Zheng He Research Articles

Malacca and Ming Dynasty in 15th-16th Centuries: A Diplomatic Relations and Regional Stability

<em>This study investigates the intricate relationship in diplomacy of Malacca with the Ming Dynasty of China during the 15th century in the Malacca Strait, with a focus on its impact on Diplomatic Relations. Employing a comprehensive historical methodology, including heuristic exploration, critical examination of sources, data interpretation, and historiographical analysis, the research reveals the significant consequences of mutually beneficial diplomatic engagements and trade interactions the bond from two region China and Malacca. When faced with threats came from Majapahit and Siam, Malacca found assistance from China (Ming Dynasty), resulting in the formation of a robust alliance. This diplomatic collaboration commenced with the arrival of Chinese delegated Yin C'ing in 1403 AD and was further reinforced by the influential visit of Cheng Ho in 1409 AD, solidifying the relationship between them. This mutually beneficial relationship not only safeguarded Malacca and elevated its trading stature but also facilitated China's access to valuable spices, while providing military protection from the Ming Dynasty. The deep relations Malacca had with China during the 15th century shows how their strengthened political association, connections and security also helps their cultural interactions.</em>

Colonial Version of The Chinese Chronicles from Sam Po Kong Temple As a Historical Evidence

This article discusses the result of research on a manuscript called Chinese Chronicles on Sam Po Kong Temple found in a manuscript from Cirebon. This research used a historical method consisting of 4 stages: heuristics, criticism interpretation, and historiography using analytic descriptive method. This research aims to prove that the chronicles are as secondary historical evidence, not a primary one. These Chinese chronicles are a copy of the manuscript. It is estimated that the copy was made in the Dutch colonial era after 1928. The Chronicles tell the life of the Moslem Chinese in Nusantara, especially Java Island, after Cheng Ho’s voyage to Nusantara when it was still under Majapahit kingdom sovereignty.

Political and trade of the Malacca sultanate and the ming dynasty XV-XVI century

This research was conducted due to the significance of the Malacca Strait's role as a trading center, connecting the Ming Dynasty in China with various regions, which led to economic growth and cultural interaction in Malacca. The main focus of the research lies on the political and trade interdependence between the Sultanate of Malacca and the Ming Dynasty during the 15th-16th centuries. The author employs the historical methods of heuristics, source criticism, data interpretation and historiography to conduct an in-depth analysis of historical records and artifacts, with the aim of holistically investigating the political and trade interrelationships between the Ming Dynasty and the Malacca Sultanate. The research reveals that diplomatic visits and mutually beneficial trade strengthened the relationship between Malacca and China. Facing threats from Siam and Majapahit, Malacca sought refuge from the Ming Dynasty, and began a close relationship. Notably, the visit of Chinese envoy Yin C'ing in 1403 paved the way for the arrival of Admiral Cheng Ho in 1409, which strengthened diplomatic relations. This relationship not only protected Malacca, but also facilitated its thriving trade. Malacca became a trading hub, offering China access to spices, while the Ming Dynasty provided military protection. The interdependence between Malacca and China in the 15th century underscores that their relationship not only fostered political security, but also increased trade and cultural exchange in the region.

The Value of Islamic Religiosity in the Migration of Admiral Cheng Ho in Archipelago, Indonesia

This research aims to explain the value of Islamic religiosity in Admiral Cheng Ho's migration to Nusantara, Indonesia. This research uses library research. The descriptive analysis method collects, compiles, analyzes, and draws conclusions. The results showed that China communicated Islamic culture as an effective way to be accepted in the archipelago. The migration step of Chinese diplomacy through Admiral Cheng Ho is said to have reflected the "Clean Diplomacy" diplomacy theory by emphasizing that diplomacy focuses not only on the ends but also on the means, and all negotiation processes are equally important. The value of religiosity in life practiced by Admiral Cheng Ho, believing in Allah SWT, appreciating, and respecting the people in the archipelago, illustrates the behavior of loyalty to the Chinese ruler by spreading Islam in the archipelago through trade routes.

AKULTURASI BUDAYA PADA ARSITEKTUR BANGUNAN DI PALEMBANG

The existence of different cultures gives birth to different architectural styles. When two or more cultures meet, cultural acculturation occurs in the architecture of the building, or in several architectural elements, or in the entire building. Acculturation is a social process that arises when a group of people from a culture combines elements of a foreign culture, so that they can be accepted and processed into their own culture without causing a loss of their original cultural personality.One area in Indonesia that can be said to have a long history and culture is the city of Palembang. Palembang was famous from the time of the Sriwijaya Kingdom to the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate and was synonymous with a business economy that used sea routes. It is not surprising that the creation of cultural acculturation is a natural thing.Examples of the historical heritage of the city of Palembang which experienced acculturation or architectural mixing can be seen from houses of worship and residential buildings, namely the Palembang Grand Mosque (Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin Jayo Wikramo Grand Mosque), the Cheng Ho Mosque (Al Islam Muhammad Cheng Hoo Mosque Sriwijaya Palembang), and the House Limas (traditional house of South Sumatra). The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach using library research.
 Keywords : acculturation, culture, architecture, Palembang

Rapid identification of the geographical origin of Baimudan tea using a Multi-AdaBoost model integrated with Raman Spectroscopy

The potential of Multi-AdaBoost in spectral analysis is substantial, particularly when combined with weak classifiers and trained to develop into a robust classifier. Given the variable quality of Baimudan tea sourced from diverse regions, the novel application of Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with the Multi-AdaBoost model to analyze the geographic origin of Baimudan tea was introduced. Initially, Raman spectra of Baimudan tea from four distinct origins in Fujian province were gathered, namely Fuan (FA), Fuding (FD), Zhenghe (ZH), and Songxi (SX). Decision Tree (DT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models were employed as fitting classifiers to construct the Multi-AdaBoost-DT and Multi-AdaBoost-SVM models. The results demonstrated that the Multi-AdaBoost-DT model exhibited significantly improved recognition rates for FA, FD, ZH, and SX origin compared to the DT model, with the average recognition rate increasing from 86.46% to 91.67%. In contrast, the recognition rates for FA and SX origin in the Multi-AdaBoost-SVM model remained unchanged, attributed to the model having reached a local optimum. The recognition rates of FD origin increased from 91.67% to 95.83%, a significant improvement, while those of ZH origin escalated from 83.33% to 87.50%. The average recognition rate increased from 92.71% to 94.79%. Additionally, Multi-AdaBoost-SVM and Multi-AdaBoost-DT enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of the discrimination outcomes. These results corroborated the effectiveness of the proposed Multi-AdaBoost-SVM model in identifying the geographical origin of Baimudan tea. Moreover, the Multi-AdaBoost model demonstrates potential in elevating the discrimination accuracy of weak classifiers, which bodes well for its application in food authentication and quality control.

PLANNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL TOURISM PRODUCTS ON THE NORTH COAST OF JAVA

As one of the Chinese Traders, Cheng Ho’s Naval Route serves Cirebon, Semarang, and Surabaya to have a cultural identity that could be seen today. Now, the existence of cultural heritage that spread akong the Javanese Nort Coast serve tourist to learn about the cultural heritage that was shaped by Cheng Ho's Naval Route. On the other hand, the existence of this cultural heritage could be developed into alternative tourism that gives a new trend of tourism attraction yet supports cultural preservation. Through adopting the model of the Cultural Route that was advanced and developed in Europe, this research is titled “Planning of Cultural Tourism Product Development of Cheng Ho Naval Route along Javanese North Coast”. This research utilizes the qualitative approach and descriptive method as the analyzing method. The result of the research covers the Tourism Attraction and Activities aspect as a component of tourism products that attract tourists, Transportation Facilities and Services as a component that serves the movement of tourists, and Institutional Elements as an organization that manages the network of transboundary tourism attractions. The recommendation of Planning of Cultural Tourism Product Development of Cheng Ho Naval Route along the Javanese North Coast can be the reference for the stakeholders to invest in tourism development that supports the preservation of Cultural Heritage

Sejarah Berdirinya Masjid Cheng Ho di Kawasan Sriwijaya

The variety of cultures and religions of the population in Indonesia is because Indonesia has various ethnicities and races too. In Palembang, there are not only ethnic Malays, there are also people of Javanese, Indian, Acehnese and Chinese/Chinese descent. The ethnic Chinese in Palembang are thought to have come from Kuang Tung and Chyang Chou in mainland South China. This place is mostly Muslim, like the Yunnan region where Admiral Cheng Ho came from. In Palembang, there is also cultural acculturation where Palembang people marry ethnic Chinese. Ethnic Chinese are included in PITI. The founders of the Islamic Tauhid Faith Builders (PITI) are Halim (Yu), Ting and Sadiqin. The aim of PITI is to unite with Muslims, to become a gathering place for learning about the Islamic religion. This is why a mosque was founded. This mosque was built with ethnic Chinese patterns and was named the Al-Islam Muhammad Cheng Ho Mosque. The Muhammad Cheng Ho Mosque in the city of Palembang was founded by PITI or the Indonesian Chinese Islamic Association. This PITI institution regulates and maintains the Al Islam Muhammad Cheng Ho Mosque. This mosque has routine Islamic activities in the mosque, for example recitation, etc. The Cheng Ho Mosque is an interesting study because it takes the concept of cultural acculturation in the Palembang area. So what is the history and factors related to the Al-Islam Muhammad Cheng Ho Mosque in Palembang.

Corak Identitas Teologi Muslim Tionghoa di Eks Karesiden Kediri Dalam Konteks Keberagamaan Pasca Reformasi

This research examines the hidden intentions of Chinese Muslim diversity in the Kediri Residency. The Kediri Chinese Muslims are theologically unique in their social-religious affiliation and religious motives. This study aims to explore the religious practices of the Chinese Muslims in Kediri, their theological features, fiqh references, interpretations, and political affiliations so that the theological characteristics of Chinese Muslims can be identified clearly. This research uses Paul Ricoeur's Critical Phenomenology approach with reflective analysis as the main feature to dissect the intention of awareness of the direction of their religion. The result of this research is that the style of appreciation practiced by Chinese Ethnic Muslims is more directed toward the practical life of religion. PITI provides a space for community-based expression, while Cheng Ho symbolizes unifying the Chinese Muslim ethnicity in Kediri. The spiritual practices carried out are more representative of Sharia and community-based social interactions, paying little attention to the realm of Sufism or Philosophy. The existence of the Chinese Muslim Ethnicity for a long time has significantly impacted the political situation in favor of Indonesia. At the same time, religious affiliation has also significantly impacted the community so that it has a more expansive religious space.

CHENG HO MOSQUE AND SOCIAL STATUS : A STUDY ON THE EXISTANCE OF CHINESE MUSLIM WITHIN SOCIOCULTURAL RELATIONS IN SURABAYA, INDONESIA

This article is a type of qualitative research using data collection techniques, namely documentation and interviews which discuss the impact of Cheng Ho Mosque for the sociocultural relations of Chinese Muslims with various parties in Indonesia. Before the construction of the Cheng Ho Mosque, being a Chinese Muslim in Indonesia was more difficult than being a Chinese. Chinese Muslims are like a minority within a minority and find very difficult to establish relationships with other non-Chinese Muslim groups in Indonesia. Likewise, his relationship with the Chinese ethnic group itself is very limited. This article finds, the presence of the Cheng Ho mosque has a new impact on the lives of Chinese Muslim today. The existence of Chinese Muslim has been widely known by the public. Both in social and cultural activities began to be widely known and understood. The relations with various parties are very good. The existence of Chinese Muslims can become a mediator in connecting and solve the problem among various parties like Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, academics, Chinese consulate general, non-Muslim Chinese communities, and other ethnic communities in Surabaya, East Java. Even indirectly have an impact on China’s public Diplomacy in Indonesia.

Analisis Penyebab Laporan Keuangan Masjid Tidak Sesuai Dengan Standar Akuntansi

<p><em>This study aimed to analyze the factors that caused the Takmir of Cheng Ho Mosque and Al Irsyad Mosque in Surabaya not to apply ISAK 35 in preparing financial reports. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The study's results revealed that the factors causing the Takmir not to apply ISAK 35 to the mosque's financial reports were that the mosque Takmir did not have sufficient knowledge about ISAK 35. The mosque's financial reports were presented following the financial information needs of Takmir and donors who were not complex. The presentation of mosque financial reports based on ISAK 35 is too complicated, so the cost of presenting information is high, but the relevance (benefit) for users of mosque financial reports is low. The results of this study imply that simpler mosque financial accounting guidelines or standards are needed to balance the relevance and cost of presenting mosque financial information. There needs to be the socialization of mosque financial accounting guidelines or standards for mosque Takmir.</em><em></em></p>

DIPLOMASI PROFETIK (STUDI ANALISIS PADA LAWATAN CHENG HO DI NUSANTARA)

This study is a literature study using a descriptive qualitative approach. The method used is content analysis with a historical study approach on historical documents of Zheng He's visit to the archipelago in the 14th-15th centuries AD. From the results of the discussion, this study concludes; first; The main mission of Zheng He's visit to the archipelago was to gain recognition from the rulers of the archipelago's kings of the Chinese emperor's power during the Ming Dynasty, as well as efforts to meet the logistical needs of the kingdom through trade and friendship and peace. Second; Zheng He's arrival in the archipelago contributed to the opportunity for good diplomatic relations between Indonesia and China today. This can happen, supported by the romantic factor of the beautiful history of the past that has been inscribed by Admiral Cheng Ho from China who has successfully carried out diplomatic missions and the symbols of Islam well in this archipelago. One of the evidences of these memories is the existence of several mosques in the archipelago whose architecture imitates the characteristics of China, namely the Muhammad Cheng Ho Mosque in several cities in Indonesia to commemorate Cheng Ho's services in carrying out diplomatic missions that were carried out peacefully.

Motif Pembangunan Masjid Cheng Ho Surabaya

This article aims to understand in depth the motives for the construction of the Cheng Ho Mosque. This article uses qualitative research methods and data collection techniques, documentation, and direct observation by using a cross-disciplinary research model. There are two motives found, namely the motive of reason and motive of purpose. The motive behind the construction of this mosque is the fear and trauma related to sentiment towards the Chinese ethnic caused by the past experiences of the Chinese ethnic. While on the motive of the goal, the researcher found that the meaning of the goal is that PITI wants to get a lot of support to get a sense of security. The existence of the Cheng Ho mosque has become a significant icon that can introduce the presence of Chinese Muslims.

Creating Batik Lasem through a comparative study of Batik Lasem and Champa in the 15th to 19th century

Batik Lasem of Indonesia is a part of the national cultural heritage. Playing an important role in the production of traditional Indonesian textiles, batik Lasem has a specific motif mixing elements of Chinese and Javanese culture, which produces meaningful, unique motifs and colors. It is believed that Admiral Cheng Ho, who first arrived at the Binangun port in 1413, had brought this culture with his people from Champa. The purpose of this research was to create a new batik motif by combining Batik Lasem and the Champa motif. The research method used was the literature studies by analyzing the acculturation of Champa ceramic ornaments in Batik Lasem and interviewing with some batik observers as well as batik entrepreneurs. Through Design Thinking Process, the author develops four motifs of the acculturation motif from the surrounding natural environment and the daily stories of the local people. In the future, the author hopes that this sustainable new motif will inspire young people to preserve this extinct Batik Lasem as our precious cultural heritage.

The Myth of Zheng He: Kenya-China Encounters in Yvonne Owuor's The Dragonfly Sea

The year 2005 marked the 600th anniversary of Zheng He’s first voyage on the Indian Ocean and the 50th anniversary of the Bandung Conference. In the same year Mwamaka Sharifu, a girl from Lamu island in Kenya, also a descendent of sailors of Zheng He’s fleet (1405-1433), was awarded a scholarship to study in her “home country”. In 2019, the novel The Dragonfly Sea by the Kenyan female writer Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor, which incorporates the story of Mwamaka Sharifu, was publishedby Alfred A. Knopf. By using the concept of “fictive ethnicity”, proposed by Balibar, and “push back”, as articulated by Ruth Simbao, this paper tries to explore how the history of Zheng He is adopted and narrated to construct, blur or refute boundaries of nation and ethnicity in The Dragonfly Sea. It also investigates how fictional writing, both aesthetically and culturally, intervenes and responds to the dominant discourses surrounding “China-Africa” by exhibiting the ambiguity and nuances within. It shows that an epistemological and discursive fracture exists between Africa and China that leads to a binary construction of the myth of Zheng He, which might be effective to some degree but runs the risk of repeating nation-state and ethnic configurations.
 KEY WORDS: ZHENG HE, CHINA-KENYA LITERATURE, FICTIVE ETHNICITY, THE DRAGONFLY SEA

Pengembangan Novelet Berbahasa Jawa Bertema Sejarah Semarang untuk Pembelajaran Sastra Jawa SMA/Sederajat

The existence of Javanese novels in Javanese literature learning has a standard thickness of novels (more than 100 pages) with various themes. Not all novels that have been published can be used as study material in literature learning. Literary works that can be used as teaching material with the theme of Semarang history. There are various values ​​of life that can be learned, such as religion and tolerance, openness, and discipline, and hard work. There are two main objectives of the research, namely (1) the characteristics of the needs of teachers and students and (2) the draft novelet in Javanese with the theme of Semarang history. This development research was carried out with a research and development (R&D) design developed by Borg and Gall (2003) and modified into two stages, namely (1) preliminary studies and (2) draft development. The characteristics of the needs of teachers and students are seen from the four aspects of book feasibility, namely material, language, presentation, and graphics. The novelet draft consists of the beginning, the content, and the end. The initial section consists of the title page, the publication page, the table of contents page, and the foreword page. The contents of the novelet draft consisted of four short novels with historical themes in the city of Semarang, such as Ki Ageng Pandanaran, Admiral Cheng Ho, the legend of Gua Kreo, and the Five Days Battle in Semarang. The final section contains the author's biography.

PENGARUH IKLAN DAN PENYELENGGARAAN EVENT DI KLENTENG SAM POO KONG TERHADAP KEPUASAN PENGUNJUNG MELALUI KEPUTUSAN BERKUNJUNG (Studi pada Pengunjung Klenteng Sam Poo Kong)

The tourism sector has great potential in supporting the country's economy. The growth of visitors in the city of Semarang continues to experience growth of visitors in the city of Semarang continues to experience growth so that encourage the creation of new tourist destinations and increase tourism competition. Klenteng Sam Poo Kong is one of the tourist destinations in Semarang City which is the oldest Chinese temple in Semarang. Klenteng Sam Poo Kong is unique in its architectural style of buildings full of Chinese nuances and there is the highest Cheng Ho statue in the world, besides being a tourist destination it can also be used as a place of worship. This type of research is explanatory research, using a questionnaire as a method of data collection. The purpose of this study was to determine the direct effect between the variable Advertising and Organizing Event on Visitor Satisfaction, and the indirect effect of Advertising and Organizing Event on Visitor Satisfaction through a Visiting Decision on Visitors to the Klenteng Sam Poo Kong. The research method used is the Non Probability Sampling technique with the Purposive Sampling method. Samples collected as many as 100 respondents were visitors to the Klenteng Sam Poo Kong which were chosen based on consideration. The study uses a Partial Least Square analysis technique, which is estimated by the WarpPLS 6.0 program. Based on the analysis of data processing with WarpPLS explained that the test results of direct and indirect effects on the research model showed positive and significant results. The researcher gave advised to the manager of the Klenteng Sam Poo Kong based on the lowest recapitulation value given by respondents to the assessment indicators, namely doing ad serving during breaks and at after work hours, improving the quality of the performers' performance such as adding barongsai dance attractions on poles and adding dragon dance, continuing to improve the quality of service, performance, and facilities needed and desired by visitors, so that the sacrifice of time and energy that has been spent by visitors is commensurate with those obtained during the visit, and includes information both writing or photos that are by the reality at the tourist attractions so that respondents' expectations are in line with or exceed ith what was found during a visit.

POTENSI AKULTURASI BUDAYA DALAM MENUNJANG KUNJUNGAN WISATAWAN DI KOTA SEMARANG

Abstract: Semarang as a multicultural city which there is a mixture of three ethnics groups, namely Javanese ethnics, Arab ethnics and Chinese ethnics. Semarang has a cultural acculturation that comes from three etnics. Semarang has a special food called “Lunpia”. Semarang has a variety of festival’s such as the Chinese New Year, Cheng Ho Festival, Dugderan Festival. One example : Dugderan festival is held welcoming ramadhan. Warag ngendog is a mythological animal with carrying eggs on its back, this creature celebrated during the dugderan festival held annualy a few days before the Ramadhan. Represent three different etnics groups in Semarang city is a Javanese ethnics, Arabian ethnics, and Chinese ethnics. Its head is like a dragon, the body is the combination of  camel and the legs is teh combination of goat. Gambang Semarang is one of traditional dance in Semarang. Gambang Semarang dance is showed to be enjoyed from its moving, appearance and rhythm and the dance is a reflection of someone action which enjoy their life, joyful and thankfull to God (Allah SWT), because we have been given grace through beautiful dance. Gambang Semarang dance using gamelan instrument including Kendang, kempul, bonang, gong, kecrek and tohyan (chinese). Song in Gambang Semarang dance exhivition feels happy and fresh, in January 2020 tourist arrivals in Semarang decreased until 6 percen, because in Jauary is not a period holiday (low season period). Ahmad Yani International Airport in Semarang i sthe entrance point for foreign. In January 2020, Malaysia were the highest number of tourist in Semarang (849people), Singapore (279 people) and Chinese (113 people).Keywords: cultural, acculturation, food, festival

STRATEGI MASJID CHENG HO DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDIDIKAN KEAGAMAAN MUSLIM TIONGHOA DI SURABAYA DAN JEMBER

Everyone in the territory of the Indoneia state is entitled to a religious education to improve its religious education. Therefore, the Government set rules in the Government regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 55 year 2007 article 4 paragraph 2 of religious and religious education reads "Every student in the education unit in all lines, levels, and types of education Entitled to a religious education in accordance with the religion he and taught by a religious educator "explains the equality of rights in obtaining religious education at the basic, intermediate and so on. But the fact that the field says, the minority people like ethnic Chinese have difficulty in improving its religious education. The strategy of Cheng Ho Mosque in improving Chinese Muslim religious education

Selected Problems Concerning the “Zheng He Map”: Questions without Answers

Selected Problems Concerning the “Zheng He Map”: Questions without Answers