Outcome Of Chemotherapy In Patients Research Articles

Treatment Outcomes in Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Experience of the AF Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center (Obninsk)

AIM. To assess chemotherapy outcomes in patients with primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) treated at the AF Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center from 2016 to 2023. MATERIALS & METHODS. The analysis focused on the data from 58 patients with the morphologically verified diagnosis of PMBCL. The patients were aged 17–62 years (median 34 years), there were 39 women and 19 men. The median follow-up was 51.2 months (range 0.4–200.9 months). Depending on drug chemotherapy regimens, patients were divided into 3 groups: R-NHL-BFM-90 (n = 9), R-CHOP (n = 17), and R-MACOP-B (n = 32). Most patients (90 %) received mediastinal radiotherapy of total 30–46 Gy. RESULTS. The 5-year overall survival in the therapy groups was 66.7 %, 88.2 %, and 100 %, respectively (p = 0.007), progression-free survival was 66.7 %, 70.6 %, and 96.9 % (p = 0.006), and event-free survival was 66.7 %, 54.7 %, and 90.6 % (p = 0.038). On the whole, the toxicity profile of chemotherapy was quite acceptable. Neither low blood values nor other adverse events essentially affected a complete implementation of chemoradiotherapy program. The intermediate outcomes were based on PET-CT data after 2–4 therapy cycles in 37 (64 %) patients. PET-CT showed that at the stage of drug chemotherapy, complete response (CR) was achieved in 27 (73 %) patients, and partial response (PR) was achieved in 4 (11 %) patients. With respect to the CR and PR criteria, there were 6 (16 %) non-responders. CONCLUSION. PMBCL is one of extranodal lymphomas with thymic B-cells being primary source of tumor growth. PMBCL is characterized by aggressive course and extreme heterogeneity of clinical manifestations. Up to now, the first-line chemotherapy decision making in PMBCL has remained an issue with practical importance. This paper reports immediate and long-term outcomes of the program chemoradiotherapy regimen R-MACOP-B with subsequent consolidation radiotherapy. The results obtained can be termed quite satisfactory and noninferior to the data from national and international sources. Nevertheless, more effective chemoradiotherapy programs for PMBCL continue to be elaborated. In this context, immune checkpoint inhibitors as part of therapy programs seem to hold promise for the treatment of newly diagnosed PMBCL.

The Impact of Frailty on Chemotherapy Outcomes in Patients With Digestive System Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The prevalence of patients with digestive system tumors has been high. In recent years, frailty has been considered to be associated with poor prognosis of digestive system tumors, but there are conflicting research results. A better understanding of the relationship between frailty and outcomes after chemotherapy can help advance the development of oncology care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of prechemotherapy frailty on chemotherapy toxicity, overall mortality, unplanned hospitalization, and overall survival in patients with digestive system tumors. Up to April 2023, observational studies assessing the impact of frailty on chemotherapy outcomes in patients with digestive system tumors were collected through searching 10 online research databases. Two evaluators independently extracted literature based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and evaluated the quality of the studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Eventually, 11 cohort studies encompassing 2380 patients were included. The meta-analysis revealed that the frail group exhibited an increased risk of overall mortality, with poorer overall survival than the nonfrail group. Frailty increases the risk of chemotherapy-induced toxic effects, unplanned hospitalization, and death in patients. However, because of this study's limited number of participants, large-sample, multicenter studies to verify these findings are required. This study provides theoretical support for incorporating frailty assessment into the nursing evaluation of patients with digestive system tumors before chemotherapy. This integration aids in predicting patients at a high risk of chemotherapy toxicity, mortality, and unplanned hospitalization, therefore providing corresponding interventions in advance to reduce adverse outcomes.

Association of metabolomics with PD-1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

BackgroundCombining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with chemotherapy has become a standard treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lacking driver gene mutations. Reliable biomarkers are essential for predicting...

Adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for MSI early gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Perioperative chemotherapy (CT) is an established therapeutic approach for patients diagnosed with stage IB-III gastric cancer (GC). This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of this approach in individuals with GC exhibiting high microsatellite instability (MSI-H). A systematic review was conducted, including studies that provided data on (neo)adjuvant CT outcomes in patients with MSI-H GC. Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Central of Controlled Trials, and Embase databases. Data were aggregated using hazard ratios (HRs) to compare overall survival between CT and surgery. Data analysis from 23 studies, including 22,011 patients, revealed that the prevalence of MSI-H is 9.8%. Administration of adjuvant or perioperative CT did not significantly reduce the risk of death or relapse in patients with MSI-H GC (HR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.54-1.16; p = 0.24 and HR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.59-1.18; p = 0.31, respectively). Chemotherapy did not benefit patients diagnosed with MSI-H nonmetastatic GC but rather will be integrated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the near future.

Abstract A079: FHD286 is a BRG1/BRM ATPase inhibitor showing efficacy in NSCLC models and is applicable to NSCLC patients both as a single agent treatment and in combination with current standards of care

Abstract The BAF (BRG/BRM-associated factors) complex plays a critical role in shaping the chromatin landscape. The two mutually exclusive ATPases BRM/BRG1 (SMARCA2/4, respectively) drive chromatin remodeling activity in the BAF complex. Genetic alterations in the SMARCA4 gene, encoding BRG1, are found in approximately 10% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, leaving this subset of BRG1-deficient tumors highly susceptible to inhibition of BRM (Hoffman, 2014; Oike, 2013). However, BRG1 can also have oncogenic activity in NSCLC (Li, 2019) and can serve as a predictive biomarker for chemotherapy outcome in patients (Bell, et al 2015), rationalizing the use of a dual BRG1/BRM ATPase inhibitor (FHD286) in NSCLC patients in combination with chemotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that a panel of in vitro and in vivo NSCLC models respond to BAF ATPase inhibition as a single agent treatment, irrespective of SMARCA4 mutation status. Analysis of gene expression and dependency data suggests that FHD286 sensitivity correlates with activity of genes related to DNA damage response and repair. We furthermore demonstrate an enhancing effect on tumor growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo driven by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest when combining dual FHD286 with current first and second line standards of care. Collectively, these results indicate a path forward for the development of FHD-286, a clinical stage BRM/BRG1 ATPase inhibitor, for the treatment of NSCLC patients both as a single agent treatment and in combination with current standards of care. Citation Format: Oliver Mikse, Ammar Adam, GiNell Elliott, Dave Lahr, Victoria Amaral, Priyadharshini Viswanathan, Liv Johannessen, Hafiz Ahmad, Jessica Wan, Steven Bellon, Murphy Hentemann. FHD286 is a BRG1/BRM ATPase inhibitor showing efficacy in NSCLC models and is applicable to NSCLC patients both as a single agent treatment and in combination with current standards of care [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A079.

Improving targeted small molecule drugs to overcome chemotherapy resistance.

Conventional cancer treatments face the challenge of therapeutic resistance, which causes poor treatment outcomes. The use of combination therapies can improve treatment results in patients and is one of the solutions to overcome this challenge. Chemotherapy is one of the conventional treatments that, due to the non-targeted and lack of specificity in targeting cancer cells, can cause serious complications in the short and long-term for patients by damaging healthy cells. Also, the employment of a wide range of strategies for chemotherapy resistance by cancer cells, metastasis, and cancer recurrence create serious problems to achieve the desired results of chemotherapy. Accordingly, targeted therapies can be used as a combination treatment with chemotherapy to both cause less damage to healthy cells, which as a result, they reduce the side effects of chemotherapy, and by targeting the factors that cause therapeutic challenges, can improve the results of chemotherapy in patients. Small molecules are one of the main targeted therapies that can be used for diverse targets in cancer treatment due to their penetration ability and characteristics. However, small molecules in cancer treatment are facing obstacles that a better understanding of cancer biology, as well as the mechanisms and factors involved in chemotherapy resistance, can lead to the improvement of this type of major targeted therapy. In this review article, at first, the challenges that lead to not achieving the desired results in chemotherapy and how cancer cells can be resistant to chemotherapy are examined, and at the end, research areas are suggested that more focusing on them, can lead to the improvement of the results of using targeted small molecules as an adjunctive treatment for chemotherapy in the conditions of chemotherapy resistance and metastasis of cancer cells.

The effect of (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term survival outcomes in patients with invasive lobular breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy: A retrospective cohort study.

Despite histological and molecular differences between invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive carcinoma of no special type, according to national treatment guidelines no distinction is made regarding the use of (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy. Studies on the long-term outcome of chemotherapy in patients with ILC are scarce and show inconclusive results. All patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative ILC with an indication for chemotherapy treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy were selected from the Erasmus Medical Center Breast Cancer database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of chemotherapy on recurrence-free survival (RFS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and overall survival (OS). A total of 520 patients were selected, of whom 379 were treated with chemotherapy and 141 were not. Patients in the chemotherapy group were younger (51 vs. 61 years old; p<.001), had a higher T status (T3+, 33% vs. 14%; p<.001), and more often had lymph node involvement (80% vs. 49%; p<.001) in comparison to the no-chemotherapy group. After adjusting for confounders, chemotherapy treatment was not associated with better RFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-2.31), BCSS (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.60-2.58), or OS (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.56-1.66). This was also reflected by adjusted Cox survival curves in the chemotherapy versus no-chemotherapy group for RFS (75% vs. 79%), BCSS (80% vs. 84%), and OS (72% vs. 71%). Chemotherapy is not associated with improved RFS, BCSS, or OS for patients with ER+/HER2- ILC treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy and with an indication for chemotherapy.

Analysis on real-world chemotherapy outcomes in patients (pts) with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistant advanced EGFR-mutant non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the United States.

e21088 Background: Chemotherapy is the current standard of care for pts with EGFR-mutant NSCLC whose tumor develops EGFR TKI resistance. We are conducting a real-world study to understand resistance mechanisms to EGFR TKI and outcomes with subsequent therapies (targeted and non-targeted). Here we report outcome results for standard of care given after resistance to a first-line (1L) EGFR TKI. Methods: This is a non-interventional descriptive cohort study using electronic medical record data and biomarker data from the United States TEMPUS database, which will continue until end of 2024 with new pts entering the study cohort over time. The study period for this reported analysis on real-world chemotherapy outcomes was any time until June 2022. Drug resistance was defined as disease progression on an EGFR TKI. Pts entering the study cohort were adult, with stage IIIB–IV NSCLC, had received an EGFR TKI either as a monotherapy or in combination with other systemic therapies, and had disease progression after EGFR TKI initiation. Pts were followed after tumor progression and from the initiation of a chemotherapy regimen, to describe treatment patterns and treatment outcomes (real-world progression-free survival [rw-PFS] and overall survival [OS]). Results: Of 21,425 pts with NSCLC, 1,087 patients were eligible for inclusion into the study cohort, with their stage IIIB–IV NSCLC diagnosis spanning from 1999 to 2021. A total of 588 pts (54.1%) received a 1L EGFR TKI and a subsequent second-line (2L) systemic therapy after disease progression. Of these, 100 pts received 2L chemotherapy regimens (platinum-based chemotherapy, n = 48; taxane monotherapy, n = 12; taxane + other chemotherapy, n = 3; pemetrexed, n = 28; other chemotherapy-only regimens, n = 9). Overall, these chemotherapy-treated pts had a median rw-PFS of 4.3 months (95% CI: 3.3, 5.1), and a median OS of 14.2 months (95% CI: 11.8, 22.2). Conclusions: Here, we show that after disease progression on a 1L EGFR TKI, patients had poor disease outcomes on 2L chemotherapy, indicating an unmet medical need as these pts likely developed EGFR TKI resistance. Treatment adaptation based on identified mechanism of resistance such as MET amplification, may improve outcomes for these patients.

SOX plus bevacizumab versus SOX plus cetuximab as initial treatment of recurrent advanced colorectal cancer with wild-type KRAS (MCSGO-1107 study): A phase II randomized study.

136 Background: Although clinical outcomes of chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) have improved over the last decade, the standard-of-care chemotherapy regimens for patients with unresectable RAS wild-type CRC remain to be discussed. The aim of this study was to compare S-1 and oxaliplatin (SOX) + bevacizumab (B-mab) with SOX + cetuximab (C-mab) in patients with previously untreated, unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic CRC with wild-type KRAS. Methods: This phase II, randomized, open-label, multicenter study compared the efficacy and safety of SOX+B-mab with SOX+C-mab in patients with previously untreated, unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic CRC with wild-type KRAS. Forty-five patients were enrolled in this study between February 2012 and October 2016. Results: The overall response rate (ORR) for the SOX+B-mab group was 59.1%, whereas that for the SOX+C-mab group was 43.5% (p = 0.29). The disease control rate (DCR) for the SOX+B-mab group was 90.9%, whereas that of the SOX+C-mab group was 91.3% (p = 0.96). For all patients, median OS were 25.3 months (95% CI: 16.5–39.4 months) in the SOX+B-mab group and 15.5 months (95% CI: 7.30–30.4 months, p = 0.167) in the SOX+C-mab group. Median PFS were 11.7 months (95% CI: 7.37–18.2 months) in the SOX+B-mab group and 5.5 months (95% CI: 3.36–10.1 months, p = 0.077) in the SOX+C-mab group. In the SOX+B-mab group, OS and PFS were not significantly different with and without early tumor shrinkage (ETS). However, in the SOX+C-mab group, patients with ETS had significantly better OS (30.4 months [95% CI: 8.0–44.3 months, p = 0.032]) and PFS (12.0 months [95% CI: 5.1–19.7 months, p = 0.003]) than those without ETS. Conclusions: The safety and efficacy of SOX+B-mab and SOX+C-mab as initial treatment for unresectable CRC with wild-type KRAS were almost the same. ETS was more correlated with PFS in the SOX+C-mab group than in the SOX+B-mab group, suggesting consideration of treatment strategy based on ETS may improve patient prognosis, especially in patients receiving the SOX+C-mab regimen. Clinical trial information: UMIN000006706 .

Analysis of the role of tumor microenvironment on clinical outcomes of chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer using high plex digital spatial profiling.

456 Background: Tumor consists of not only cancer cells but also various immune cells or stromal cells. And tumor microenvironment (TME) is known to be associated with response and resistance to treatment. However, the role of TME in the response to chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer (AGC) remains unclear. We evaluated whether TME can affect the survival in patients with AGC who received first-line chemotherapy using high plex digital spatial profiling (DSP). Methods: Patients with AGC who received first-line chemotherapy were registered. Archival tumor tissue before first-line chemotherapy were obtained and tissue microarrays (TMAs) were made. Regions of interest (ROIs) were selected on each TMA and high plex DSP including RNA transcript was performed in all ROIs using GeoMx DSP (Whole Transcriptome Atlas) after masking by cytokeratin (CK) immunofluorescence. Differentially expressed gene (DEG), geneset enrichment analysis (GSEA), gene ontology (GO) and cell subsets were analyzed separately in CK-positive and CK-negative areas, using EdgeR, mSigDb, DAVID and CIBERSORT. Results: Thirty-three tumor tissues from 33 patients and 5 normal tissues were analyzed. All patients received fluoropyrimidine and platinum doublet chemotherapy. HER2+ was 15.2% and all with HER2+ AGC received trastuzumab plus chemotherapy. Five received nivolumab plus chemotherapy. Response rate was 48.5% and progression-free survival (PFS) was 9.8 months (95% CI, 6.85-NA). In CK-positive area, high expression of PIGR (polymeric Immunoglobulin receptor gene) (FDR q=0.013) and low expression of IFNE (FDR q=0.027) were associated with long PFS. Response to interferon beta (FDR q=0.044), cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (FDR q=0.014) and antigen processing and presentation pathway (FDR q=0.015) were less activated in patients with long PFS in GO and GSEA. Although the density of CD8+ T cell did not affect PFS (6.9 vs. 10.8, p=0.25), high density of CX3CR1+memory CD8+T cells (Tmem) showed longer PFS (18.3 vs. 6.6 months, p=0.01), compared with low density of CX3CR1+CD8+Tmem. In CK-negative area, low density of CD8+ T cells were associated with longer PFS (6.3 vs. 18.3 months, p= 0.008). Conclusions: TME particularly in CK-positive area might affect survival for chemotherapy in AGC. PIGR and CX3CR1+CD8+Tmem were suggested as good candidate markers for predicting clinical outcomes of chemotherapy, indicating further analysis of TME will be needed especially in patients with AGC who received immune checkpoint inhibitors.

The role of serial circulating tumor DNA for predicting clinical outcomes of chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

433 Background: Serial circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis enables us to detect minimal residual disease, to estimate recurrence and to trace evolution of cancer. However, the role of ctDNA in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) who received palliative chemotherapy is still unclear. We performed this study to evaluate if serial ctDNA can predict clinical outcomes of chemotherapy and propose evolutionary findings during chemotherapy. Methods: The patients with histopathologically confirmed AGC and who received palliative chemotherapy were enrolled. Serial blood sample for ctDNA sequencing were obtained at baseline (BL) (before first-line chemotherapy), after first cycle and every 2-3 months until disease progression. ctDNA sequencing was performed for all samples using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform with a targeted gene panel including 106 genes. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertions and deletions (Indels), and copy number variants (CNVs) were identified by ctDNA sequencing while serial ctDNA were monitored by tracing changes in the variants. ctDNA clearance was defined as no detection of any kind of variants or variant allele frequency (VAF) less than 0.1%. Results: A total of 50 patients were registered and 248 samples were collected. Median age was 62. HER2-positive GC were 5 (10.0%) and 49 received fluoropyrimidine plus platinum (1 did not receive chemotherapy). Response rate and median progression-free survival (PFS) were 42.9% and 10.7 months (95% CI, 7.9-13.6). Among 40 who were available for BL ctDNA, patients who were detected with ctDNA variant (D group) were 21 (52.5%). TP53 mutation was the most frequently observed genetic alteration in BL ctDNA (76.2%) and median copy numbers of ERBB2 in HER2-positive GC were 28 (range 2-42). D group were more frequently observed in tubular or papillary adenocarcinoma than in poorly cohesive carcinoma (69.0% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.001). Patients who were not detected with any kind of ctDNA variant (ND group) showed a trend in longer PFS, compared to D group, however it was not significant (10.5 vs 7.9 months, p = 0.29). In serial analysis during first-line chemotherapy, ctDNA clearance was observed in 14 (70.0%) out of 20 in D group. Patients with ctDNA clearance showed significantly longer PFS, compared with patients without ctDNA clearance (9.8 vs. 3.6 months, p &lt; 0.001). Among 32 patients who had disease progression, increased VAF or re-development of previous BL ctDNA variants were observed in 16 (50.0%). Increased VAF or re-development of BL ctDNA were detected in 2.1 months earlier than clinical or radiologic deterioration. Conclusions: Serial ctDNA could predict clinical outcomes of chemotherapy and detect disease progression earlier than clinical or radiological findings in AGC. Further study for serial ctDNA is needed to find out the resistant mechanism and evolutionary process in cancer.

Causes of Uncertain Chemotherapy Outcomes in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treated in Penitentiary Institutions of the Russian Federation

Reporting of the «transferred out» outcome leads to significantly worse treatment results of tuberculosis patients treated in the institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.The objective: to investigate the patients’ routes that led to reporting of the «transferred out» outcome, and propose measures to reduce the risk of this outcome.Subjects and Methods. We studied the places of registration and routes of 1,496 pulmonary tuberculosis patients registered for treatment in 2019 (new cases and relapses) with the outcome of «transfered out».Results. In the structure of transferred out patients, in 631/1,496 (42.2%) patients, the «transferred out» outcome was associated with their transfer between institutions within the penitentiary system. Additionally 462/1,496 (30.9%) patients were released in the region where they continued their treatment, 85/1,496 (5.7%) were released and moved to a different region, 301/1,496 (20.6%) were released from pre-trial detention , and 10/1,496 (0.6%) left Russia and moved abroad.Conclusion: the procedure should be developed to transfer the information about patients moving within the penitentiary system and beyond it. To motivate the patient immediately after the detection of tuberculosis, it is necessary to conduct individual conversations explaining the nature of the disease, importance and necessity of treatment. Tuberculosis patients in pre-trial detention centers should be provided with leaflets containing information about medical organization where patients can continue treatment, patients released from penitentiary units should be informed about the system of social adaptation and services available for tuberculosis patients.

Adjuvant chemotherapy may improve long-term outcomes in stage IB non-small cell lung cancer patients with previous malignancies: A propensity score-matched analysis.

BackgroundRoutine administration of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage IB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains controversial. To our knowledge, no available studies have assessed the outcomes of chemotherapy in patients with stage IB NSCLC who had prior malignancies.MethodsPatients with pathological stage IB NSCLC with previous malignancies who underwent surgery between 2004 and 2015 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The patients were categorized into chemotherapy and observation group based on whether they received adjuvant chemotherapy. Propensity score matching was performed to reduce confounding bias, and Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests were used to compare overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) between the two groups. Subgroup analyses of the matched cohorts were then conducted to evaluate the relationship between clinical features and chemotherapy.ResultsA total of 894 eligible patients were identified; 90 (10.1%) patients received postoperative chemotherapy. Patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy obtained obvious OS benefits compared with those who received observation alone (HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.97, P = 0.031). In addition, the 5-year OS rate and median OS time in the chemotherapy group were higher and longer, respectively. Although chemotherapy offered no obvious benefits for CSS (HR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.57–1.14, P = 0.35), patients who received chemotherapy showed a better 5-year CSS rate. On subgroup analyses, a chemotherapy advantage was observed in advanced age (≥65 years, HR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.38–0.99, P = 0.045). The same chemotherapy advantages were observed in patients diagnosed with higher histological grades (poorly differentiated to undifferentiated) (HR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.33–0.96, P = 0.033) and tumor sizes >3.1–4 cm (HR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.37–0.87, P = 0.010). Interestingly, NSCLC patients with previous malignancies originating from the kidney and bladder (HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12–0.99, P = 0.049) showed a chemotherapy advantage. The same chemotherapy advantages were observed in patients diagnosed with NSCLC within 3 to 5 years after prior cancers (HR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16–0.98, P = 0.044) and with localized SEER stage of prior cancers (HR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29–0.86, P = 0.012).ConclusionThese findings indicate that adjuvant chemotherapy may improve long-term outcomes for stage IB NSCLC patients with previous malignancies. It is recommended that physicians consider the clinical features of previous cancers when making adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for these patients.

Возможности химиотерапии в эру таргетной терапии и иммунотерапии у пациентов с распространенной меланомой кожи

Modern drug therapy has radically changed approaches to the treatment of common skin melanoma. Unfortunately, some patients have no response to this therapy or the disease progresses after a while. In such a situation, we return to chemotherapy. Despite the resistance of melanoma to chemotherapy drugs, recent studies show that after the progression of the disease against the background of immunotherapy, the use of chemotherapy in late lines allows you to achieve results that are not inferior to those that were achieved earlier in the first line of treatment. This review is devoted to comparing the results of chemotherapy in patients with skin melanoma in late lines with the results obtained before the era of modern drug therapy.

Commentary: Treatment Outcome of Different Chemotherapy in Patients With Relapsed or Metastatic Malignant Urachal Tumor.

Commentary: Treatment Outcome of Different Chemotherapy in Patients With Relapsed or Metastatic Malignant Urachal Tumor.

Short-term outcomes of preoperative chemotherapy in patients with upper ampullary rectal cancer

The purpose of the study: to analyze short-term efficacy and tolerability of preoperative chemotherapy in patients with upper ampullary rectal carcinoma. Material and methods. A prospective study conducted at the cancer research institute (tomsk, russia) between 2018 and 2020 included 47 patients with operable cancer of the upper ampullary part of the rectum with mrt3n0m0 (mesorectal fascia involvement (crm+) or low-grade cancer), mrt4аn0m0 and mrt3–4аn1m0. All patients were divided into two groups. Group i comprised 22 patients, who received 3 cycles of chemotherapy with folfox-4 followed by surgery. Group ii consisted of 25 patients, who underwent surgery alone. All patients underwent arterior resection of the rectum. Results. Group i patients completed all three cycles of preoperative chemotherapy. Downstaging after chemotherapy was observed in 16 (72.7 %) patients. No severe side effects of chemotherapy were found. The frequency of radical surgeries (r0) was 100 %. No significant differences in the rate of postoperative complications between the treatment groups were observed (18.2 % and 16 %, respectively, p&gt;0.05). There were no cases of postoperative mortality. Conclusion. Compared with surgery alone, preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery demonstrates a high short-term efficacy, does not adversely affect the course of the perioperative period.

Chemosensitivity Evaluation using Circulating Tumor Cells Predicts Chemotherapy Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Cancer.

Chemotherapy is a clinically recognized effective technique for systemic treatment of malignant tumors. However, the tumor heterogeneity and multiple drug resistance (MDR) to the chemotherapeutic agents often lead to a failure of response to chemotherapy. We utilized a novel in vitro chemosensitivity test to identify sensitive and effective chemotherapeutic drugs and further elucidated the correlation between the in vitro chemosensitivity and clinical outcomes. We developed a circulating tumor cell-based in vitro drug sensitivity test to evaluate the sensitivity of different chemotherapeutic agents. High glucose uptake combined with negative CD45 marker were exploited to distinguish the CTCs from leukocytes. The altered glucose metabolism of single cell was measured by custom-designed computational algorithm, and the toxicity of different drug combinations was assessed by different fluorescent intensity on CTCs in the treated and control group. We analyzed the potential of CTCs in predicting chemotherapy response in 92 patients with different cancer types. Our data showed that the isolated CTCs accurately predicted chemotherapy outcomes, especially in patients with late-stage cancer. CTC-based chemosensitivity evaluation can help guide clinical decision making and identify patients who are likely to benefit from chemotherapy. CTC-based chemosensitivity evaluation is an effective methodology to study the chemosensitivity of tumor cells in vitro. Our results using CTC-based chemosensitivity evaluation method were well correlated with the clinical outcomes of chemotherapy. The clinical implementation of our CTC-based chemosensitivity evaluation method can help spare patients with primary chemoresistance from the unnecessary toxicities of chemotherapy and improve chemotherapy outcomes.

Molecular, clinical, and prognostic implications of PTPN11 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia

AbstractPrognostic factors associated with chemotherapy outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are extensively reported, and one gene whose mutation is recognized as conferring resistance to several newer targeted therapies is protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11). The broader clinical implications of PTPN11 mutations in AML are still not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine which cytogenetic abnormalities and gene mutations co-occur with PTPN11 mutations and how PTPN11 mutations affect outcomes of patients treated with intensive chemotherapy. We studied 1725 patients newly diagnosed with AML (excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia) enrolled onto the Cancer and Leukemia Group B/Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology trials. In 140 PTPN11-mutated patient samples, PTPN11 most commonly co-occurred with mutations in NPM1, DNMT3A, and TET2. PTPN11 mutations were relatively common in patients with an inv(3)(q21q26)/t(3;3)(q21;q26) and a normal karyotype but were very rare in patients with typical complex karyotype and core-binding factor AML. Mutations in the N-terminal SH2 domain of PTPN11 were associated with a higher early death rate than those in the phosphatase domain. PTPN11 mutations did not affect outcomes of NPM1-mutated patients, but these patients were less likely to have co-occurring kinase mutations (ie, FLT3-ITD), suggesting activation of overlapping signaling pathways. However, in AML patients with wild-type NPM1, PTPN11 mutations were associated with adverse patient outcomes, providing a rationale to study the biology and treatment approaches in this molecular group. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00048958 (CALGB 8461), #NCT00899223 (CALGB 9665), and #NCT00900224 (CALGB 20202).

Circulating tumor DNA predicts the outcome of chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer.

BackgroundCirculating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has potential as a specific, noninvasive, and cost‐effective new biomarker for patients with lung cancer. This study aimed to determine whether plasma ctDNA can be used to predict treatment outcomes in patients with lung cancer.MethodsPre‐ and in‐treatment blood samples were collected from 14 patients with lung cancer receiving chemotherapy. Based on next‐generation sequencing technology, we constructed a unique molecular identifier (UMI) library and performed targeted deep sequencing of 72 genes (15 000×). We used dVAF to evaluate the change level and trend of variant allele frequency (VAF).ResultsWe identified MUC16, KMT2D, AMER1, and NTRK1 as the most‐frequently mutated genes in ctDNA associated with lung cancer. Furthermore, we showed that the change trend of dVAF in patients with lung cancer undergoing chemotherapy was closely related to the changes in both tumor volume and tumor biomarkers, including CEA, CA125, NSE, and CK (Cytokeratin). Moreover, the ctDNA analysis revealed disease progression of SCLC patients earlier than did computed tomography.ConclusionsThe dynamic detection of plasma ctDNA VAF has the potential value as a biomarker for evaluating the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with SCLC and advanced NSCLC, and may predict the progression of lung cancer patients earlier than radiography.

Improved Chemotherapy Outcomes of Patients With Small-cell Lung Cancer Treated With Combined Alkalization Therapy and Intravenous Vitamin C.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the combination of alkalization therapy (an alkaline diet and bicarbonate therapy) and intravenous vitamin C treatment on chemotherapy outcomes in patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) (study registration: UMIN000043056). Twelve patients with SCLC in the intervention group (receiving both alkalization therapy and vitamin C treatment together with chemotherapy) were retrospectively compared to 15 patients with SCLC in the control group (receiving chemotherapy only). The mean urine pH of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group (7.32±0.45 vs. 6.44±0.74, respectively; p<0.005). The median overall survival for the intervention group was 44.2 months (95% confidence interval=22.0-not reached), as compared with 17.7 months for the control group (95% confidence intervaI=13.5-not reached; p<0.05). The combination of alkalization therapy and intravenous vitamin C treatment may be associated with favorable outcomes in patients with SCLC receiving chemotherapy.