Chenopodium Oil Research Articles

Chenopodium ambrosioides oil extract as broad spectrum Parasiticides

Development a novel non-chemical approach that decrease the need for drug treatment, considered to be good realistic strategy to avoid the problem of drug resistance specially with using of biodegradable eco-friendly plant extracts. Chenopodium ambrosioides (C. ambrosioides) is a weedy herb of the genus Chenopodium commonly known as Chenopodium oil. Its oil extract (rich by Ascaridole) has sedative, antifungal and pain reliving properties with documented anti-parasitic effects. In the present study the efficacy of different concentrations of chenopodium oil extract was evaluated as parasiticides versus Cryptosporidium parvum (C.parvum), Eimeria spp. oocysts and Hymenolepis diminuta (H.diminuta) in vitro and in vivo after induction of experimental infection in chicks and mice. The LD100 of the diluted extract was 200 ppm after 12 hours(h) versus C.parvum oocysts as the exposed stages failed to infect the mice after oral inoculation. The zygotes of Eimeria spp. oocysts were failed to sporulate after exposure to 200 ppm after 24h. The dose of 300 ppm succeeded to stop movement of H.diminuta onchospheres in the exposed eggs when examined under the microscope after 48h exposure time. Per mouth administration of upgrade dose level of C. ambrosioides oil extract for 3-5 successive days induced marked reduction in the mean number of C.parvum and Eimeria spp. oocysts in experimental infected mice and two week old chicks. The reduction in diagnostic stages was increased with increasing the dose and replications. The oral dose of 112 mg/kg for 3 successive days was inducing 50% reduction (LD50) in the previously counted C.parvum oocysts infected mice while complete disappearance of the oocysts (LD100) was recorded after administration of 160 mg/kg for the same period. Higher dose as 180 mg/kg for 3 successive days were calculated as LD50 versus Eimeria spp. in experimentally infected chicks, while its LD100 was 250 mg/kg for 3 successive days also. Complete eradication of the target parasites was recorded in control groups treated by amprolium 0.024% in drinking water for 3 days for chicks and after ingestion to 0.5 ml-1ml daily for 3 successive days in mice. Increasing the dose up to 400mg/kg for 5 successive days failed in expulsion or decreasing of the number of H.diminuta worms or eggs. No changes in the number of shed eggs or oocysts or in its vitality in control non exposed stages during all experiments. In all cases no toxicity symptom was observed on the treated chicks and mice using the previous doses replications. Extraction of the active materials from this plant (Ascaridole) will be sharply reducing the previously recorded lethal doses versus these parasites in the future.

Application of Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. essential oil as botanical fungicide for the management of fungal deterioration in pulses

Essential oils isolated from 35 aromatic plants of Gorakhpur Division, India, were screened at 0.36 μl ml− 1 against four dominant fungi Aspergillus flavus Link, A. niger van Tieghem, A. ochraceus Wilhelm and A. terreus Thom found on stored pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan Linn.) seeds. Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. and Citrus aurantium Linn. oils exhibited strong antimycotic activity (100% mycelial inhibition). The minimum inhibitory concentration of C. ambrosioides oil was less (0.07 μl ml− 1) than that of C. aurantium oil, against all the test fungi. Both the oils were fungicidal at higher doses (1.71–2.78 μl ml− 1). C. ambrosioides oil exhibited broad fungitoxic spectrum against 16 other storage fungi of pigeon pea seeds. The oil remained effective with increased inoculum load, and physical factors had no adverse effect on its toxicity. C. ambrosioides oil proved superior to aluminium phosphide and ethylene dibromide, synthetic fumigants, at 0.29 μl ml− 1 and significantly protected 1 kg of pigeon pea seeds from microbial attack for up to 6 months. Chenopodium oil can be recommended as an effective substitute of synthetic fumigants for storage of pigeon pea seeds.

Repellent activity of some essential oils against two stored product beetles Callosobruchus chinensis L. and C. maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) with reference to Chenopodium ambrosioides L. oil for the safety of pigeon pea seeds.

Essential oils from 35 aromatic and medicinal plant species of Gorakhpur Division (U. P., India) were evaluated for their repellent activity against pulse bruchids Callosobruchus chinensis L. and C. maculatus F. of stored pigeon pea seeds. The oil concentration was at 0.36μl/ml. Out of 35 essential oils, Adhatoda vasica Ness and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. oils showed absolute (100%) insect repellency. Chenopodium oil exhibited 100% mortality for both the test insects at 10μl concentration (LD50 = 2.8μl for C. chinensis & 2.5μl for C. maculatus) and more toxic than Adhatoda oil (LD50 = 6.8μl for C. chinensis & 8.4μl for C. maculatus). During in vivo evaluation, 0.29 and 0.58μl/ml of Chenopodium oil significantly enhanced feeding deterrence in insects and reduced the seed damage as well as weight loss of fumigated pigeon pea seeds up to 6months of storage as compared to control set. Thus, Chenopodium oil can be used as an effective option of commercial fumigants for the storage of pigeon pea seeds against pulse bruchids.

Risk Assessment of Selected Insecticides on Tamarixia triozae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Parasitoid of Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Trizoidae)

Tamarixia triozae (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an important parasitoid of the potato or tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Trizoidae), a serious pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and other solanaceous vegetables in many countries. To produce a marketable crop, insecticides are required when B. cockerelli populations reach economically damaging levels. We evaluated 11 commonly used insecticides for their effects on T. triozae. Glass-surface residues of spinetoram, imidacloprid-cyfluthrin, abamectin, and tolfenpyrad caused 100% mortality of T. triozae in 72 h, and the leaf residue of spinetoram was extremely toxic to T. triozae adults; even 15-d-old residues caused 100% mortality. Cyantraniliprole, fenpyroximate, pymetrozine, spirotetramat, spiromesifen, and chenopodium oil did not cause significant mortality in either glass surface or leaf-residue bioassays. Ingestion of spinetoram, abamectin, and imidacloprid+cyfluthrin (Leverage) by the adults resulted in 100% mortality in 12 h, and tolfenpyrad, 75.0% mortality in 12 h; whereas chenopodium oil and pymetrozine showed moderate effects on adult survival. Ingestion of abamectin, imidacloprid-cyfluthrin, and spinetoram killed all adults in the first day of treatment, whereas female adults in the treatment of pymetrozine lived 80.8 d, which was similar to those in the control. Ingestion of abamectin, imidacloprid-cyfluthrin, chenopodium oil, and spinetoram killed all male adults in the first day, whereas ingestion of other insecticides did not cause significant mortality, but reduced percent parasitism. Abamectin, imidacloprid-cyfluthrin, and spinetoram had the most deleterious effects on T. triozae, and have the least potential for use in integrated control programs using this parasitoid.

Comparative Chemical, Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Properties of Essential Oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides

In countries where leishmaniasis is endemic, there are not very many treatment alternatives and most options have problems associated with their use. Plants and their natural products constitute good sources of interesting lead compounds that could be potentially active against Leishmania. Chenopodium ambrosioides is a plant that is widely used in popular medicine and its antiparasitic effects have been documented, including the antileishmanial potentialities of Chenopodium oil. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, in-vitro cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of essential oils extracted from C. ambrosioides, which received different treatments prior to extraction. The chemical characterization by GC-MS of the three essential oil samples showed similar composition and the major components were alpha-terpinene (17.0-20.7%), p-cymene (20.2-21.1%) and ascaridole (30.5-47.1%). The essential oils exhibited similar antileishmanial activities against intracellular amastigote form, with IC50 values between 4.7 and 12.4 microg/mL. However, a lower cytotoxicity was displayed by the essential oil extracted from fresh green vegetable material, which was statistically different (P < 0.05) from the other samples. This study demonstrated that the prior treatment of plant material did not interfere with the antiparasitic activity of essential oils from C. ambrosioides but did change their cytotoxicity, which should be taken into account in further studies.

Assessment of the bioregulatory activity of the leaf juices of higher plants in Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia against Fusarium solani, Phytophthora spp. and Rhizoctonia solani

Resistance to conventional fungicides causes poor disease control in agriculture. Natural products from plants have great potential as novel fungicide sources for controlling pathogenic fungi. In this study the antipathogenic activity of the leaf juices of 11 plant species (Chenopodium ambrosioides, Pulicaria vulgaris, Lavandula pubescens, Lavandula dentata, Ageratum conyzoides, Ficus retusa, Zizyphus nummularia, Acacia tortilis, Phragmanthera sp. Aff. Rufescens, Lawsonia alba and Olea europaea) were evaluated in vitro against three plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium solani, Phytophthora spp. and Rhizoctonia solani). Plate assays showed that the leaf aqueous juices have antifungal activity against these fungi. The aqueous extracts of Pulicaria vulgaris, Lavandula dentata, Ageratum conyzoides, Ficus retusa, Zizyphus nummularia, Acacia tortilis, Phragmanthera sp. Aff. Rufescens (when associated with Acacia tortilis), Lawsonia alba and Olea europaea exhibited antifungal properties against Fusarium solani, Phytophthora spp. and Rhizoctonia solani with variable degrees. On the other hand, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Lavandula pubescens and Phragmanthera sp. Aff. Rufescens (when associated with Zizyphus nummularia) did not exhibit any fungitoxicity. All these observations suggest the possible exploitation of Chenopodium oil as a potential botanical fungitoxicant in ecofriendly control of post-harvest biodeterioration of food commodities from storage fungi.

Toxicity of pesticides to Tamarixia radiata, a parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid

Sixteen pesticides including two fungi- cides were evaluated for toxicity to adult Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Percentage mor- tality data were evaluated to generally assess IPM- compatibility of the pesticides with adult parasitoids. The following were found to be least compatible with (most toxic to) adult T. radiata based on the toxicity of direct sprays and potential long residual life on leaves: carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and fenpropathrin. Although highly toxic to the parasitoid as direct sprays or freshly dried residues, each of the following was more compatible with T. radiata because the toxicity of residues of these pesticides was either low at one to three days after application or relatively non-persis- tent: abamectin, chenopodium oil, fenpyroximate, and spirotetramat. Depending on environmental conditions, imidacloprid (foliar-applied), phosmet, pyridaben, sulfur and 435 spray oil might also be somewhat more compatible for the same reasons. The pesticides that consistently appeared to be most compatible with T. radiata were aluminum tris, copper hydroxide, diflubenzuron, and kaolin clay (Surround WP).

Effect of Oral Treatment with the Essential Oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice, Caused by Leishmania amazonensis

Background: The aromatic herb Chenopodium ambrosioides is widely known for its antiparasitic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the antileishmanial effect of Chenopodium oil administered by the oral route at different doses and to compare its action to conventional, clinically used drugs. Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania amazonensis and treated with 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg/kg of the essential oil for 15 days. A second experiment was performed to compare the antileishmanial effect of Chenopodium oil with glucantime (28 mg/kg), amphotericin B (1 mg/kg), and pentamidine (4 mg/kg), which were ad-ministered daily over 15 days by the intraperitoneal route. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between BALB/c mice treated with all the doses of the product compared with untreated animals and the mice treated with the vehicle. A dose of 150 mg/kg was the most effective and no macroscopic toxic effects were observed. The size of lesion showed a linear correlation at each point (R > 0.8322), with a 50% effective concentration of 51.4 mg/kg. At 150 mg/kg, the essential oil showed better activity compared with animals treated with glucantime, amphotericin B, and pentamidine. Conclusion: C. ambrosioides caused a promising therapeutic effect against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. amazonensis, which could be explored to develop a new alternative treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Toxic effects of carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide, and ascaridole from essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides on mitochondria

Chenopodium ambrosioides have been used for centuries in the Americas as a popular remedy for parasitic diseases. The essential oil of this plant possesses anthelmintic activity and is still used in some regions to treat parasitosis and leishmaniasis. However, the Chenopodium oil caused also some fatalities, leading to its commercial disuse. In this work, we studied the mechanism of toxicity of the essential oil and its major pure ingredients (carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide, and ascaridole, which was synthesized from α-terpinene) with respect to mammalian cells and mitochondria. We observed that all products, but especially caryophyllene oxide, inhibited the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This effect for carvacrol and caryophyllene oxide was mediated via direct complex I inhibition. Without Fe 2+, ascaridole was less toxic to mammalian mitochondria than other major ingredients. However, evidence on the formation of carbon-centered radicals in the presence of Fe 2+ was obtained by ESR spin-trapping. Furthermore, it was shown that Fe 2+ potentiated the toxicity of ascaridole on oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. The increase of the α-tocopherol quinone/α-tocopherol ratio under these conditions indicated the initiation of lipid peroxidation by Fe 2+-mediated ascaridole cleavage. Further ESR spin-trapping experiments demonstrated that in addition to Fe 2+, reduced hemin, but not mitochondrial cytochrome c can activate ascaridole, explaining why ascaridole in peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice exhibited a higher toxicity than in isolated mitochondria.

Essential Oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides as a Promising Antileishmanial Agent

Chenopodium ambrosioides has been used traditionally against parasitic diseases. The essential oil of the plant is a complex mixture of compounds with a rich structural diversity. This review focuses on recent evaluation of the essential oil from C. ambrosioides as a promising antileishmanial agent. The tested product showed activity against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and L. donovani. An optimal dose of 30 mg/Kg was effective by intraperitoneal and oral routes in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. The chenopodium oil had a moderate toxicity against peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice and no side effects were detected in animals treated by the oral route. Isolates of L. amazonensis from treated mice were susceptible to the essential oil. Synergic effects were observed when the essential oil was incubated in conjunction with pentamidine on L. amazonensis promastigote cultures. Future studies focusing on formulation, toxicity and mechanism of action may help in the development of chenopodium oil as a new antileishmanial drug.

Evaluation of Chenopodium ambrosioides oil as a potential source of antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity

Essential oil extracted from the leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. (Chenopodiaceae) was tested against the aflatoxigenic strain of test fungus Aspergillus flavus Link. The oil completely inhibited the mycelial growth at 100 μg/ml. The oil exhibited broad fungitoxic spectrum against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Helminthosporium oryzae and Pythium debaryanum at 100 μg/ml. The oil showed significant efficacy in inhibiting the aflatoxin B1 production by the aflatoxigenic strain of A. flavus. During in vivo investigation it protected stored wheat from different storage fungi for one year. Chenopodium oil also exhibited potent antioxidant activity when tested by ABTS method. All these observations suggest the possible exploitation of the Chenopodium oil as potential botanical fungitoxicant in ecofriendly control of post harvest biodeterioration of food commodities from storage fungi.

Antidermatophytic Action of the Essential Oil ofChenopodium ambrosioidesand an Ointment Prepared from it

The essential oil from the leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides exhibited antimycotic activity against the dermatophytes Trychophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum audouinii, at a concentration of 50 ppm. Its nature was fungicidal and it exhibited a broad antimycotic spectrum against dermatophytes. The shelf-life of chenopodium oil was found to be 360 days. The ointment of the oil prepared in petroleum jelly could control established ringworm infection in guinea-pigs during preliminary animal trials.

Toxicity and Repellency of Chenopodium Oil To Four Species of Stored-Product Insects2

Chenopodium oil, an essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L., was evaluated for its toxicity and repellency to adults of Callosobruchus machulatus (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Topically applied, the oil was highly toxic to C. maculatus (100% mortality at 40 μg/insect) and L. serricorne (92.5% mortality at 50 μg/insect), moderately toxic to S. oryzae (52.5% mortality at 50 μg/insect), and only slightly toxic to T. confusum at 50 μg/insect. When applied to the surface of wheat, the oil was highly repellent to S. oryzae. When applied to wheat or black-eyed peas, the oil reduced infestations of S. oryzae and C. maculatus at dosages of 2000 and 1000 ppm, respectively.

Chenopodium oil

Chenopodium oil

Experimental Studies On The Efficacy Of Thiabendazole Against The Migratory Stages Of Ascarids In Mouse

Experimental Studies On The Efficacy Of Thiabendazole Against The Migratory Stages Of Ascarids In Mouse

Determination of Ascaridol in Chenopodium Oil with Hydrogen Bromide in Acetic Acid

Determination of Ascaridol in Chenopodium Oil with Hydrogen Bromide in Acetic Acid

アメリカアリタソウの春化処理

American wormseed (Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum (L.) A. GRAY) has medicinal use and is also a source of essential oil (chenopodium oil), 45-70 percent of which is ascaridole.American wormseed seeds (in fact, they are utricle), vernalized at four temperatures, 35°, 25°, 15° and 5° for 5 days respectively, were sowed on April 6, 1957, using as the control non-treated seeds.1) The germination, especially the germination rate, was greatly influenced by the vernalization: the 35°-treated group hardly germinated, the germination rate of the 25°-treated group was generally equal to the control. But those of the 15°-treated and of the 5°-treated group increased over 10 percent more than the germination rate of the control.2) To clarify the effect of the vernalization on the plant development we examined the flowering season. The 35°-treated group and the 25°-treated one flowered about 4 days earlier than the control, but the flowering of the 15°-treated one was not different from that of the control, and that of the 5°-treated one was a little later than that of the control. Therefore American wormseed seems to pass through its vernalization phase at comparatively high temperatures, from 25° to 35°.3) As to the yield of air dried seeds, there was no difference between the treated groups and the control, but the content of essential oil in seeds was greatly influenced by the vernalization: that of the 35°-treated group and the 25°-treated one increased several percent and the 15°-treated one more than 10 percent, but that of the 5°-treated one less than the control. As for the content of ascaridole in essential oil, there is no difference between the treated ones and the control. According to the experiment in 1955 on seeds that were vernalized at 15° for 10 days and for 20 days, the content of essential oil in seeds increased 26 percent in the 10-daytreated group and 11 percent in the 20-day-treated groups, as compared with the control.From these effects, American wormseed vernalized at 15°, especially for about 10 days results in an increase in the yield of essential oil and is useful in cultivation. And the temperature in the vernalization phase of plants is not only related to development, but also seems to have great influence upon the content of the active constituent.

ヘノポジ油の蛔虫作用の実験的研究

ヘノポジ油の蛔虫作用の実験的研究

ベックマン光電計によるアスカリドールの比色定量

1) A brown color appeared when the solution of hydroquinone and hydrochloric acid was added to the alcoholic solution of ascaridol, and the light absorbancy (e) of the colored solution of different concentrations (γ) was measured by the Beckman spectrophotometer (λ=400 or 425mμ). From these experimental data (n=45), the following equations were calculated by the method of least squares:at 400mμ x=308.7y+15.7, at 425mμ x=473.5y+16.12) The standard deviation, σ, is ±0.0217 and the concentration limit corresponding to 2 σ limit is ±17.25mg. when measured at 400mμ.3) The influence of a low boiling fraction of the chenopodium oil on the method was found to be negligible.4) The data obtained by iodometry (N.F.), the Nelson's method (J.P.VI), and the present colorimetric method were compared.

Electrocardiographic Effect and Pathological Findings of Chenopodium Oil

Electrocardiographic Effect and Pathological Findings of Chenopodium Oil