Chemotaxis In Bacteria Research Articles

肺胞マクロファージのスーパーオキサイド産生能に関する研究

Patients with diabetes mellitus are susceptible to infections, due to the disturbance of host defense mechanisms, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing of bacteria. In this experiment superoxide production and lipid peroxide production, by peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acid, were examined. The superoxide production activity of PAM in hyperglycemics was significantly lower (P<0.005) than that in normal controls. The values were 5.68±1.68 nmol/106 cells/min in the former and 8.20±2.60 nmol/106 cells/min in the latter. The lipid peroxide production activity (Δ TBARS) in hyperglycemics (0.06±0.04 nmol/106 cells) was lower (P<0.05) than that of normal controls (0.10±0.07 nmol/106 cells). The lipid peroxide production activity (Δ TBARS) was proportionate to the superoxide production activity (r=0.570, P<0.02). Therefore, the Δ TBARS may depend on superoxide production. There was no significant difference in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity between hyperglycemics and normal controls. The SOD activity was proportionate to the superoxide production activity in normal controls, and thus, SOD activity seems to depend on superoxide production.

Calmodulin carboxylmethyl ester formation in intact human red cells and modulation of this reaction by divalent cations in vitro

FEBS LettersVolume 147, Issue 1 p. 125-130 Full-length articleFree Access Calmodulin carboxylmethyl ester formation in intact human red cells and modulation of this reaction by divalent cations in vitro L. Runte, L. Runte Abt. für Klinische Biochemie, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, D-3400 Göttingen, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorH.-L. Jürgensmeier, H.-L. Jürgensmeier Abt. für Klinische Biochemie, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, D-3400 Göttingen, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorC. Unger, C. Unger Abt. für Klinische Biochemie, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, D-3400 Göttingen, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorH.D. Söling, H.D. Söling Abt. für Klinische Biochemie, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, D-3400 Göttingen, FRGSearch for more papers by this author L. Runte, L. Runte Abt. für Klinische Biochemie, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, D-3400 Göttingen, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorH.-L. Jürgensmeier, H.-L. Jürgensmeier Abt. für Klinische Biochemie, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, D-3400 Göttingen, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorC. Unger, C. Unger Abt. für Klinische Biochemie, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, D-3400 Göttingen, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorH.D. Söling, H.D. Söling Abt. für Klinische Biochemie, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-str. 40, D-3400 Göttingen, FRGSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 04, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(82)81025-9Citations: 21AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume147, Issue1October 04, 1982Pages 125-130 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Effect of nonviable tissue and abscesses on complement depletion and the development of bacteremia.

Complement concentrations and blood cultures were compared in 58 patients within 24 hours of injury and weekly thereafter. Extensive amounts of nonviable tissue (n = 40) were associated with a mean depletion of C4, C3, and C5 by 56%, and minor injuries (n = 18) by 22% of normal concentration within 14 hours after injury. The C4, C3, and C5 concentrations returned to normal or above within a week after minor injuries, but not following major injuries. However, C4, c3, and C5 levels remained depressed after major injuries unless necrotic tissue was removed or abscesses were drained. If complement concentration was below 50% of normal for more than a week all patients developed bacteremia. Following debridement or drainage complement returned to normal in 11 patients and blood cultures became negative in seven. Possible consequences by activation and altered availability of complement for chemotaxis, opsonization, and lysis of bacteria have been analyzed and related to the development of bacteremia.

Positive Chemotaxis of Rhizobium leguminosarum and other Bacteria towards Root Exudates from Legumes and other Plants

Rhizobium leguminosarum showed positive chemotaxis towards root exudates of its host the edible pea (Pisum sativum L.). Only the fraction of the exudate containing substances with molecular weights less than 1000 showed significant chemotactic activity. Cationic, neutral and anionic fractions were all attractive, the cationic being the most potent and the anionic the least. A range of amino acids, sugars and carboxylic acids were present in the exudate, and many were shown to be attractants. Other Rhizobium species and Escherichia coli were also attracted by pea exudate, and R. leguminosarum and the other bacteria were attracted by exudates from roots of a range of plants including non-legumes. It was concluded that although positive chemotaxis probably facilitates infection of legumes by Rhizobium, it has little or no role in host-symbiont specificity.

The relationship between CIG depletion and peripheral neutrophil function in rabbits and man.

Patients, after major thermal injury, develop predictable abnormalities in neutrophil function, especially during septic episodes. These abnormalities include a decrease in chemotactic ability and impaired intracellular killing of bacteria. Bacterial phagocytosis usually remains normal. Recent evidence has accumulated indicating that levels of cold-insoluble globulin (plasma fibronectin) also decrease during sepsis in patients with thermal injury. The relationship between cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) and peripheral neutrophil function has not been clearly determined, although its importance in optimal reticuloendothelial system function has been established in both human and animal studies. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between circulating cold-insoluble globulin levels and neutrophil function. The rationale for the study was the observation that CIG is present on the surface of many cells, including neutrophils, and that this protein is crucial for coordinated cell-cell and cell-surface interactions of several cell types, including fibroblasts. Therefore it seemed reasonable to determine if depletion of this protein would result in impaired neutrophil chemotaxis or bactericidal activity. To test this hypothesis, nine septic burn patients were studied during 13 septic episodes. Although both neutrophil function and CIG levels decreased in many patients, no consistent correlation between these two parameters was found. Because of the variables inherent in clinical studies an animal model was used to study the effect of isolated CIG depletion on several neutrophil parameters. The results of the animal studies indicated that after CIG depletion, chemotaxis and intracellular killing of bacteria were normal, although phagocytosis of S. aureus was impaired. The neutrophil response that occurred after CIG depletion in the rabbit was not consistent with the documented acquired neutrophil defects present in humans after thermal injury. Therefore although adequate circulating levels of CIG may be important to host resistance after thermal injury, its depression does not appear to have a direct effect on the evolution of the neutrophil dysfunction seen after thermal injury.

Chemotaxis in photosynthetic bacteria

Chemotaxis in photosynthetic bacteria

Chemotaxis in photosynthetic bacteria

Chemotaxis in photosynthetic bacteria

Motility and chemotaxis in bacteria

Recent studies of motility and chemotaxis in bacteria were reviewed. Flagellar formation and chemotaxis in bacteria were controlled by many fla and the genes, respectively. An analysis of these gene products was performed by using methods of gene engineering and two dimensional electrophoresis (1). Morphogenetic pathway of the basal structure of flagella was proposed (2). It has been found that the bacteria swim by rotation of the flagella rather than propagation of helical waves. Polymorphic transitions of isolated and reconstituted flagella were observed under dark field microscope (3, 4). Energy source of motility and chemotaxis was discussed on the basis of Mitchell's theory of chemiosmosis (5). Chemotactic behavior of bacteria was discussed genetically, biochemically and physiologically (6, 7).In this special issue, the following articles are included:(1) KOMEDA, Y. (Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo) Genetics and product analysis of bacterial flagella.(2) SUZUKI, T. (Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo) Morphogenesis of the basal structure of bacterial flagella.(3) KAMIYA, R. (Institute of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University)Polymorphic transition in bacterial flagella.(4) HOTANI, T. (Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University) Cinematography of bacterial flagella.(5) IMAE, Y. (Institute of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University) Energy source for bacterial flagellar movement.(6) HAYASHI, H. (Institute of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University) Biochemistry of bacterial chemotaxis.(7) KONDOH, H. (Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison) Mechanism of bacterial chemotaxis.

On the chemical reactions for chemotaxis in bacteria

Chemical reactions in bacterial chemoreceptors are considered. It is shown that the model proposed by Macnab and Koshland explains the experimental facts not completely. Two modifications of the Macnab-Koshland's model are proposed in which the co-operative feedback control plays an important role.

A Simple, Quantitative Method for Measuring Chemotaxis and Motility in Bacteria

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.

Bacterial chemotactic responses in flowing water

Chemotaxis in marine bacteria is shown to be the basis for instream location in flowing water. The response is of importance in the location of prey by motile bacterial predators.

Control of tumbling in bacterial chemotaxis by divalent cation.

Chemotaxis is migration of organisms to higher concentrations of attractant or lower concentrations of repellent. Understanding the switch than controls whether the flagella rotate counterclockwise for swimming or clockwise for tumbling (thrashing about without making much forward progress) is central to understanding chemotaxis of peritrichous bacteria, since chemotaxis results from selective suppression of tumbles. Depletion of divalent cation by chelating agents in the presence of A23187, an ionophore that conveys divalent cation across membrane, causes incessant tumbling in Bacillus subtilis. Small additions of MgCl2 prevent this tumbling. In this tumbling condition, the bacteria which normally swim extensively when given attractant, do not respond even to 10 mM alanine, a strong attractant. MnCl2, by contrast to others potentiated by the ionophore. Permanent cations, including tetraphenylarsonium ion and triphenylmethylphosphonium ion, cause permanent swimming, even in the presence of A23187 and chelating agents. We propose that divalent cation, probably Mg2+ ion, binds to the switch to cause swimming and that, in the absence of divalent cation at the switch, the bacterium tumbles.

Chemotaxis in bacteria.

Bacteria swim by rotating their flagella. They alter course by abruptly changing the direction of this rotation. The probability of the occurrence of this event is biased by chemoreception. The bias depends on the way in which the concentration of the attractant or repellent changes with time. Sugars are detected as they bind to specific proteins which also play a role in transport. The way in which the receptors are coupled to the flagella is not known. The coupling may involve changes in membrane potential.

Chemotaxis in bacteria.

Bacterial chemotaxis, the movement of motile bacteria toward or away from chemicals, was discovered nearly a century ago by Engelmann (43) and Pfeffer (70, 71). The subject was actively studied for about fifty years, but then there were very few reports until quite recently. For reviews of the literature up to about 1960, see Berg (23) , Weibull (90) and Ziegler (92). The present review will restrict itself to the recent work on chemotaxis in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, some of which is also covered in Berg’s review (23).

Chemomechanical coupling without ATP: the source of energy for motility and chemotaxis in bacteria.

The source of energy for bacterial motility is the intermediate in oxidative phosphorylation, not ATP directly. For chemotaxis, however, there is an additional requirement, presumably ATP. These conclusions are based on the following findings. (i) Unlike their parents, mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium that are blocked in the conversion of ATP to the intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation failed to swim anaerobically, even when they produced ATP. When respiration was restored to the mutants, motility was simultaneously restored. (ii) Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, completely inhibited motility even though ATP remained present. (iii) Arsenate did not inhibit motility in the presence of an oxidizable substrate, though it did reduce ATP levels to less than 0.3% (iv) Arsenate completely inhibited chemotaxis under conditions where motility was normal.

Association of bacteria with sporangium formation and breakdown of sporangia in Phytophthora spp

Leachates from different soils extracted at similar moisture potentials varied in their ability to induce sporangium formation, zoospore release and sporangium breakdown in Phytophthora spp. Sporangium production by P. cinnamomi did not occur in soil leachates heated at 40–50°C for 10 min or in soils treated with steam-air at 60° for 30 min. No evidence was obtained that Pseudomonas or Chromobacterium spp. were involved in the induction of sporangium formation. Chemotaxis of bacteria to sporangia occurred at zoospore release. Where sporangial breakdown occurred, the chemotaxis persisted for a longer period as the cytoplasm was withdrawn from the sporangial wall to be released eventually, without zoospore formation, through the papilla. The bacteria were oriented at right angles to the sporangial wall. Electron micrographs showed that in the vicinity of a bacterium, the outer, thin, electron-dense layer of the sporangial wall had disappeared and the cytoplasm of the sporangium had withdrawn from the cell wall.

Negative chemotaxis of marine bacteria to toxic chemicals.

The positive chemotactic responses of motile marine bacteria were reversed by the addition of sublethal concentrations of a toxic chemical. The negative chemotactic effect was observed with a wide range of toxicants including heavy metals and hydrocarbons. This phenomenon may be utilized to develop new approaches for control of marine fouling.

Negative chemotaxis in bacteria

Negative chemotaxis in bacteria

Chemotaxis in bacteria.

Motile Escherichia coli placed at one end of a capillary tube containing an energy source and oxygen migrate out into the tube in one or two bands, which are clearly visible to the naked eye and can also be demonstrated by photography, microscopy, and densitometry and by assaying for bacteria throughout the tube. The formation of two bands is not due to heterogeneity among the bacteria, since the bacteria in each band, when reused, will form two more bands. If an anaerobically utilizable energy source such as galactose is present in excess over the oxygen, the first band consumes all the oxygen and a part of the sugar and the second band uses the residual sugar anaerobically. On the other hand, if oxygen is present in excess over the sugar, the first band oxidizes all the sugar and leaves behind unused oxygen, and the second band uses up the residual oxygen to oxidize an endogenous energy source. The essence of the matter is that the bacteria create a gradient of oxygen or of an energy source, and then they move preferentially in the direction of the higher concentration of the chemical. As a consequence, bands of bacteria (or rings of bacteria in the case of agar plates) form and move out. These results show that E. coli is chemotactic toward oxygen and energy sources such as galactose, glucose, aspartic acid, threonine, or serine. The full repertoire of chemotactic responses by E. coli is no doubt greater than this, and a more complete list remains to be compiled. The studies reported here demonstrate that chemotaxis allows bacteria to find that environment which provides them with the greatest supply of energy. It is clearly an advantage for bacteria to be able to carry out chemotaxis, since by this means they can avoid unfavorable conditions and seek optimum surroundings. Finally, it is necessary to acknowledge the pioneering work of Englemann, Pfeffer, and the other late-19thcentury biologists who discovered chemotaxis in bacteria, and to point out that the studies reported here fully confirm the earlier reports of Beijerinck (4) and Sherris and his collaborators (5,6) on a band of bacteria chemotactic toward oxygen. By using a chemically defined medium instead of a complex broth, it has been possible to study this band more closely and to demonstrate in addition the occurrence of a second band of bacteria chemotactic toward an energy source. Beijerinck (4) did, in fact, sometimes observe a second band, but he did not offer an explanation for it.