Chemistry In France Research Articles

Analytical Chemistry in the EC. Analytical Chemistry in France

Analytical Chemistry in the EC. Analytical Chemistry in France

Laser Chemistry in France

Laser Chemistry in France

Analytical Chemistry in France

Abstract In this day and age it is not an easy task to describe in a few pages the current status of any scientific discipline. This is particularly difficult if one deals with a n area such as analytical chemistry in France which is on the upswing. The present wirteup is focused on developments in French universities since the war: we shall not deal with analytical chemistry in industry, even though chemical companies and the French Atomic Energy Commission have had a paramount influence on recent developments. Indeed, French analytical chemists are being educated mainly to serve the needs of industrial laboratories.

A History of Physical Chemistry in France

A History of Physical Chemistry in France

The Undergraduate Teaching of Pharmaceutical Chemistry in France

The Undergraduate Teaching of Pharmaceutical Chemistry in France

Rouelle and Stahl—The Phlogistic Revolution in France

WHEN Lavoisier began his work in chemistry, the phlogiston theory was the generally accepted chemical doctrine in France. As a unifying principle, this theory had much recommend it; phlogiston was used primarily explain combustion reactions, but also account for physical and chemical properties ranging from the nature of color the causes of fluidity and volatility. Despite its shortcomings, the phlogiston theory was so adaptable that question its validity was raise a host of difficult theoretical problems. To say that the phlogiston theory alone dominated French chemistry is in reality oversimplify the situation. Because phlogiston was an essential part of chemical theory and because the debates over its very existence raged for many years, phlogiston has come epitomize and indeed summarize in one word eighteenth-century chemistry before Lavoisier. This modern view would have surprised the chemist Guillaume Francois Rouelle (1703-70), whose career encompassed the period before the polemical literature on phlogiston began appear.1 For Rouelle, phlogiston was but a single component of a more comprehensive theory: his ?4element-instrument theory. Among his contemporaries Rouelle's reputation as a chemist was based primarily upon his outstanding ability teach. But he was also called the Restorer of French Chemistry2 and the person who had done most to popularize chemistry in France in revealing us for the first time the secrets of Germany, and in adding it the soundest Theory and the surest experiment.3 The German chemistry referred is the work of Georg Ernst Stahl and his disciples, which remained relatively unknown in France for at least the first thirty years of the eighteenth century. While it is perhaps an exaggeration say that Rouelle introduced a knowledge of Stahlian chemistry into France, he was certainly responsible for the popularization and eventual acceptance of a modified Stahlianism in the course of the century. * 109 College Avenue, Ithaca, New York. 1 For an account of Rouelle's life and work, see the author's G.-F. Rouelle: An Eight eenth Century Teacher and Chemist, Chymia, 6, 68-101 (1960). 2 Johann Friedrich Meyer, Essais de Chymie, trans. P.-F. Dreux, 2 Vols., Paris, 1766, Vol. 1, Avertissement du Traducteur, p. xvii. 3 Cours de chymie de M. Rouelle, r?dig?par M. Diderot et e'clairciparplusieurs notes, 1258 pp., Biblioth?que de Bordeaux, MSS 564-565, p. 982b, note 1. Hereafter cited: Bordeaux MS. 73

Significant advances in fat and oil chemistry in France during the past fifty years

ConclusionFrom this survey of the development of industry and scientific research in the field of fats in France during the last 50 years one can conclude that very significant progress has been achieved. The position of France in this field is certainly one of stature and of honor.

Some French Antecedents of the Chemical Revolution

BY the phrase we commonly mean the great reform in chemical theory and nomenclature I brought about by Lavoisier and his co-workers between 1772 and 1789.1 But the term can also be employed in a broader sense: when Archibald and Nan L. Clow entitled their excellent study of the rising chemical industry of eighteenth century Britain The Chemical Revolution,2 they focus our attention on the chemical phase of the Industrial Revolution and on that swift emergence of chemistry both as science and as technology that is such a marked fea ture of scientific progress during the second half of the century, not only in Britain but on the European continent. This broader chemi cal revolution set the stage for the great achievement of Lavoisier, by giving chemical studies a new urgency and importance, elaborating new techniques, describing new elements and compounds, and by con tributing to the pneumatic chemistry of Britain and the analytic chem istry of the Continent. In this paper I use the term in the familiar and narrow sense. But I wish to defend the seemingly obvious propo sition that, in order to understand Lavoisier's accomplishments, one should know something of the state of chemistry in France when this extraordinary genius came upon the scene; and something, too, of the way in which the Industrial Revolution in France stimulated interest in chemistry, altered the character of the chemist's profession, and pre sented him with new problems and with new techniques for their solution.

Rouelle and Chemistry in France

Rouelle and Chemistry in France

Obituary notices of fellows deceased

The earlier years of Albin Haller were spent in his native village of Felleringen, not far from Mulhouse, where he was born on March 7th, 1849. He was the eldest son of a family of eleven, and at the age of 14, after he had attended the primary school at Wesserling, he was apprenticed as a carpenter in his father's workshop. However, by a lucky chance, he happened, two years later, to make the acquaintance of a pharmacist, M. Achille Gault, who took him into his laboratory and gave him his first lessons in chemistry. For three years M. Gault, who was quick to recognize the marked ability of his pupil, devoted his leisure time to the training of Haller, and ultimately sent him to his brother, M. Leon Gault, of Colmar, to whom he became assistant. Early in the Franco-Prussian was Haller volunteered for service, joining at Belfort in 1870, but after the disastrous year of 1871 he elected to remain in France and rejoined M. Gault at Nancy, where he assisted in the establishment of a pharmacy, and continued to study for his pharmaceutical examinations under the direction of his master. In 1872 the University of Strasbourg was established at Nancy, and Haller became in rapid succession "aide-préparateur," "préparateur" and "chef de travaux" in the Ecole Supérieure de Pharmacie. In 1879 he obtained the "doctorat ès sciences," and in 1885 was appointed a professor in the Faculty of Science of the University. By this time his keen insight and great manipulative skill as a research worker, and his marked ability as an administrator and inspiring lecturer, had become generally recognized, so that in 1899 he was called to Paris as successor to Friedel and Wurtz at the Sorbonne. From this time onward, up to within a very short period of his death, at the age of 76, Haller continued to publish at frequent intervals a great number of original memoirs, amounting in all to 250, covering a wide range of chemical research. His great organizing ability enabled him to establish the Institut Chimique of the University of Nancy in 1890, and subsequently a similar organization devoted to the study of physical and electro-chemistry. He was chiefly responsible for the development of the teaching of applied chemistry in France, and in 1908 succeeded Berthelot as President of the Commission on Explosives.

Chemistry in France in the XVIIth and XVIIIthe centuries

Journal of the Society of Chemical IndustryVolume 42, Issue 39 p. 924-929 Article Chemistry in France in the XVIIth and XVIIIthe centuries C. A. Silberrad B.A., B.Sc., C. A. Silberrad B.A., B.Sc.Search for more papers by this author C. A. Silberrad B.A., B.Sc., C. A. Silberrad B.A., B.Sc.Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 September 1923 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5000423902AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume42, Issue3928 September 1923Pages 924-929 RelatedInformation

The position of Analytical Chemistry in France

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.

Science and Industry

A SERIES of articles has appeared in the Revue scientifigue (May 18 and July 13, 1907; February 22, 1908) comparing the teaching of technical chemistry in France with the instruction given in the same subject in other countries. The last article is of special interest as presenting a French view of the relation subsisting between science and industry in our own country. After describing in detail the excellent organisation of scientific education in Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland, and emphasising the closeness of the union existing in these countries between the manufacturer and the man of science, it is stated that the system of technical education adopted in England presents no feature worthy of commendation.