Chenopodium Research Articles

Reservoir weed host for Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in Iran

Corresponding author: M. Safaeizadeh Fax: +98 811 4227012 E-mail: safaeezadehmehdi@gmail.com During the summer of 2006, samples of the weed Alhagi camelorum were collected from cucurbit fi elds in the Markazi province of Iran. Using the double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) with specifi c polyclonal antibodies, the samples were tested for Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), and Zucchini yellow fl eck virus (ZYFV) (Loewe Biochemica GMBH, Sauerlach, Germany). Leaf extracts were inoculated mechanically and they produced chlorotic local lesions on Chenopodium amaranticolor; systemic vein netting, yellowing, mosaic, and leaf deformation on Cucurbita pepo; and chlorotic local lesions, systemic vein clearing, yellowing, mosaic and leaf deformation on Cucumis melo. These symptoms were similar to those described previously for ZYMV (Desbiez and Lecoq, 1997). The ELISA results showed that the original leaf samples and inoculated indicator plants reacted positively with ZYMV antibodies, but not with antibodies from any of the other viruses listed above. Also, the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of total RNA extracted from the leaf samples using specifi c primers for ZYMV (Lecoq et al., 2004) resulted in amplifi cation of one fragment of the expected size, approximately 600 bp. ZYMV, a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae, is transmitted by aphids in a nonpersistent manner (Desbiez and Lecoq, 1997). The virus is geographically widespread with a wide host range comprising 11 plant families including Amarantaceae, Papilionaceae, Ranunculaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae and Umbelliferae (Desbiez and Lecoq, 1997). A. camelorum, a perennial plant in the Papilionaceae family, was common and widely distributed in the fi elds surveyed. The occurrence of ZYMV-infected weed hosts in cucurbit fi elds may impact disease management strategies. ZYMV was fi rst observed on Cucumis melo in Iran (Ghorbani, 1988). This is the fi rst report of its natural occurrence on weed hosts in Iran.

Research regarding the biology and control of Chenopodium album L. plants on different cultures.

Research made and presented in this scientific paper are completely justified by weeds aggressively which cause major damage to agricol crops and are a limitative factor of harvest and the lack of some monographic studies on weeds. Concerning Chenopodium album L. accentuated polymorphism and the damage provoked by this plant to agricol plants, we proposed to study the biology (germination and seeds respiration, resistance at triazinic herbicide of this specie, its morphology and phenology of the plant in two ecological areas), control methods and economical efficiency of chemical control system.

Variabilidade biológica de isolados do Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV) oriundos de cultivares de laranjeira

A leprose, causada pelo Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV), é uma das principais doenças presentes em pomares cítricos fluminenses. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o quadro sintomatológico desenvolvido por isolados de CiLV obtidos de cultivares comerciais de laranjeira (Lima, Pêra e Seleta), inoculados mecanicamente em Chenopodium amaranticolor, em três diluições. Após cinco a sete dias da inoculação foram observadas lesões necróticas, com pequeno halo clorótico quando observadas contra a luz. O maior número de lesões, nas três diluições, foi obtido do isolado de 'Seleta', seguido por 'Pêra' e 'Lima'. A melhor diluição utilizada para a observação das lesões foi de 1:10. Os resultados demonstram uma possível variabilidade biológica entre os isolados virais e/ou uma menor ou maior replicação viral, dependendo da cultivar, indicando um possível mecanismo de resistência da planta ao vírus.

Chenopodium pumilio a newly naturalized species in China.

Chenopodium pumilio a newly naturalized species in China.

Preliminary study on the effect of debris flows from Goose Foot River on Lake Qionghai,Sichuan, China

沉积作用在湖泊的演化和消亡过程中至关重要,洪水泥石流的淤积作用对我国西南地区广泛分布的构造断陷湖泊是一个普遍的环境问题．通过调查鹅掌河泥石流发育背景,人类的活动对泥沙进入邛海的影响和对比1988年与2003 年邛海水下地形图得出:在近30年的时间内,鹅掌河洪水和泥石流改沿固定河堤流入邛海,在湖底形成浊流,将更大量泥沙带到湖中．浊流在鹅掌河河口的水下扇陡坡上形成一水下冲沟,在湖底沉积区形成一条长2 km的水下堤．计算发现, 鹅掌河泥石流带入邛海的泥沙远大于一般土壤侵蚀产沙量,其中以1996,1997和1998三年泥石流输入的泥沙量最多．鹅掌河洪水和泥石流对邛海的影响以及水下地形、湖泊基本特征和湖泊环境的变化,应引起人们对邛海保护的高度关注．;Aggradations are very important for the developing and dying-out of lakes. The aggradations of floods and debris flows are common environmental problems in fault lakes in southwestern China. Investigating the background of the basin of Goose Foot River, the effect of human activities on Lake Qionghai, Sichuan Province, China, and the underwater topography maps of 1988 and 2003 were analyzed. In the past 30 years, turbidity currents were formed by debris flows and floods of Goose Foot River and took huge sediment into Lake Qionghai. The sediment not only pushed the coastline of Lake Qionghai at Goose Foot River fan into lake, but also deposited in the lake to the opposite bank. Debris flows took much more sediment into Lake Qionghai than the soil erosion did in the same basin. There is an underwater levee on the underwater fan. The underwater levee is 2 km in length, 200 m (at south coast) to 600 m (at north coast) in width and the average 2 m in height. The maximum height of sediment deposition at underwater levee is 8. 29 m, or 0. 55 m for every year. There is a channel on the slope of the underwater fan of Goose Foot River mouth eroded by turbidity currents. The main source of sediment is the sediment token by the debris flows in 1996, 1997 and 1998. It should be paid more attention on the environment issues,such as basic characteristics, underwater topography of Lake Qionghai and the effect of Goose Foot River debris flows on Lake Qionghai.

Fathen (<i>Chenopodium album</i>) a biotype resistant to dicamba

The broadleaf weed fathen (Chenopodium album) is a serious problem in maize crops In the 1979/80 season a biotype appeared that was resistant to the triazine herbicides and now this biotype is believed to occur in most maize fields Its control is principally by postemergence herbicides with dicamba being widely used Recently there have been reports of inadequate control of fathen by dicamba To test for resistance seeds were collected from fathen plants that were found alive in the field after application of dicamba These seed lines were grown in a glasshouse and treated with several rates of dicamba and other herbicides The fathen plants from one collection were not resistant to dicamba and were probably from plants that germinated after the field application of dicamba The fathen plants from the second collection all survived treatment with dicamba applied at 4 times the normal field rate These plants were killed by nicosulfuron and bromoxynil

Weed community dynamics in perennial medicinal crops of organic agricultural systems

To investigate the typical weed communities of perennial medicinal crops, floristic analyses were conducted both in spring-summer and autumn-winter throughout the four years of the agronomic cycle of ten different medicinal herbs cultivated with organic methods. The data were analyzed using the most commonly adopted parameters for determining plant communities (relative density percentage, relative abundance) and the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices. Although a predominance of certain species was observed in the warm season (Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Portulaca oleracea) and the cool season (Poa annua, Stellaria media and Veronica persica), altogether 69 species were found, 38 of which were detected in autumn-winter samplings, and 31 during spring-summer samplings. During the four-year period there was an increase in perennial species (geophytes and hemicryptophytes) and a consequent decrease in annual species (therophytes). Also, an increase in relative density of warm-season and cool-season grasses was observed, the relative density percentage being confirmed by significant linear regressions (p<0.05). Furthermore, probably on account of the minimum agronomic soil disturbance during the four-year period, significant increases (p<0.01 and/or 0.05) in species diversity were noted. The study showed the high biodiversity level of weed communities of medicinal crops cultivated with organic agricultural systems.

Flowering plants: pokeweeds, four-o'clocks, carpetweeds, cacti, purslanes, goosefoots, pigweeds, and pinks

Flowering plants: pokeweeds, four-o'clocks, carpetweeds, cacti, purslanes, goosefoots, pigweeds, and pinks

Properties and Immobilization of Urease from Leaves of Chenopodium Album (C3)

In Chenopodium album, leaf excision and light both increase urease (EC. 3.5.1.5) activity. Dithiothreitol (DTT), reduced glutathione (GSH), cystcine and diazoinedicarboxylic acid bis(N, N-dimcthylamide) (diamide) activated the crude enzyme. In contrast, crude urease was inhibited by phenylmethylsuiphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and N- a-p -tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone HC1 (TLCK), suggesting the presence of serine and histidine residues in the active site. The enzyme is Ca dependent for its activity and exogenous calmodulin (CaM) did not stimulate it. However the enzyme is strongly inhibited by CaM antagonist fluphenazine, indicating the presence of a Ca-like domain. EGTA, LaC13 and tetraacetic acid, 3,4,5,-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethyl-amino)-octyl ester (TMB-8) inhibited urease activity in vivo, and the inhibition was restored by exogenous Ca. Urease was immobilized in gelatin by covalent cross-linking with formaldehyde as organic hardener. The results indicated enhanced resistance to thermal denaturation, increased temperature optima (from 30CC to 40CC), and a rapid rate of substrate saturation were achieved after immobilization. The free urease showed remarkable loss of activity in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, Triton X-100, and Tween 80. The free enzyme lost 68%, 75% and 81% of its activity in the presence of 5,Y-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (NBS2), p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB) and phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) as thiol reagents. However, the immobilized enzyme was not affected significantly by these compounds. By increasing the incubation time, the activity of immobilized enzyme decreased faster than that of the free one.

Degradation of Chlorophylls: Purification and properties of a Mg-releasing protein from Chenopodium album

In the early stage of the degradation of chlorophyll, the modification of the side chains of the macro and isocyclic rings of chlorophyll occurs at least three steps of reactions. An involvement of Mg-dechelatase have been suggested at the second step of Mg-releasing reaction, however, its presence is unclear. Previously, we reported that there was small molecular weight substance which chelates Mg of chlorophyllide. However, it is uncertain whether Mg-dechelatase itself or not. In the present study, we reexamine Mg-dechelating reaction with an assay method using chlorophyllin (Mg-chlorin) as a substrate. The results revealed a presence of protein which has Mg-releasing ability. Here, we report the purification and characterization of Mg-releasing protein. Acetone powder from Chenopodium album was used as the starting material. For assay of Mg-releasing protein, a reaction product, pheophorbin (Mg-free chlorin), was determined from increase in absorbance at 692 nm. Mg-releasing protein was purified 28-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation (30-75% saturation), DEAE, Butyl and HW-55 chromatography. pH optimum of the purified preparation was 7.5. Km value for chlorophyllin was 95.1 nM. Molecular weight estimated by gel filtration was about 20 k. The enzyme reaction was strongly inhibited by sodium ascorbate, propyl gallate and hydroquinone. The Mg-releasing protein had no activity for chlorophyllide a, a true substrate. It is known that horseradish peroxydase shows similar Mg-releasing activity, however, it had no activity against chlorophyllide a as well. We also report the properties of Mg-releasing protein in comparison with those of metal-chelating substance.

Physicochemical characteristics and pollen spectrum of some Saudi honeys

Ten unifloral Saudi honeys were studied and botainically typified: Sidir Aseer ( Ziziphus Spina-christi (L)), Sidir Albaha ( Ziziphus Spina-christi L), Talh Tehamh ( Acacia spp.), Samra Taif ( Acacia Etbaica), Magra Aseer ( Hypericum perforatum), Doarm Taif ( Levandula Dentata), Shorm Taif ( Ocimum repandra), Talh Medina ( Acacia spp.), Farm Riyadh ( Heliantemum chamaecistus), and Farm Qaseem ( Cheno Podium spp.). Honeys were considered to be unifloral when the dominant pollen was over 40% of total pollen. All samples were examined for moisture, refractive index, specific gravity, viscosity, total solids, water-insoluble solids, ash content, pH, total acidity, hydroxy methyl furfural, diastase, invertase activity, optical rotation, minerals and sugars. These samples were found to meet all major national and international honey specifications.

Draught Requirement of Trailing-foot and Shallow Injection Equipment for Applying Slurry to Grassland

Surface spreading of slurry leads to the inevitable emission of ammonia into the environment. Injection of slurry on grassland reduces these emissions. However, injection of slurry by deep working injector tines with goose foot chisels (wings) requires high draught forces. This type of injection has the risk of the crop dying back under dry soil conditions and is not possible on all soil types. In recent years, new slurry application techniques for grassland have been developed that achieve a large reduction in emissions of ammonia, but require less draught force. These techniques include cutting a shallow slit in the sward, into which slurry is applied, and application of the slurry in bands on the soil surface using a trailing foot implement. In a series of experiments on sandy loam, clay and peat soils, the draught force requirement of single elements of five new slurry application techniques was investigated. The application techniques were a trailed sliding foot element and four shallow injection elements: angled-disc coulters (double-disc opener), thick-disc coulter, flat disc coulter followed by a vertical injection coulter and knife coulter followed by a vertical injection coulter. The application technique, working depth and soil conditions had a significant influence on the draught force. For a working depth of 5 cm, the required draught forces per shallow injector element, measured in this experiment, were in the range of 202–706 N for a double-disc opener, 284–991 N for a thick-disc coulter, 361–1260 N for a flat-disc coulter plus injector and 389–1358 N for a knife coulter plus injector. The lowest draught forces occurred on peat soil and the highest forces on dry clay. The trailing foot required an average draught force of 39 N. The draught force of the trailing foot did not relate to the soil conditions but an effect of the grass sward condition was suggested.

Cytogenetic Distinction between Teloxys and Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)

Cytogenetic Distinction between Teloxys and Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)

Crystal chemistry of calcium oxalate formed in plants

Calcium oxalate crystals, which were produced in plants to protect protoplasm from the toxic action of oxalic acid formed by metabolism, were observed with an optical microscope. In the present investigation, calcium oxalate crystals isolated from many plants were studied from the viewpoint of crystal chemistry.Leaves of spinach, begonia, begonia lucerna, garden sorrel, goose foot, camellia, tea-plant, agave, et al., stem of aloe, and barks of cherry-tree, plum-tree, fir, camphor-tree et al. were used in the investigation. Plants were cut into small pieces and pulverized in water with a food blender. The mixture was filtered through gauze and water was sprinkled onto the residue. Many small crystalline particles sank in the filtrate. Particles were carefully gathered into a beaker. Dried particles were observed with a scanning electron microscope(SEM) and analyzed with an X-ray diffraction(XRD).

The Statue-Column of a Queen from Saint-Thibaut, Provins, in the Glencairn Museum

This study establishes the history of the statue-column of a queen in the Glencairn Museum from the time it was salvaged from the debris of the destroyed church of Saint-Thibaut in Provins until purchased by the late Raymond Pitcairn in 1923 for his private collection. The results of an archeological examination of the statue are presented with supplementary diagrams. The examination revealed that the facial animation called "the smile of Provins" did not result from the commercial restoration that immediately preceded the sale, but was an original and precocious feature, and that the retouching of the carved surfaces was mostly cosmetic and quite minor. The major modification involved the back of the statue where the figure proper was cut away to extend the column the full length of the figure. A regional idiosyncrasy, the column had originally backed only the head and neck and did not extend below the shoulders. The hemline, feet, and socle of the queen had been cut off before 1822. Accepting the hypothesis that the statue-column represents Sheba, the essay proposes that the cropped portion may have contained the attribute of a goose's foot--an iconographical type for Sheba known in the region surrounding Provins. Although no proof survives to verify that the statue was "la reine pédauque," the hypothesis offers an explanation for the deliberate cropping that otherwise seems inexplicable. Finally, by evaluating all available evidence, the study gives a sharper focus to the dating of the statue and places it ca. 1160, among the first generation of portal figures following in the Chartrain tradition. The high quality of the carving and elegance of detail make the queen a worthy successor to the statues by the Chartres head master.

Photoperiodic floral induction and glucose content changes in spinach, mustard and Chenopodium rubrum plants

In long day plants such as spinach or mustard cultivated under short-day conditions (8 h oflight), the lengthening of the photoperiod results in a very large increase in glucose content which starts when the approximate floral photoperiod is reached. In the short day plant Chenopodium rubrum subjected to a transfer from continuons light to darkness, the glucose content decreases according to a mirror image ofwhat is observed in the long day plants. These results suggest that photoperiodic flower induction is characterized by a common modification of the carbohydrate metabolism and/or by a change in their compartmentation

Patterns of change in dormancy during burial of seeds in soil

ABSTRACT Changes in dormancy during burial in soil were recorded over a period of two years for seeds of Polygonum persicaria. Senecio vulgaris, Sisymbrium officinale, Chenopodium bonus-henricus and C. album. Dormancy levels were deduced from germination tests on exhumed seeds under standard conditions in light or darkness. Decreases and increases in dormancy were in most species part of a seasonal cycle, that was repeated in the second year, except for C. bonus-henricus. Both Chenopodium species showed profound differences in the dependency of light for germination during the seasons. C. album showed some characteristics of winter annuals, whereas the other four species behaved like summer annuals. Temperature, nitrate and soil moisture were among the factors that modified dormancy in soil.

Seed Rot and Damping-off ofChenopodium quinoaCaused bySclerotium rolfsii

Seed Rot and Damping-off of<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>Caused by<i>Sclerotium rolfsii</i>

Chenopodium quinoa, a herbaceous test plant for chlorotic leaf spot virus in apple

The chlorotic leaf spot virus which occurs latent in apples, is widespread in Dutch orchards. In the present paper sap inoculation onChenopodium quinoa is recommended for rapid indexing of trees. Young leaves gave satisfactory results when tested during the first 4–6 weeks after expansion of the buds. The best results were obtained when homogenated petals were used as inoculum. Het chlorotische-bladvlekkenvirus komt in Nederland zeer algemeen latent voor in alle appelrassen. Het virus kan door middel van sapinoculatie opChenopodium quinoa worden aangetoond. Een week na de inoculatie reageren de toetsplanten met lokale vlekken op de bladeren. Deze methode is veel sneller dan de indicatie met behulp van houtige toetsplanten. Hoewel gedurende het gehele seizoen virusoverdracht mogelijk is, kan het virus goed worden aangetoond met jong blad in de eerste 4 tot 6 weken na het uitlopen van de bladknoppen. Nog betere resultaten worden verkregen met bloemblaadjes.

Chromosome Numbers of Genus &lt;i&gt;Chenopodium&lt;/i&gt;, III

Chromosome Numbers of Genus &lt;i&gt;Chenopodium&lt;/i&gt;, III