Chestnut Ridge Research Articles

Reevaluation of silicosis and lung cancer in North Carolina dusty trades workers : Amandus H.E. Castellan R.M. Shy C. Heineman E.F. Blair A. DRDS/NIOSH, 944 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888. Am J Ind Med 1992;22:147–153

Reevaluation of silicosis and lung cancer in North Carolina dusty trades workers : Amandus H.E. Castellan R.M. Shy C. Heineman E.F. Blair A. DRDS/NIOSH, 944 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888. Am J Ind Med 1992;22:147–153

Silicosis and lung cancer in North Carolina dusty trades workers : Amandus HE, Shy C, Wing S, Blair A, Heineman EF. Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 944 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888. Am J Ind Med 1991;20:57–70

Silicosis and lung cancer in North Carolina dusty trades workers : Amandus HE, Shy C, Wing S, Blair A, Heineman EF. Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 944 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888. Am J Ind Med 1991;20:57–70

Measurements of sulfate aerosol and its acidity in the SO 2 source region of Chestnut Ridge, PA

A study of acidic sulfate aerosol was conducted at two sites (8 km apart) along Chesnut Ridge in western Pennsylvania during November 1987. Fine (<2.5 μmad) aerosol composition was measured using dichotomous samplers with Teflon membrane filters. Three 8-h samples per day were collected for 10 days. The major species were SO 4 2− and NH 4 +, which averaged about 95 and 70 neq m −3, respectively, at both sites. The particulate acidity was less than 15 per cent of sulfate equivalents; the averages were 6–14 neq m −3 (<1.0 μg m −3 as H 2SO 4). Acidity exceeded this level only 30% of the sampling intervals at one site, with the peak value ≈ 50 neq m −3. This site received a higher frequency of upper level winds from the direction of several nearby coal-fired power plants (the nearest 5 km away), and the period of highest acidity was observed concurrently with elevated SO 2. The 3 × daily data suggest that higher acidity occurred in the overnight period (midnight to 8 a.m.) in the late fall, while sulfate had its highest levels in the morning to afternoon period.

Use of the Chestnut Ridge Inventory of Personality in Teaching Psychological Testing

A 100-item personality inventory may be used to illustrate administration, scoring, and intepretation of scores, etc., in a testing course, while avoiding potential ethical issues associated with novices' use of a standardized instrument.

Health effects of air pollution due to coal combustion in the Chestnut Ridge region of Pennsylvania: cross-section survey of children.

A cross-sectional study of 4,071 children aged 6-11 yr of age from a rural region of Western Pennsylvania was conducted in spring of 1979. Standardized children's questionnaires were distributed to the parents and returned by the children to school, where spirometry was performed. The region was divided into low-, moderate-, and high-pollution areas on the basis of the 1974-1978, 3-hr, 24-hr, and annual averages for sulfur dioxide (SO2). Seventeen monitoring stations in the region and a triangulation procedure were used to estimate centroid levels in each geographic residence area. After adjusting the respiratory symptom response outcomes and the pulmonary function levels for known predictors, no significant association was noted for level of SO2. However, the highest exposure categories were only slightly above the present annual and 24-hr National Air Quality Standards for SO2. We conclude that at levels of exposure to which these children were exposed, only by study of potentially sensitive subsets or measures of acute response would it be possible to detect respiratory outcomes associated with ambient air pollution.

Health effects of air pollution due to coal combustion in the Chestnut Ridge Region of Pennsylvania: results of cross-sectional analysis in adults.

Respiratory questionnaires (ATS-DLD-78) were administered to 5557 adult women in a rural area of Western Pennsylvania to evaluate the health effects of air pollution resulting from coal combustion. Air pollution data were derived from 17 air quality monitor sites and stratified to define low, medium, and high pollution areas. The means of 4 yr (1975-1978) annual averages for sulfur dioxide in each strata were 62, 66, and 99 micrograms/m3, respectively. Total suspended particulates were not tested as a risk factor because they reflected air pollution from sources other than coal combustion (e.g., agricultural, road dusts). Risks of respiratory symptoms were evaluated in a multiple logistic model that adjusted for several potential confounding factors. The risk of "wheeze most days or nights" in nonsmokers residing in the high and medium pollution areas was 1.58 and 1.26 (P = .02), respectively, relative to residents in the low pollution area. In the subset of residents who had lived in the same location for at least 5 yr, relative risks increased to 1.95 and 1.40 (P less than .01), respectively. An increased risk of grade 3 dyspnea in nonsmokers was associated with sulfur dioxide but did not achieve statistical significance (P = .11), and there was no association of cough or phlegm and air pollution in nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking characteristics were the major determinant of respiratory symptoms in smokers, and no independent association of air pollution was found. This study suggests that wheezing may be associated with ambient exposure to sulfur dioxide in nonsmokers, but no effect of sulfur dioxide on cigarette smokers was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Application of vitrinite reflectance anisotropy in the evaluation of coal metamorphism

Measurement of the maximum plus either the minimum or mean vitrinite reflectance provides a method for quantification of anisotropy of the reflectance. Previous research has suggested that anisotropy of vitrinite reflectance may be a direct indicator of static pressure (depth of burial) at which coal metamorphism occurred. The combination of thermal information (from vitrinite reflectance) and pressure information should, therefore, provide a means of evaluating the metamorphic history of a single coal seam or a series of coals in a sedimentary basin (given the independent placement of coal-rank parameters on a pressure-temperature grid). Occurrence of coals in strata with diagnostic metamorphic minerals is rare. Therefore, evaluation of coal metamorphic conditions can seldom proceed parallel to mineralogical evaluation of rock metamorphic conditions. Rather, the coal petrologist has generally relied upon time-temperature nomograms to estimate metamorphic temperature from coal rank. In this study, the level of organic metamorphism (LOM)-time-temperature scale of Hood and others (1975) was considered the most versatile nomogram for evaluation of metamorphic conditions. Coals from throughout the Appalachians were studied, but this study concentrates on coals from the Allegheny plateau in western Pennsylvania. Vitrinite maximum reflectance (in oil at 546 nm) and reflectance anisotropy ((R maximum − R mean )/R maximum = anisotropy) were measured on Pennsylvania coals. In order to estimate rank gradients and subsequently paleogeothermal gradients, however, it was necessary to rely upon previously published volatile matter data from the Lower Kittanning, Upper Freeport, and Pittsburgh seams. From equivalent metamorphic temperatures from the LOM-time-temperature scale and from vertical separation of the seams, paleogeothermal gradients were calculated for Somerset County, adjacent to the Allegheny front, (about 40°C/km) and for Westmoreland County to the west (about 33°C/km). Past depths of burial for both localities were calculated to have been 3.5 to 4 km for the Allegheny Group coals. Calculated gradients are each in areas on the plateau where vitrinite reflectance is nearly constant within each area. Two similar areas, for which geothermal gradient could not be calculated directly due to insufficient vertical exposure of coals, lie immediately to the north. The crustal blocks appear to be divided by the southwest-to-northeast Chestnut Ridge anticline, which marks a major tectonic division on the plateau, and by the southeast-to-northwest “Gwinn-type” lineament, which marks a northward reduction in amplitude of the plateau folds. Coal rank is 1.6% R (low volatile bituminous) in the Somerset County block (associated with the 40 °C/km gradient), 1.3% R (medium volatile) in the block northeast of the lineament (centered in Clearfield County), 0.9% R (high volatile A) in the Westmoreland County block (associated with the 33 °C/km gradient) west of Chestnut Ridge, and 0.8% R (high volatile A) in the block northeast of the lineament (Clarion County). The rank decrease west across Chestnut Ridge occurs in a zone about 50 km wide. Width of the zone of northeastward rank that decreases across the lineament is not as well defined but is probably of the same magnitude. As burial depths of the blocks appear to have been similar, the primary cause for rank variation was variation in geothermal gradients between blocks. Anisotropy did not change significantly across the region, suggesting that it can be correlated with past depth of burial.

Idle Weeds, The Life of a Sandstone Ridge by David Rains Wallace

Reviews 151 unfounded western folklore about predators, and the glaring gaps in our scientific knowledge about them. Having grown up in the Southwest, and having worked a summer for the Audubon Society in the area just north of Real County, this reviewer can testify from experience that Schueler’s presentation of the people of West Texas and New Mexico is authentic, perceptive, and fair. From extended analysis of the issues of predator control and wildlife management, Schueler moves on to his own proposals for solutions. These recognize the complex mixture of biological problems, about which we still know far too little, and “human” problems — social, cultural, economic, political. So many factors are involved, so many cross currents of special and public interest flow through these questions, that they seem insoluble. They will be answered, however, if not by deliberate decision then by default. If considered answers are to be sought, Schueler’s book constitutes a signifi­ cant contribution to the effort. Anyone, rancher or preservationist, interested in what is happening to the West will find this book informative, interesting, and provocative of new ideas. PAUL T. BRYANT, Colorado State University Idle Weeds, The Life of a Sandstone Ridge. By David Rains Wallace. (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, a Yolla Bolly Press Book. 1980. 192 pages, $12.95.) This book is a naturalist’s account of occurrences in the plant and animal worlds over the space of a year on Chestnut Ridge, a sandstone outcropping in east central Ohio. David Rains Wallace, as the omnipresent narrator, tells the ridge’s story in a highly personalized and painstakingly detailed manner. Descriptions of the subtle, or occasionally violent, changes in weather that mark the pro­ gression of the seasons and tales of the daily efforts of plant and animal residents to survive and reproduce are woven into a chronology that pro­ vides the reader with ecological insights into a common and ordinary, and therefore extremely important, type of wilderness. The book is informative and often charming, but it is not without its faults. Wallace is an acute observer, a sensitive and knowledgeable naturalist; however, in his eagerness to convey the subtleties and nuances of Chestnut Ridge, he goes overboard with detail after detail of observation. To add character and interest to his plants and animals, Wallace personifies his subjects, being careful however not to overstep the bounds of his scientific knowledge. As a result, he is trapped between two literary worlds: science and fantasy. The fantasy descriptions of the animals’ and plants’ lives are not always engaging and the scientific descriptions are not always convincing. 152 Western American Literature I am intrigued by Wallace’s omnipotence in this book. As a life long player-in-the-woods and an amateur naturalist, I know how difficult it is to see all the comings and goings of the animals that Wallace writes about. I wish he would step into his pages on occasion and explain his interaction with the residents of Chestnut Ridge. My desire to learn more about Wallace extends to his philosophical character as well. His reflections on the interaction of human culture and wildness are brief, but poignant. A person who is as keen an observer and talented a writer as Wallace has much to teach us about nature. I hope that Wallace will be able to provide us with another book in the future where he combines his descriptive talent and his personal reflections to produce a work as charming, but more stimulating, than this book. SABINE KREMP, Smithfield, Utah Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Ella E. Clark and Margot Edmonds. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1979. 171 pages, $10.95.) Ella E. Clark is Professor Emeritus of English at Washington State Uni­ versity and a writer of previous works on Indian legends. Margot Edmonds is a writer and editor whose contributions to Sacagawea justify her listing as co-author. The first section of the book is a “standard” recital of the record of the 17-year-old Shoshone Indian woman’s activities as, with papoose on her back, she accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition from St. Louis to the Pacific and back in 1804-06. Drawn...

Development of Cumberland Overthrust Block in Vicinity of Chestnut Ridge Fenster in Southwest Virginia

Major folding that apparently involved the basement initiated development of the Cumberland overthrust block near Ewing, Virginia. The Pine Mountain fault later developed as a bedding-plane thrust in the incompetent Rome Formation in the western part of area and at the base of the Maynardville Limestone in the eastern part of the area. As the fault began to grow it was deflected upward by the south limb of the primary fold from the Rome and Maynardville across several thousand feet of beds to the Chattanooga Shale. Rocks stripped from the primary fold and moved toward the northwest formed the Powell Valley anticline by duplication of beds. Frictional drag on the fault caused the north limb of the nearly rootless Powell Valley anticline to fold into the Cumberland Mountain monocline. During the final phase of the orogeny the thrust plates locked in the eastern part of the area; this initiated arching of the Pine Mountain fault upward about 5,000 feet from its original position. In the western part of the area the plates did not lock, and movement continued, skewing the axis of the Powell Valley anticline northward about 1.5 miles. Displacement in the eastern part of the area is about 4 miles and in the western part about 5.6 miles. Analysis of the structure suggests that the initial dip of the Pine Mountain fault, which in the main is a bedding-plane thrust, was predetermined by the attitude of the country rock in which the fault developed. Size and shape of major folds in the moving plate were influenced by the initial fold, the stratigraphic position of the fault, the amount of displacement and frictional resistance, root structures in the stationary block, and folding in the latter stage of deformation.

Developments in Pennsylvania in 1958

The attention of the Pennsylvania oil and gas producers was directed to 5 completions out of numerous significant wells completed in the state during 1958 in deep (Middle Devonian or older) formations. Pennsylvania's first offshore well in Lake Erie on Block No. 1 found 200 MCF of gas per day with a rock pressure of 510 psi in 24 hrs. after fracturing the Medina section (Lower Silurian). The Joe Kardosh No. 1 in Crawford County became the first basement test in the state. Pennsylvania's first deep commercial oil producer, the Lewis Forro, Jr., No. 1 in Crawford County, was completed for 27 bbls. of oil and 300 MCF of gas per day from the Medina section. The deepest producer in the state, the Royal Rhodes No. 1 in Somerset County, found 3,100 MCF of gas per day after fract ring the Oriskany sandstone (Lower Devonian) at 8,420 ft. The fifth wildcat discovered the Seven Springs field in Westmoreland County. This well, the James S. Blair No. 1, had initial production of 3,663 MCF of gas, natural, from the Onondaga chert (Middle Devonian). During 1958 there were 2 successful new-field wildcats completed, 8 successful new-pool wildcats, including one found by drilling deeper an old well, and 5 successful outpost wells. Of the unsuccessful wildcats, 9 were new-field wildcats and 8 were new-pool wildcats. Four outposts were unsuccessful. The greatest number of deep development wells were drilled in the Rockton field in Clearfield County on the northwest flank of the Chestnut Ridge anticline. This field had 32 development gas-well completions during the year, exte ding the developed area to a total of about 11,000 acres. One hundred nineteen deep wells were completed in Pennsylvania in 1958, with a total footage of 827,443 ft. Six reactivated wells drilled 330 ft. Of the 119 wells, 75 were gas wells, 2 were oil wells, and 42 were dry holes. Two new discoveries highlighted the shallow-sand (Upper Devonian or younger) territory of western Pennsylvania. The two wells discovered new gas pools in the Balltown and Big Injun sandstones in Westmoreland County. As in 1957 the secondary-recovery projects in the Bradford field and the development drilling in the gas fields dominated the shallow-sand drilling activity during 1958 which decreased from that of 1957. In all, 668 shallow-sand wells were completed. Of these, 258 were gas wells, 24 were oil wells, 46 were dry holes, and 5 were drilled for underground gas storage. Three hundred thirty-five were drilled in connection with secondary-recovery oil operations. In addition to the 668 new wells, 21 wells were deepened aside from the secondary-recovery oil operations, and 17 wells were deepened in connection with secondary-recovery oil operations. The total footage for the new and deepened wells was 1,511,911 ft. Oil production decreased from 8,210,000 bbls. in 1957 to 6,471,680 bbls. in 1958. Proved oil reserves were estimated at 120,018,000 bbls. as of December 31, 1958. Gas production decreased from 107,004,000 MCF in 1957 to 104,974,000 MCF estimated, in 1958. The total footage drilled, both shallow and deep, was 2,339,684 ft.

Bret Harte's Portrayal of Half-Breeds

B RET HARTE HAD a good deal to say about The term ID as he used it denotes anyone having in his veins the blood of more than one another term used very loosely. may mean in Harte's terminology simply a different nationality. For example, Californians-whom Harte often admiringly romanticized-are frequently referred to as members of a race, and in at least one story, he speaks of the racial divergence of the French. Color lines between Mexicans and Indians are not clearly defined. In Harte's fiction, a half-breed may be, like the young acolyte of At the Mission of San Carmel, a cross between a Mexican woman and a Yankee captain of a brigantine trading along the Mexican coast, or he may be a Spanish mongrel like Ramirez in Gabriel Conroy or like Concha in A Pupil of Chestnut Ridge. In Through the Santa Clara Wheat, the children of an octoroon slave, widow of Scipion l'Hommadieu, are called d-d French half-breeds. However, in view of the social conditions of the Western frontier, about which Harte usually wrote, it is understandable that most half-breeds in his stories are offspring of some union of a member of the Caucasian race with an American Indian. George R. Stewart, distinguished author of the most reliable biography of Bret Harte, considers Harte's treatment of these halfbreeds unusually sympathetic. Harte's sympathy for the underdog-including Chinese, Indians, Mexicans, Negroes, and Californians, who as members of minority groups were victims of prejudice and wanton cruelty-is apparent throughout his writings. The sincerity of this sympathy is evidenced in Professor Stewart's account of Harte's early protest against the massacre of the Mad River Indians, one of the most memorable chapters of the biog-

Subsurface Upper Devonian Sections in Southwestern Pennsylvania

With the exception of small inlier areas along the axes of Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge anticlines, the Upper Devonian rocks of western and southwestern Pennsylvania are concealed beneath a mantle of overlying Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian sediments. Thus, the study of this very important group of rocks becomes a problem for the subsurface stratigrapher in approximately half of the surface area of Pennsylvania. Drilling, in recent years, along Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge anticlines and also in the broad plateau area between Laurel Ridge and the Allegheny Front has yielded many excellent sections based on detailed examinations of drill cuttings. Some of these sections, in a generalized graphic form, together with additional sections in the oil- and gas-p oducing area west of Chestnut Ridge, are assembled into cross sections which illustrate the facies variations in the Upper Devonian sediments of southwestern Pennsylvania. The Conewango (uppermost Upper Devonian) age of the Devonian rocks exposed in the inlier areas of Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge anticlines is confirmed. With the exception of the Huntersville chert and Oriskany sandstone, which are Lower Devonian in age, the producing sands of southwestern Pennsylvania all appear to be younger than the highest sub-Catskill marine beds exposed along the Allegheny Front, which are generally considered as being late Chemung in age.

Subsurface Upper Devonian Sections in Southwestern Pennsylvania: ABSTRACT

With the exception of small inlier areas along the axes of Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge anticlines, the Upper Devonian rocks of southwestern Pennsylvania are concealed beneath a mantle of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian sediments. Thus, the study of this very important group of rocks becomes a problem for the subsurface stratigrapher over a third of the surface area of Pennsylvania. Drilling, in recent years, along Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge anticlines, and also in the broad plateau area between Laurel Ridge and the Allegheny Front, has yielded many excellent sections based on detailed examinations of drill cuttings. Some of these sections, in a generalized graphic form, together with additional ones located in the oil- and gas-producing area west of Che tnut Ridge, are assembled into cross sections which illustrate the facies variations in the Upper Devonian sediments of southwestern Pennsylvania. The Conewango (uppermost Upper Devonian) age of the Devonian rocks exposed in the inlier areas of Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Ridge anticlines is confirmed. With the exception of the Huntersville chert and Oriskany sandstone, which are Lower Devonian in age, the producing sands of southwestern Pennsylvania all appear to be younger than the highest sub-Catskill marine beds exposed along the Allegheny Front, which are generally considered as being late Chemung in age. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2161------------

Structural Accumulation of Natural Gas in Oriskany Sand of Tri-State Area: ABSTRACT

In the Tri-State area, comprising east-central Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia, between the highly folded structures (Chestnut Ridge anticline) on the east, and the area in which the Oriskany sand becomes patchy in its distribution on the west, seven gas pools have been found in the Oriskany sand on low-relief domes. The history of discovery, stratigraphy, structure of the surface rocks, structure of the Berea sand, convergence between the Berea and Oriskany sands, and structure on the Oriskany sand, together with development, operation, and reservoir data, are discussed for the three most important of these pools, which are Blackhawk, located in South Beaver Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, and the Knox and Round Knob located in Knox and adison townships, Columbiana County, Ohio, respectively. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2154------------

High-alumina clays of Pennsylvania

More than five million tons of high-alumina clays occur in the Curwensville and Morgan Run districts of Clearfield County, Pennsylvania. These clays, associated chiefly with the Mercer member of the Pottsville group (Pennsylvanian), are flint, and diaspore-bearing flint clays. All gradations between flint clay and nearly pure diaspore occur at the Mercer horizon.The stratigraphic position of the nodule (diaspore-bearing) clays is now shown to be only at the base of the Mercer. Consequently a datum plane now exists in the economically important Pottsville rocks where formerly structural mapping depended on the Homewood sandstone, commonly lacking, or the overlying Lower Kittanning coal of the Allegheny group.The northeast-southwest trending Laurel Hill and Chestnut Ridge anticlines are the major structural features of the two districts. Normal faulting occurs in the Morgan Run district.The clay occurs in lenticular masses which have wide ranges of thickness. Both the thickness and sporadic distribution of the clay bodies are apparently influenced by the underlying eroded surface of the Connoquenessing sandstone.From the field relations and the petrographic textures and structures it is shown that the diaspore-clays were formed partly by the leaching of silica from flint clay and partly by addition of alumina to the flint clay.

Onondaga Group of Parts of West Virginia and Virginia: ABSTRACT

The Onondaga group discussed in this paper includes all rock units between the top of the Oriskany (Ridgeley) sandstone and the base of the Marcellus formation of the Hamilton group. It corresponds in part to the Corniferous of older reports and drillers' records. Within the area described it contains two separable lithologic members, an upper shale and a lower chert. In southeastern West Virginia the group is represented mainly by the Huntersville chert, which crops out in a belt about 120 miles long in Pocahontas, Greenbrier, Monroe, and Mercer counties. In Pocahontas and Greenbrier counties it is exposed on both flanks of the Browns Mountain anticline which lies west of the Allegheny Front. In Virginia and elsewhere in West Virginia it is confined to the Valley and Ridge physiographic province, where it has been traced as far south as Saltville, Virginia. The formation contains impure chert, highly silicified shale, silicified mudrock, and, commonly, one or more prominent glauconitic sandstones. In general the Huntersville has few fossils, but at some localities there occur numerous species which the author has identified and recorded. The Hunte sville chert occupies a stratigraphic position held in northeastern West Virginia and northwestern Virginia by a shale of Onondaga age which is believed to correspond with the Needmore shale of southern Pennsylvania. The chert appears to grade laterally into this shale, although where both units are represented, the shale invariably overlies the chert. Thus, the shale is partly younger than the chert. The upper Onondaga contact is apparently conformable, but an unconformity at the base reaches great magnitude at several localities in Virginia. End_Page 902------------------------------ Wells pentrating deep horizons in West Virginia, western Pennsylvania, and eastern Ohio encounter a limestone and chert unit at the general Onondaga level. This unit is the eastern subsurface extension of the Columbus limestone of Ohio and, probably, the analogue of the Onondaga limestone of New York. It is also the precise equivalent of the Huntersville chert. Commercial gas was discovered in it (1936) along the Chestnut Ridge anticline of southwestern Pennsylvania, and a recent Oriskany test well on the same structure encountered rock pressure of 3,275 pounds in the Huntersville. Most likely the chert is a reservoir only because of brecciation. The extreme brittleness of the Huntersville is attested on the outcrop by strong fragmentation wherever it is folded. This fact suggests its potential value as a gas and, possibly, an oil reservoir wherever deformation has caused brecciation at depth. End_of_Article - Last_Page 903------------

Oil and Gas Possibilities of Kentucky

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 52, 1916, pages 649–656. With portions of two coal basins within its borders and a few scattered fields already developed, the question arises: What is the future of Kentucky as an oil-producing State? Is the long list of failures due to lack of commercial pools, or unintelligent prospecting? A study of its beds and irregularities of structure points not only to a large waste of development money on unpromising areas, but also to the presence of a few structures well worthy of development. The surface rocks of Kentucky show in succession more than 4,000 ft. of Paleozoic sediments and more than 2,000 ft. of Cretaceous, Tertiary, and more recent deposits. Folding and erosion have brought these beds to the surface, where they have been observed and studied in detail by my associate, James H. Gardner, myself, and others. This has given opportunity to observe the beds offering suitable reservoirs and having the proper impermeable covering; also the mapping of outcrops and out- crop lines, taken in conjunction with available well records, indicates that certain areas are worth testing, and with even greater definiteness shows areas which should be excluded, as devoid of possibilities. West of the Tennessee River, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary sediments occur so that all trace of ancient folding is obliterated, the sediments overlapping unconformably Mississippian rocks. This area embraces 2,000 square miles, or one-twentieth of the area of the State, the Paleozoic rocks covering the remainder. Since there is nothing upon which to base the location of tests for oil and gas in the Cretaceous- Tertiary beds of Kentucky, the Paleozoic area will be chiefly considered. The distribution of Paleozoic rocks in Kentucky is centered about the north-northeast striking Cincinnati geanticline, bringing to the surface on the Jessamine dome the oldest rocks exposed in the State, those of the Devonian, Silurian, and Ordovician systems. On either flank of this great earth-arch are the Mississippian rocks, sloping gradually beneath the coal-measure basins to the west and to the east. West of the western coal basin, and. between it and the Cretaceous-Tertiary rocks further west, is a high area of Mississippian rocks. Crossing the State in an east-west direction is the Chestnut Ridge anticline (a disturbance recently shown by Mr. Gardner to extend from the Ozarks to the Appalachian), consisting in Kentucky of the Rough Creek uplift, the Kentucky River fault zone, and the Warfield anticline. T.P. 051–46

The Mannington Oil Field and the History of its Development

Research Article| January 01, 1892 The Mannington Oil Field and the History of its Development I. C. White I. C. White Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (1892) 3 (1): 187–216. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-3-187 Article history first online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation I. C. White; The Mannington Oil Field and the History of its Development. GSA Bulletin 1892;; 3 (1): 187–216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-3-187 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract The Field.Location and general Features.—The Mannington oil field is situated in Marion county, West Virginia, on the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio railway. It is an extension of the Mount Morris (Pennsylvania) field, which begins just north of the West Virginia state line and trends in a belt of varying width southwestward across Marion and Monongalia counties to the edge of Harrison county. Dolls run, Pedlars run, Jakes run, Fairview and Mods run are centers of development along the belt, which as now defined is from half a mile to three miles wide and about 35 miles long.The cross section on the accompanying map (plate 6) shows that the oil belt in question is found on the western slope of the Indiana anticline, and is from 15 to 20 miles distant from the great axis of Chestnut ridge. The dip is northwestward, and varies from . . . This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this article.