Chest Physicians Research Articles

Awareness of obstructive sleep apnea among critical care physicians in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

BackgroundPatients with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) present to nearly all physicians irrespective of their specialties. A basic knowledge of OSA is considered essential to identify those patients for appropriate referral and treatment. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of Sharkia Governorate Critical Care physicians regarding OSA using a standard validated questionnaire.ResultsThis cross-sectional survey study was performed on a sample of Sharkia Governorate physicians, from all critical care units in tertiary and secondary hospitals including the following specialties: chest, internal medicine, neurology, cardiology, pediatric, and anesthesia. The OSA knowledge and attitudes (OSAKA) questionnaire that consists of 18 knowledge assessment questions and the OSA attitude questionnaire that consists of 6 attitude assessment questions were used. A total of 231, out of 296 invited physicians, completed the given questionnaire with a response rate of 78%. The mean score for knowledge assessment was 10.05 ± 2.3 with a 33.3% adequate response, while the mean score for attitude assessment was 3.75 ± 1.22 with a 59.3% adequate response. The mean OSA knowledge (12.5 ± 2.42) and attitude (5 ± 0.78) scores were highest among chest physicians when compared to physicians from other specialties (p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores was found among Sharkia Governorate critical care physicians (r = 0.55, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe level of knowledge of OSA among Sharkia Governorate critical care physicians was far from optimal whereas the attitude regarding OSA was acceptable.

Performance of Lung Nodule Management Algorithms for Lung-RADS Category 4 Lesions

To test the performance of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and British Thoracic Society (BTS) algorithms to stratify high-risk nodules identified at lung cancer screening. Patients with Lung-RADS category 4 nodules identified on lung cancer screening computed tomography (CT) between March 2014 and August 2018 were identified, and a subset of 150 were randomly selected. Nodule characteristics and, if available, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan were recorded. Radiologists blinded to final diagnosis and downstream testing performed five-point visual assessment score for probability of nodule malignancy; their accuracies are averaged below. Probabilities of malignancy according to Brock and Herder models were calculated. ACCP and BTS algorithms were applied to the nodules. Final diagnosis of malignancy was made in 65/150 (43%) of patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for nodule malignancy were: radiologist visual score (92%, 85%, 88%); BTS (76%, 91%, 85%); ACCP (63%, 89%, 78%); and Brock calculator (77%, 71%, 73%). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for nodule malignancy in patients with FDG PET-CT scan (n = 78) were: FDG uptake (91%, 64%, 83%); Herder probability (91%, 68%, 83%); radiologist visual score (93%, 69%, 86%); BTS (84%, 64%, 78%); Brock probability (82%, 50%, 72%); and ACCP (68%, 59%, 65%). Thoracic radiologist visual analysis yielded the greatest accuracy for nodule triage in the entire cohort. BTS performed better than ACCP guidelines and both performed better than the Brock model alone.

What's new in endobronchial ultrasound for mediastinal staging?

The essential role of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in lung cancer diagnosis and staging is now well established. With a growing body of evidence seen over the last decade, the objective of this article was to review the newest findings, provide evidence-based guidance to clinicians and identify areas for future research related to EBUS-TBNA and staging in lung cancer. Recent literature regarding EBUS-TBNA for lung cancer staging was reviewed, with a focus on evidence published subsequent to the 2016 guideline on technical aspects of EBUS-TBNA by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP). New findings were reported for the following: role of rapid on-site cytological evaluation (ROSE), needle size, lymph node ultrasound characteristics, molecular testing, as well as practice patterns and gaps in quality of care. Significant advances in EBUS-TBNA have been realized since the publication of the 2016 ACCP guideline. Future areas of investigation have been identified and will require collaboration between centers of expertise. Additional work will be required to translate these technological advances into improved value-based care in the lung cancer population.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of simultaneous multiple primary lung cancer.

e21088 Background: Simultaneous multiple primary lung cancer (sMPLC) is detected increasingly nowadays with the development of image technology. But it has not been well characterized. Methods: All consecutive patients diagnosed as sMPLC according to Martini-Melamed and American College of Chest Physicians criteria from June 2010 to June 2019 were enrolled in our center. The clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between patients with same histology and different histology. Results: A total of 336 patients were enrolled, consist of 297 (88.4%) patients with same histology and 39(11.6%) patients with different histology. Compared to patients with same histology, patients with different histology were more common male (87.2% vs. 34%, p &lt; 0.001) and diagnosed at an older age (54 [62-69] vs. 59 [52-65], p &lt; 0.001). Also, more than half of them (56.4%) had respiratory symptom or pain before diagnosis and most of them had smoking history (79.5% vs. 19.2%, p &lt; 0.001). During follow-up, 5 patients were lost and 16 patients were died, contributing the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival of overall patients was 97.7%, 96.1%, and 92.2%, respectively. Importantly, the survival rate was lower in patients with different histology (1-, 2-, and 3-year 88.5%, 75.4, and 64.3%) than same histology (1-, 2-, and 3-year 99.2%, 99.2, and 96.8%) (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Although relative less common in sMPLC, patients with different histology showed different clinical features and worse prognosis. [Table: see text]

Ten minutes with Dr Raed A Dweik, Chairman of the Respiratory Institute at the Cleveland Clinic

### Biography Raed A Dweik, MD, MBA, is the Chairman of the Respiratory Institute at Cleveland Clinic. He is board-certified in internal medicine, pulmonary disease and critical care medicine. Dr...

Epidemiological characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea in a hospital-based historical cohort in Lebanon.

The objective of our study was to characterize and analyze the associations between OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) and other clinical variables in adult patients referred for sleep evaluation by polysomnography at a referral center in Beirut, Lebanon, in terms of sociodemographic features, symptoms presentation and comorbidities, and evaluate the burden of comorbidities associated with this disease. All individuals with suspected Sleep Apnea referred (January 2010-September 2017) for a one-night polysomnography were included. Demographics, self-reported symptoms and comorbidities were documented. The relationship between OSA severity and the presence of symptoms and comorbidities were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. Overall, 663 subjects were assessed. Of these, 57.3% were referred from chest physicians, and sleep test results were abnormal in 589 subjects (88.8%) of whom 526 patients (89.3%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for OSA; 76.3% were men and women were on average older. OSA was severe in 43.2% and more severe in men. Almost all patients were symptomatic with ~2–4 symptoms per patient and women presented with symptoms that are more atypical. Comorbidities were significantly higher in women. In the multivariate analysis, age, male sex, obesity, symptoms of snoring, excessive daytime somnolence and witnessed apneas were associated with OSA severity. Only age and obesity were associated with self-reported diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes. This is the first study in Lebanon to explore the characteristics of patients with polysomnography-diagnosed OSA. High prevalence of severe OSA and low referral rates in the medical community support promoting awareness for an earlier diagnosis and more personalized approach in this country.

Collection and Handling of Thoracic Small Biopsy and Cytology Specimens for Ancillary Studies: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians, Association for Molecular Pathology, American Society of Cytopathology, American Thoracic Society, Pulmonary Pathology Society, Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and Society of Thoracic Radiology.

The need for appropriate specimen use for ancillary testing has become more commonplace in the practice of pathology. This, coupled with improvements in technology, often provides less invasive methods of testing, but presents new challenges to appropriate specimen collection and handling of these small specimens, including thoracic small biopsy and cytology samples. To develop a clinical practice guideline including recommendations on how to obtain, handle, and process thoracic small biopsy and cytology tissue specimens for diagnostic testing and ancillary studies. The College of American Pathologists convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the literature and develop recommendations. Core needle biopsy, touch preparation, fine-needle aspiration, and effusion specimens with thoracic diseases including malignancy, granulomatous process/sarcoidosis, and infection (eg, tuberculosis) were deemed within scope. Ancillary studies included immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, mutational analysis, flow cytometry, cytogenetics, and microbiologic studies routinely performed in the clinical pathology laboratory. The use of rapid on-site evaluation was also covered. Sixteen guideline statements were developed to assist clinicians and pathologists in collecting and processing thoracic small biopsy and cytology tissue samples. Based on the systematic review and expert panel consensus, thoracic small specimens can be handled and processed to perform downstream testing (eg, molecular markers, immunohistochemical biomarkers), core needle and fine-needle techniques can provide appropriate cytologic and histologic specimens for ancillary studies, and rapid on-site cytologic evaluation remains helpful in appropriate triage, handling, and processing of specimens.

Medical management and prevention instruction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic

Currently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was of clustering onset in China and challenging the Chinese healthcare system. Epidemiological data showed that older patients with chronic diseases were at high risk of the involvement of the severe and critical type of COVID-19, especially patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) resulting in high mortalities. There were nearly 100 million COPD patients in China, and most of them were elderly. Once infected with COVID-19, it would be life-threatening for the COPD patients. Therefore, during the epidemic, it was of vital significance for us to attach great importance to optimize the management of COPD patients. Based on these considerations, the COPD Group of the Chinese Thoracic Society (CTS) and the COPD working Committee of the Chinese Association of Chest Physicians (CACP) altogether drafted the instruction for medical management and prevention of COPD during the COVID-19 epidemic period for the healthcare practitioner and patients.

SAT-468 Anticoagulation Conundrum: A Case Of Embolic Stroke Due To Thyrotoxic Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Thyrotoxicosis is not incorporated into any of the atrial fibrillation (AF) CVA risk stratification methods, including CHADS2VASc, as neither the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association nor the American College of Chest Physicians view it as an independent risk factor of CVA. However, the literature has reported numerous cases of patients with thyrotoxic AF and low CHADS2VASc scores who developed CVA. It is unclear which patients with thyrotoxic AF would benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation (AC). Clinical Case: A 50-year-old male without past medical history presented for palpitations. He was found to be in AF with rapid ventricular rate. Labs revealed thyrotoxicosis (TSH <0.010 [RR 0.34-5.6 μIU/mL], FT4 3.57 [RR 0.61-1.64 ng/dL], FT3 5.26 [RR 2.5-4.5 pg/mL], and TSI negative). He was started on methimazole but no AC, as his CHADS2VASc score was 0. A few hours after admission, he developed a right-sided facial droop and weakness & aphasia. CT head showed acute left MCA infarct. CTA head/neck revealed occlusive embolus in the distal left M1 segment. He underwent IR-guided embolectomy and received intra-arterial tPA. Echocardiogram did not show thrombi or atrial level shunt but showed right atrial dilation. After extensive work-up, etiology of CVA was determined most likely a cardioembolic source due to thyrotoxic AF. Patient was treated with PTU and steroids initially for two days due to recent contrast exposure (CTA and embolectomy) and poor neurologic status, in order to obtain the added benefit of decreased T4 to T3 peripheral conversion. Patient was started on AC two weeks after his CVA (given initial risk of hemorrhagic conversion due to large CVA burden), at which time his weakness and aphasia were slowly improving, but he remained with significant neurologic deficits. Discussion: The current thought that thyrotoxicosis is not an independent risk factor of CVA in patients with AF has led to recommendations against prophylactic AC for this specific group. Although recent research has suggested that patients with thyrotoxic AF are at a lower risk of CVA than patients with non-thyrotoxic AF, there have still been many reported cases of CVA in patients who have thyrotoxic AF but no other risk factors for CVA. This discrepancy in association between thyrotoxic AF and CVA needs to be clarified. Conclusion: This case of a middle-aged man with thyrotoxic AF who developed a debilitating CVA after being treated according to his CHADS2VASC score of 0 (he was not given prophylactic AC) mirrors multiple cases in the literature. It highlights the potential benefit of examining thyrotoxic patients with AF more closely in order to more effectively risk stratify them for CVA or further exploring the relationship between thyrotoxicosis and CVA. This may help to identify more patients who could benefit from AC and thus prevent devastating consequences of CVA.

Miliary lung metastases from ROS1-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma: A case report.

Miliary lung metastases are a rare form of metastasis of non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Miliary lung metastases commonly develop in lung adenocarcinoma with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. In the present study, we present a case of miliary lung metastases from lung adenocarcinoma with ROS1 rearrangement. The patient, who had a history of surgery for stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma, presented to our hospital with cough, dyspnea, and severe hypoxia. Chest computed tomography showed numerous tiny, randomly distributed nodules throughout both lungs. No metastases were observed in other organs. Molecular profiling of the surgical specimens was positive for ROS1 rearrangement. The results suggest that chest physicians should be aware that miliary lung metastases can develop in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with ROS1 rearrangement.

Implementation of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Cesarean at a High Volume Military Treatment Facility [17L

INTRODUCTION: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of maternal morbidity. In 2016 the National Partnership for Maternal Safety (NPMS) published a Consensus Bundle on Venous Thromboembolism recommending postcesarean dual VTE prophylaxis for a modified Caprini score of 5 or more. The purpose of our study is to determine the impact of policy change from American College of Chest Physicians 2012 guidelines to NPMS in our facility. METHODS: Following stepwise implementation of NPMS guidelines, Caprini score calculation became mandatory after cesarean delivery. We reviewed inpatient enoxaparin prescriptions rate of postcesarean patients, comparing the 12 months before implementation with 12 months post-implementation, excluding 5 months of transition period. We also compared the rate of various adverse outcomes including blood transfusion, epidural hematoma, maternal death, wound hematoma or wound separation, re-operation, heparin induced thrombocytopenia, and venous thromboembolism. Student t-test was performed to compare average rate pre and post policy change. A P&lt;.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The analysis included 888 cesarean deliveries pre-implementation and 1,515 post-implementation with no difference in demographics or indication for cesarean. Prior to change in policy, 3.6% (+/- 1.5% SD) of patients received dual prophylaxis. After implementation, this rose to 32.7% (+/- 6.7% SD) (P=.001). The number of cesarean deliveries with adverse outcomes up to 84 days postpartum remained stable. There was no statistically significant difference in VTE in the pre-implementation and post-implementation groups. CONCLUSION: Successful implementation of a dual VTE prophylaxis policy postcesarean delivery is possible without adversely affecting complication rates.

Management of Lung Nodules and Lung Cancer Screening During the COVID-19 Pandemic: CHEST Expert Panel Report.

BackgroundThe risks from potential exposure to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and resource reallocation that has occurred to combat the pandemic, have altered the balance of benefits and harms that informed current (pre-COVID-19) guideline recommendations for lung cancer screening and lung nodule evaluation. Consensus statements were developed to guide clinicians managing lung cancer screening programs and patients with lung nodules during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and MethodsAn expert panel of 24 members, including pulmonologists (n = 17), thoracic radiologists (n = 5), and thoracic surgeons (n = 2), was formed. The panel was provided with an overview of current evidence, summarized by recent guidelines related to lung cancer screening and lung nodule evaluation. The panel was convened by video teleconference to discuss and then vote on statements related to 12 common clinical scenarios. A predefined threshold of 70% of panel members voting agree or strongly agree was used to determine if there was a consensus for each statement. Items that may influence decisions were listed as notes to be considered for each scenario.ResultsTwelve statements related to baseline and annual lung cancer screening (n = 2), surveillance of a previously detected lung nodule (n = 5), evaluation of intermediate and high-risk lung nodules (n = 4), and management of clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer (n = 1) were developed and modified. All 12 statements were confirmed as consensus statements according to the voting results. The consensus statements provide guidance about situations in which it was believed to be appropriate to delay screening, defer surveillance imaging of lung nodules, and minimize nonurgent interventions during the evaluation of lung nodules and stage I non-small cell lung cancer.ConclusionThere was consensus that during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is appropriate to defer enrollment in lung cancer screening and modify the evaluation of lung nodules due to the added risks from potential exposure and the need for resource reallocation. There are multiple local, regional, and patient-related factors that should be considered when applying these statements to individual patient care.© 2020 RSNA; The American College of Chest Physicians, published by Elsevier Inc; and The American College of Radiology, published by Elsevier Inc.

Aspirin compared to enoxaparin or rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis following hip and knee replacement.

Background The risk of venous thromboembolism following major orthopaedic surgery is among the highest for all surgical specialties. Our hospital guidelines for thromboprophylaxis following elective primary total hip or knee replacement are based on American College of Chest Physicians guidance. The most recent change to local guidelines was the introduction of the extended aspirin regimen as standard thromboprophylaxis. Objective To establish the appropriateness of this regimen by comparing venous thromboembolism rates in patients receiving extended aspirin to previous regimens. Setting The largest dedicated orthopaedic hospital in Ireland. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study. Data were collected from patient record software. All eligible patients undergoing primary total hip or knee replacement between 1st January 2010 and 30th June 2016 were included. Main outcome measure Venous thromboembolism up to 6months post-operatively. Results Of the 6548 participants (55.3% female, mean age 65.4years (± 11.8years, 55.8% underwent total hip replacement), venous thromboembolism occurred in 65 (0.99%). Venous thromboembolism rate in both the inpatient enoxaparin group (n = 961) and extended aspirin group (n = 3460) was 1.04% and was 0.66% in the modified rivaroxaban group (n = 1212). Non-inferiority analysis showed the extended aspirin regimen to be equivalent to the modified rivaroxaban regimen. History of venous thromboembolism was the only significant demographic risk factor for post-operative venous thromboembolism (0.87% vs. 3.54%, p = 0.0002). Conclusion In daily clinical practice, extended aspirin regimen is at least as effective as modified rivaroxaban for preventing clinically important venous thromboembolism among patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty who are discharged from the hospital without complications. Aspirin can be considered a safe and effective agent in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or total knee replacement.

A case scenario study on adherence to COPD GOLD recommendations by general practitioners in a rural area of southern Italy: The "progetto PADRE".

The aim of the present study was to evaluate in a sample of 200 patients diagnosed with COPD and selected from the physician database of 15 general practices from Valle Telesina (Benevento, Italy) if the diagnostic-therapeutic algorithm adopted by GPs operating in a non-urban district in Southern Italy adhered to GOLD 2018 recommendations for COPD. Each patient underwent a specialist visit by an experienced chest physician that collected anamnesis, assessed mMRC and CAT scores, and performed a spirometry. In case of diagnostic doubt, a second visit was performed at the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of the Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS in Telese Terme where other diagnostic tests were performed. Our results showed that GPs participating in the study often diagnosed and empirically treated COPD without a confirmative spirometry or even despite a spirometry that was not diagnostic of obstructive lung disease. Furthermore, real-life implementation of GOLD strategy, as regards patients' ABCD categorization, was poor and many patients belonging to groups A and B (39% and 48%, respectively) were over-treated and 19% of those belonging to group D were under-treated. The discrepancy between guidelines and daily clinical practice present also in this study supports the opinion of many that those who develop guidelines for the management of COPD must seriously try to understand if and why the guidelines might not reflect real life and therefore how it could be improved.

Knowledge, practice pattern and attitude toward asthma management amongst physicians from Nepal, Malaysia, Lebanon, Myanmar and Morocco

Objective This survey aimed to understand the physicians’ practice pattern and challenges faced while treating their patients with asthma in five countries-Malaysia, Nepal, Myanmar, Morocco and Lebanon. Methods Questionnaire-based data was gathered from internal medicine doctors (209), general practitioners (206), chest physicians (152) and pediatricians (58) from 232 locations from across the five countries. Results Of the 816 physicians, 374 physicians encountered at least 5 asthma patients daily. Approximately, 38% physicians always used spirometry for diagnosis and only 12% physicians always recommended Peak flow meter (PFM) for home-monitoring. Salmeterol/fluticasone (71%) followed by formoterol/budesonide (38%) were the most preferred ICS/long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA); Salbutamol (78%) was the most preferred reliever medication. 60% physicians said >40% of their patients were apprehensive to use inhalers. 72% physicians preferred a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) to a dry powder inhaler (DPI) with only a third of them using a spacer with the pMDI. 71% physicians believed that using similar device for controller and reliever can be beneficial to patients. Skipping medicines in absence of symptoms (64%), incorrect inhaler technique (48%) and high cost of medication (49%) were considered as major reasons for non-adherence by most physicians. Incorrect inhaler technique (66%) and nonadherence (59%) were considered the most common causes of poor asthma control. Conclusions There are opportunities to improve the use of diagnostic and monitoring tools for asthma. Non-adherence, incorrect inhaler technique and cost remain a challenge to achieve good asthma control. Asthma education, including correct demonstration of inhaler, can potentially help to improve inhaler adherence.

75-Year-Old Woman With Chest Pain and Shortness of Breath

75-Year-Old Woman With Chest Pain and Shortness of Breath

Attention should be paid to venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the management of COVID-19

Attention should be paid to venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the management of COVID-19

The Role of Chest Imaging in Patient Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multinational Consensus Statement from the Fleischner Society.

With more than 900,000 confirmed cases worldwide and nearly 50,000 deaths during the first three months of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as an unprecedented healthcare crisis. The spread of COVID-19 has been heterogeneous, resulting in some regions having sporadic transmission and relatively few hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and others having community transmission that has led to overwhelming numbers of severe cases. For these regions, healthcare delivery has been disrupted and compromised by critical resource constraints in diagnostic testing, hospital beds, ventilators, and healthcare workers who have fallen ill to the virus exacerbated by shortages of personal protective equipment. While mild cases mimic common upper respiratory viral infections, respiratory dysfunction becomes the principal source of morbidity and mortality as the disease advances. Thoracic imaging with chest radiography (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) are key tools for pulmonary disease diagnosis and management, but their role in the management of COVID-19 has not been considered within the multivariable context of the severity of respiratory disease, pre-test probability, risk factors for disease progression, and critical resource constraints. To address this deficit, a multidisciplinary panel comprised principally of radiologists and pulmonologists from 10 countries with experience managing COVID-19 patients across a spectrum of healthcare environments evaluated the utility of imaging within three scenarios representing varying risk factors, community conditions, and resource constraints. Fourteen key questions, corresponding to 11 decision points within the three scenarios and three additional clinical situations, were rated by the panel based upon the anticipated value of the information that thoracic imaging would be expected to provide. The results were aggregated, resulting in five main and three additional recommendations intended to guide medical practitioners in the use of CXR and CT in the management of COVID-19.

Thromboprophylaxis during the Pregnancy-Puerperal Cycle - Literature Review.

To identify current strategies and recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis associated with the pregnancy-puerperal cycle, a condition of high morbidity and mortality among women. The literature search was performed between May and October 2019, using the PubMed database, including papers published in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The terms thromboembolism (Mesh) AND pregnancy (Mesh) OR postpartum (Mesh) were used as descriptors, including randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews and guidelines published from 2009 to 2019, presenting strategies for prevention of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum. Eight articles met the inclusion criteria. Many studies evaluated were excluded because they did not address prevention strategies. We compiled the recommendations from the American Society of Hematologists, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, the American College of Chest Physicians and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. There are some gaps in the research, and clinical studies with appropriate methodology are needed to support decisions made regarding the risk of thromboembolism in the perigestational period. Thus, the attention of the professionals involved in the care of pregnant and postpartum women is crucial, as it is a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality.

A POST-APPROVAL, OBSERVATIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS CLINICAL IMPACT OF GLYCOPYRRONIUM IN HIGH RISK COPD WITH FREQUENT EXACERBATIONS: POST HOC ANALYSES

15Mar 2020 A POST-APPROVAL, OBSERVATIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS CLINICAL IMPACT OF GLYCOPYRRONIUM IN HIGH RISK COPD WITH FREQUENT EXACERBATIONS: POST HOC ANALYSES Agrawal G , Mahashur A. A. and Korukonda K. Sr. Consultant Pulmonologist, Jaypee Hospitals, Sector 128, Noida, India - 201304. Sr. Consultant Chest Physician, Saifee Hospital, Department of Respiratory and Chest Medicine, Maharshi Karve Marg, Mumbai, India - 400004 General Manager, Medical Services, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, India - 400099.