving complementary food to breast milk with an incomplete menu, so one way to overcome this is to provide complementary food to complete menus of breast milk. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the provision of complete menus of complementary feeding to changes in the weight of infants aged 6-12 months. This type of study was analytical research used a cross sectional study design. This research has been conducted to 40 infants aged 6-12 months. The sample size is 37 respondents. Probability sampling method with simple random sampling technique has been use as the sampling technique. This study has conducted in midwifery independent practice in Surabaya. Data collection was obtained from weighing the baby's weight, filling in the previous weight by looking at the KMS and using a complete menu complementary feeding pattern questionnaire. Data analysis used the chi square statistical test. Statistical test of chi square found that the value of p = 0.039. There is a relationship between the provision of complete menu complementary foods with infant weight gain. It is hoped that health workers can increase information related to the provision of appropriate complementary food according to the needs of infants

Nutrition Fact Literacy in Productive Age Communities in Semarang City, Indonesia

Background: Lack of attention to reading nutritional value information labels on packaged food can harm one's health, such as an increased risk of obesity and degenerative diseases. The results of a study by the National Consumer Protection Agency stated that only 6.7% of consumers in Indonesia paid attention to nutritional value information labels. Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship between demographic characteristics and nutritional value information literacy. Methods: This quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on Semarang City residents aged 15-65. The sample size used the Slovin formula so that a minimum sample size of 1,029 respondents was selected using multistage random sampling based on characteristics of educational level and social status. The relationship between nutrition fact literacy and demographic characteristics was used using the Chi-square statistical test, and the relationship between nutrition fact literacy and body mass index using the Spearman rank statistical test. Results: The study showed that nutrition fact literacy was still problematic, 96.1%. Respondents have normal nutritional status, as much as 64.1%. Factors related to nutrition fact literacies were educational level (p=0.039, OR=1.968) and occupation (p=0.002, OR=4.668). Demographic variables unrelated are domicile, gender, marital status, and residence status. There is no relationship between nutrition fact literacy and nutritional status. Conclusions: Respondents with low nutritional value information literacy live in rural areas, are married, live with their families, have a low level of education, and do work, not in the health sector.

Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Tuberkulosis dengan Pemantauan Peran Pengawas Minum Obat (PMO)

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the role of drug supervisors (PMOs) on improving the quality of life of tuberculosis patients. This research method is quantitative research with correlation research design with a sample of 40 tuberculosis patients. The sampling technique used purposive sampling according to the inclusion criteria. Data analysis used Chi-Square test. The results showed that 29 people (72.5%) had an active PMO role. The majority of quality of life based on aspects obtained in poor physical health is 33 people (82.5%) and the overall quality of life is good as many as 26 people (65%). Chi-Square statistical test results with an Asym.Sig value of 0.034 <0.05 means that there is a significant relationship between the role of PMO and quality of life. In conclusion, PMO has a very important role in the process of treating TB patients regularly so as to improve the health status and quality of life of patients.
 
 Keywords: Quality of Life, Drug Supervisor (PMO), Tuberculosis

Hubungan Obesitas Dengan Keteraturan Siklus Menstruasi Pada Remaja

Background; Menstruation is bleeding that occurs when the uterine lining sheds. One of the factors that cause menstrual cycle irregularities is being overweight. According to the Surakarta City Health Profile, there were 8,889 cases of obesity in 2021, an increase compared to 2020 with 5,384 cases. In obese women there is an increase in estrogen production which causes an increase in androgen hormones, which can affect the development of mature follicles. Objective; This study aims to determine the relationship between obesity and menstrual cycle regularity. Method; Analytical observational research with a cross sectional research design. The population of all midwifery students at `Aisyiyah University Surakarta, totaling 142 students with a sample size of 59 respondents, used a purposive sampling technique. Primary data refers to the questionnaire sheet. The data obtained were analyzed using the Chi-Square statistical test. Results; The results showed that the analysis of the relationship between obesity and the regularity of the menstrual cycle using the Chi-Square test obtained p = 0.047. This figure is smaller than ? = 0.05, which means that there is a significant relationship between obesity and the regularity of the menstrual cycle of undergraduate students in Midwifery at `Aisyiyah University, Surakarta. The results of the Odds Ratio (OR) were also obtained at 3.187. This states that obesity increases the risk factor for irregular menstrual cycles up to 3.187 times. Conclusion; There is a relationship between obesity and the regularity of the menstrual cycle in adolescents.

Evaluation of Root Dilaceration in Permanent Anterior and Canine Teeth in the Southern Subpopulation of Iran Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

Developmental anomalies such as dilacerations can affect the eruption pattern of permanent anterior teeth. They are characterized by a curvature in the crown and roots of the teeth relative to their normal axis. This anomaly can cause some complexities in routine dental treatments such as root canal treatment, orthodontics, and surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dilaceration in maxillary and mandibular anterior and canine teeth in Shiraz, Iran using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In this retrospective study, a total of 1537 encompassed 400 CBCT images collected from 4 private radiology clinics in Shiraz were assessed. Each tooth was radiographically examined in order to diagnose root dilacerations considering their location (apical, middle, coronal), position in the jaw (maxillary or mandibular), direction (mesial, distal buccal and palatal/lingual), and severity of dilaceration (mild, moderate, and severe). The obtained data were analyzed by Chi-square statistical test and Fisher's exact test. In this study, out of 1537 studied teeth, 5.98% had dilaceration. The maxillary and mandibular canine teeth (9.8% and 9.7%, respectively) were significantly the most common teeth involved in this anomaly (p< 0.001). The distal direction with mild severity in the apical third of the root was also the most common result obtained from this study (p<0.001). In addition, there was no statistically significant relationship between gender and type of jaw regarding the prevalence of dilaceration in the studied dental groups (p=0.670 and p=0.231, respectively). In the current research, it was demonstrated through CBCT records that the prevalence of dilaceration in maxillary and mandibular anterior and canine teeth is relatively uncommon. The most prevalent dilaceration was found to be distal direction with mild severity in the apical third of the root.

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Notoprajan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a lesson learned from the pandemic

COVID-19 vaccination began in Indonesia in January 2021, with a minimum target coverage of 70% of the population. The government has delivered four doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, but doses three and four have yet to meet the target. Public acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination has varied due to the speed of the introduction and implementation of this vaccination. Meanwhile, basic information about the factor’s influencing acceptance has yet to be widely known. This study aimed to determine the relationship between sociodemographics and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Notoprajan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was used for this analytic survey. The population is 4,726 people, and the sample size is 355 people. People between the ages of 17 and 55 were eligible, as were those who had lived in Notoprajan, Ngampilan District, Yogyakarta, for at least three months. The data were analyzed using descriptive and bivariate analysis with a 95% confidence level (α=0.05) using the Chi-square statistical test. Among the six observed variables, namely age, gender, education, occupation, religion, and knowledge level, only sex significantly correlates with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. This research indicates that to increase COVID-19 vaccination, related parties need to target women directly. This is because men received 1.47 times the COVID-19 vaccination from this study compared to women.

STRATEGI MANAJEMEN NYERI BERKORELASI DENGAN INTENSITAS NYERI PADA PASIEN POST OPERASI FRAKTUR EKTREMITAS BAWAH

Surgery can cause very severe pain in patients due to surgical incisions. To treat pain in fracture patients, effective pain management is needed. The pain management provided must be able to meet the patient's needs, one of which is the need for comfort. namely pharmacology and non-pharmacology. This study aims to identify the relationship between pain intensity and pain management strategies in post lower extremity fracture patients. This research is quantitative analytic in nature with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a total sample of 43 postoperative lower extremity fracture respondents. The instrument in this study used a pain scale for pain intensity, while the pain management strategy used the American pain society patient outcome questionnaire revised, with interview collection techniques. The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between pain intensity and pain management strategies in postoperative lower extremity fracture patients. 15 people (60.0%) experienced severe pain with good pain management strategies, 10 people (40.0%) had severe pain with sufficient pain management strategies, while 17 people had moderate pain with good pain management strategies (94.4%), and moderate pain with sufficient pain management strategies in 1 person (5.6%). This is based on the results of the calculation of the chi-square statistical test obtained Pvalue = 0.014 &lt;α = 0.05. There is a relationship between pain intensity felt by patients with pain management strategies in postoperative lower extremity fracture patients at Meuraxa Hospital Banda Aceh.

Hubungan Ketepatan Kode Diagnosis Terhadap Status Klaim JKN Rawat Inap di Rumah Sakit Pelabuhan Jakarta

The accuracy of determining the diagnosis code is necessary for the benefit of patient health information in carrying out health services. The accuracy of the diagnosis code is also required for the benefit of claiming National Health Insurance (JKN). The research aims to determine the correlation between the accuracy of the diagnosis code and the status of inpatient National Health Insurance (JKN) claims. The research method was an inferential analysis with a cross-sectional research design using the chi-square statistical test. The samples of the research were 125 medical records. Samples were taken by way of proportional stratified random sampling. Based on the research results, the accuracy of determining the diagnosis code was 114 (91,2%) while the inaccuracy of determining the diagnosis code was 11 (8,8%). JKN claims received were 104 (83,2%) while JKN claims that were postponed were 21 (16,8%). The results of the chi-square statistical test obtained odd ratio value of 20,7, meaning that the correct diagnosis codes has 20,7 times chance of JKN claims approval than the incorrect diagnosis codes. The significance value obtained of 0.000. The p-value shows &lt;0.05, so Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted or there is a correlation between the accuracy of the diagnosis code and the status of inpatient JKN claims at the Pelabuhan Jakarta Hospital. This research concludes that there is a correlation between the accuracy of the diagnosis code and the status of inpatient JKN claims.

HUBUNGAN KONDISI FISIK RUMAH DENGAN PENYAKIT ISPA PADA BALITA DI DESA PAYA MABAR KECAMATAN TEBING TINGGI KABUPATEN SERDANG BEDAGAI TAHUN 2022

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the main causes of death by killing ± 4 million children under five each year. There were 108 cases of acute respiratory infection in Paya Mabar Village. This study aims to determine the relationship between the physical condition of the house and respiratory disease in toddlers in Paya Mabar Village, Tebing Tinggi District, Serdang Bedagai Regency in 2022. This type of research is an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, where the number of samples was 52 respondents. The data analysis technique used the chi-square statistical test. The results showed that there was a relationship between occupancy density (p=0.042), OR(0.618), CI(0.202-1.887), wall type (p=0.012), OR(1.000), CI( 0.275-3.643), Floor type (p=0.000), OR(0.071), CI(0.019-0.272), Roof (p=0.041), OR(1.406), CI(0.446-4.432), (p=0.026) , OR(0.230), CI(0.071-0.744), and Humidity (p=0.001), OR(9.048), CI(2.571-31.842) on ISPA Disease in toddlers. The most dominant variable was humidity with OR(9.048). Therefore, it is suggested to people who have toddlers to improve the condition of the physical environment of the house, open ventilation so that there is a change of air to avoid high humidity, always clean the home environment to prevent ARI in toddlers.

Factors that affect the activeness of the elderly in participating in prolonged gymnastics in patients with hypertension

Hypertension is a health problem often encountered in the elderly, and Prolanis gymnastics has proven beneficial in controlling blood pressure and improving their quality of life. This study aims to identify factors that affect the activeness of the elderly in participating in Prolanis gymnastics (Program for the Elderly with Hypertension) as part of efforts to manage hypertension. Quantitative research is based on the philosophy of positivism with analytical research design with a Cross-Sectional study design approach. The results of the Chi-square Statistical test on the influence of knowledge, attitudes, and motivation on the participation of older adults with hypertension in prolantic gymnastics activities obtained p-values = 0.003, 0.000, and 0.000 smaller than a = 0.05. It can be concluded that knowledge, attitudes, and motivation influence the activeness of older adults with hypertension in prolantic gymnastics activities. The results of this study provide valuable insights into how to move older adults with hypertension to participate more actively in the Prolanis gymnastics program. With the right knowledge, attitude, and motivation, it is hoped that the participation of the elderly in health programs can increase, which in turn will contribute to better management of hypertension and improvement of their quality of life.

Factors Associated with Stunting in Toddlers in the Region Bakunase Health Center in Kupang City

Stunting or short stature is a term used for children whose height is below average (&lt;-2 SD) of the same sex, chronological age and ideally from the same racial-ethnic group. Stunting can cause children to experience health problems during their growth and development, even irreversible. In the short term, stunting causes a slowdown in the process of growth and development and in the long term it will have an impact on cognitive aspects and the possibility of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, the incidence of stunting is an indicator of child welfare in a country. This study aims to analyze the factors associated with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the Working Area of the Bakunase Health Center, Kupang City. This type of research is an analytical survey, with a case control design. The number of samples was 136 people which were divided into 68 case groups and 68 control groups. The data analysis technique used the chi-square statistical test. The results showed that there was a relationship between mother's knowledge (p value = 0.000, OR = 6.667), mother's attitude (p value = 0.000, OR = 5.808), mother's parenting style (p value = 0.000, OR = 5.093), living environment ( p value = 0.000, OR = 7.538), and the incidence of diarrhea (p value = 0.002, OR = .3.175) with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the Working Area of the Bakunase Health Center, Kupang City. It was concluded that there was a relationship between mother's knowledge, mother's attitude, mother's upbringing, living environment and the incidence of diarrhea with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the Working Area of the Bakunase Health Center, Kupang City. Therefore, health promotion and cross-sector cooperation are needed to overcome the problem of stunting.

Systematic Risk and Investment Portfolio Performance of Pension Schemes in Kenya

Purpose: Life expectancy in Kenya has increased from 61 to 67 years, while the fertility rate has declined from 4.4 to 3.4 children from 2010 to 2020, implying an increasing number of pensioners at risk of old age poverty if they do not have sufficient pension. The study's general objective was to investigate the effect of systematic risk on the investment portfolio performance of pension schemes in Kenya. The specific objectives were to evaluate the relationship between interest rates, stock market index, inflation rate and economic growth as independent variables and the investment portfolio performance as the dependent variable. The study examined the moderating effect of asset allocation to various asset classes on the relationship between systematic risk and investment portfolio performance of pension schemes.&#x0D; Methodology: The study applied Panel data Regression and Maclleland two-step model. It used a census of secondary data on 1,172 pension schemes registered with Retirement Benefits Authority from 2015 to 2021.&#x0D; Findings: The R-Squared was 0.5451, meaning systematic risk variables simultaneously explained the investment portfolio performance by 54.51%. All the coefficients for the independent variables were significant at 5% level of significance. The Chi-Square test statistic showed that the moderating effect of asset allocation to Treasury Bills and Bonds quoted equities and immovable properties were not significant at 5% level of significance. Finally, the moderating effect of allocation to guaranteed funds was significant at 10% level of significance. The systematic risk variables are strong predictors of the performance of pension Schemes. Asset allocation to guaranteed funds is a strong moderator. Asset allocation to Treasury Bills and Bonds quoted equities, and immovable property are insignificant moderators.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study integrated Capital Assets Portfolio Theory, Arbitrage Theory, and Efficient Market Theory with Modern Portfolio Theory to add to existing literature, particularly in emerging markets. Policymakers should consider the effect on pension performance when setting policy rates, inflation targets and asset allocation limits. Pension practitioners should consider allocation to different assets portfolio construction to diversify risk.

The Association of Children's Blood Lead Levels and Prevalence of Stunting in Tin Mining Area in Indonesia.

Metal mining and smelting activities are regarded as major sources of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium in the environment and in humans living at the surrounding area. Among others, lead can enter and accumulate in the human body and be very influential in children's growth and development. This study aims to assess the association between children's blood lead levels and stunting in a mining area in Indonesia. A cross-sectional design was implemented by involving 193 children living in surrounding tin mining in Bangka Island, Indonesia. Venous blood was drawn and blood lead level was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Stunting status was measured by anthropometry standing height and converted to sexand age-specific Z-scores based on World Health Organization (WHO) growth reference. Children's dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall method. Statistics of chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were performed for the analyses. The geometric mean of Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) was 5.5 µg/dl (± 2.6 µg/dl; 95% CI: 5.1-5.9). The interquartile range of BLLs and height for age Z-score (HAZ) were 3.0 μg/dl and -1.5, respectively. The data revealed that 23.3% of children were stunted (HAZ < -2). The multiple logistic regression models suggest that elevated BLLs were an independent predictor of the stunting. The odds stunted blood lead concentration was elevated about 10times higher [adjusted odd ratio (AOR) = 9.75 (95% Confidence interval (CI): 3.1-30.7); p < 0.001] in comparison to the odds of normal BLLs.The BLLs of children at ages two to nine years were found associated with stunting after controlling of the mother›s education, residence and the intake of energy, protein, zinc, vitamin A, calcium and phosphorus. The study suggested that living in surrounding tin mining was dangerous for children›s health and their development.

PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN WANITA USIA SUBUR TERHADAP PERILAKU DALAM MELAKUKAN PEMERIKSAAN PAYUDARA SENDIRI (SADARI)

Cancer cases are the second leading cause of death in the world, with a total of 9.6 million deaths per year, including 65,858 cases of breast cancer. It is necessary to increase public awareness of the risk of breast cancer by carrying out early detection with the BSE method (Breast Self-Examination). This research is an analytic survey study with a cross-sectional design that aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and BSE behavior in women of childbearing age (WUS). The population in this study were all WUS in Pustu Koto Tuo, Agam Regency; the sample in this study was 50 respondents using a simple random sampling technique. The data analysis technique used was univariate and bivariate with the chi-square test. In univariate analysis, there were 20 respondents with low knowledge (40%), and 19 respondents (61.3%) had never done BSE. The Chi-squared statistical test showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge about breast self-examination (BSE) and BSE behavior, with a p value of 0.000. It is hoped that health workers can provide counseling, especially about continuous breast self-examination, to the public, especially WUS, so that they can change behavior or raise public awareness of the importance of early detection of breast cancer.

Access to Immunoglobulin Treatment for CIDP Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Immunoglobulin supplies are limited; their access for patients diagnosed with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) may have been difficult during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted with CIDP patients (n=16, 68.8% female, mean age 60.4±11.3) recruited from three Montreal tertiary care institutions. Inclusion criteria were patients over 18 years old who were receiving immunoglobulin treatment as of March 1st, 2020. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire inquiring about changes in their immunoglobulin treatment during the pandemic and about their quality of life. Their charts were reviewed by an independent investigator. We used weighted chi-squared statistical tests and Cramer’s V correlation ratios to measure associations with treatment change. Results: Eighteen months after the pandemic started, 50% of patients were receiving the same treatment, 25% were receiving immunoglobulin treatment at a different frequency, 6.3% were receiving a different dose, 12.5% were receiving a different dose and frequency, and 6.3% were receiving a different treatment. Reasons associated with treatment change were worsening of neurological condition (18.8%; Cramer’s V=0.480; p-value=0.055), improvement of neurological condition (25%; Cramer’s V=0.577; p-value=0.021) and reduced availability of treatment (6.3%; Cramer’s V=0.258; p-value=0.302). There were no significant correlations between lower quality of life (p-value=0.323) or lower Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale score (p-value=0.574) and treatment change. Conclusion: Difficulty accessing immunoglobulin treatment was infrequent and not significantly associated with treatment change for CIDP patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. A larger multicentre study across multiple sites might identify other treatment access problems resulting from the pandemic.