Chemical Applications Research Articles

Ionic Liquids Immobilized Synthesis of New Xanthenes Derivatives and their Antiproliferative, Molecular Docking, and Morphological Studies.

Xanthenes and benzoxanthenesare are highly valuable compounds in organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry. Xanthene derivatives were found to have many applications in medicinal chemistry. This work aims to explore the synthesis of xanthene derivatives with various substituents and find the possibility of their uses as anticancer agents. The basic starting compound through this work was the 2,3-dihydro-1H-xanthen-1-one (3), which was synthesized from the reaction of cyclohexan-1,3-dione and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Compound 3 was used to synthesize new thiophene, pyrimidine, isoxazole, and thiazole derivatives based on the xanthenes nucleus. Fused xanthene derivatives were obtained through further heterocyclization reactions. Multicomponent reactions expressed in this work were carried out in the presence of solvent catalyzed by Et3N and in solvent-free ionic liquid immobilized catalyst. Cytotoxicity for the newly synthesized compounds toward cancer cell lines was measured, and the results revealed that many compounds exhibited high inhibitions. The antiproliferative activity of the synthesized compounds was studied on six selected cancer cell lines. The nature of the heterocyclic ring and the variations of substituted groups showed a high effect through the inhibitions of the tested compound.

Bio-Nano Synergy in Therapeutic Applications: Drug-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Modulated Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Radical Scavenging.

The current study explores the synergistic application of biophysical chemistry and nanotechnology in therapeutic treatments, focusing specifically on the development of advanced biomaterials to repurpose FDA-approved Alzheimer's disease (AD) drugs as potent antioxidants. By integration of AD drugs into graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites, an attempt to enhance the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and increase radical scavenging activity is proposed. This bionano synergy is designed to leverage the unique properties of both the nanomaterial surface and the bioactive compounds, improving treatment effectiveness. The nanocomposites also promise targeted drug delivery, as GO can traverse the blood-brain barrier to inhibit AChE more effectively in AD patients. Furthermore, the drug-GO nanocomposite exhibits enhanced radical scavenging capabilities, offering additional therapeutic benefits. This study also elucidates a molecular level understanding on how the properties of the drugs are modified when integrated into nanocomposites with GO, enabling the development of more effective materials. The interdisciplinary approach presented in this study exploits the potential of nanotechnology to enhance drug delivery systems and achieve superior therapeutic outcomes through bionano synergy.

Petrogenetic implications, geochemistry and tectonic framework of albitite hosted magnetite in North Delhi Fold Belt: Application of geochemistry and apatite chemistry

The iron ore bodies in the form of lensoidal and pocket type deposits occur within the Meso to Neo-Proterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks and albitites of Ajabgarh Group of Delhi Supergroup in Khetri basin, Western India. These are exposed as detached and linear ore bodies at the southern (western flank) and south-eastern (eastern flank) part of the Khetri copper deposit which follows the regional trend of the host rocks. The detailed field and petrographic studies reveal that the magnetite and hematite are associated with major silicates like quartz, actinolite, muscovite, biotite, albite and, K-feldspar. Some minor occurrences of apatite, sphene, ilmenite and monazite are also found. This work is focused on understanding the evolution of albitite-hosted magnetite with respect to tectonic signatures, the source of mineralizing fluid, and its spatial relationship with the regional albitites and meta-sediments. To interpret the above, whole rock geochemistry of albitite rocks, magnetite ore and mineral chemistry of fluorapatite, were adopted.The whole rock geochemistry of albitite suggests that the parent rocks are of calc-alkaline magma series that are originated from the subduction-related rift zone of volcanic arc environment. The apatite chemistry signifies that these are evolved from the highly fractionated granitic rocks (granitoid) at moderate to high oxidizing conditions. Some deformed apatite grains are also encountered having small distorted monazite inclusions. Thus, it has an indication of high-temperature metasomatic/hydrothermal fluids that may be responsible for the removal of REEs from apatite and re-nucleate as monazite inclusions within it. Therefore, the overall evidence and associations of albitite with apatite-magnetite is demonstrating that the source rock of the study area could have evolved from the arc system of active continental margin which was abundant with Fe, U, REEs, etc. Hence, the sources rocks were suitably metasomatized by hydrothermal fluids channelized through the regional shear zone and simultaneous precipitation of the magnetite in the study area. The dominance of magnetite, associated REEs, apatite, and non-association of sulfide minerals with the magnetite in the area of study has close similarities with the IOA type deposits.

Active disturbance rejection control of a bearingless permanent magnet slice motor

Abstract Bearingless permanent magnet slice motor has the advantages of easy stator-rotor isolation, no contact, simple structure, and high integration, which is a significant feature in the ultra-pure field of biology, chemistry, medical treatment, semiconductor manufacturing, aerospace, and other applications, as well as high-speed drive field. To realize the control of a bearingless permanent magnet slice motor, the mechanism of torque control, as well as suspension control, is systematically analyzed. On this basis, a simplified control parameter design method for decoupling torque and suspension is proposed, and the parameter tuning rules are given. For the problem of insufficient anti-disturbance performance of the suspension control under the traditional linear active disturbances rejection controller (LADRC), an improved LADRC strategy based on known disturbances is proposed, and an expansion state observer (ESO) with partially known disturbances is designed. The suspension accuracy and robustness of the system are verified by simulating the motor control with a Matlab/Simulink module. Finally, the improved LADRC control is used in a BPMSM prototype. The simulation and experimental results show that the improved LADRC control with the addition of known perturbations effectively improves the suspension control stability and accuracy compared to the traditional LADRC control.

Enhancing Transport Processes in Stratified Fluids: Exploring Rotational and Stretching Effects Coupled with Magnetic Fields, Heat, Mass Transfer and Thermal/Solutal Slip

This research paper presents an in-depth investigation into the complex interactions governing stratified fluid flow in the presence of rotational and stretching phenomena, magnetic field influences, heat and mass transfer effects, and the incorporation of thermal and solutal-slips at fluid interfaces. Stratified fluid systems are commonly encountered in various natural and industrial processes, ranging from geophysical flows to chemical engineering applications, making a thorough understanding of these phenomena paramount.The study commences by formulating a comprehensive set of governing equations that account for the unique interplay of these multifaceted physical phenomena. Integrating thermal and solutal slip conditions at fluid interfaces introduces innovative prospects for precisely controlling and manipulating mass and heat transfer in these systems. This research paper extensively explores layered fluid dynamics, encompassing phenomena such as rotation and stretching, influences from magnetic fields, effects of heat and mass transfer, and the examination of thermal and solutal slip conditions. The insights obtained from this study not only enhance our comprehension of multi-physics fluid dynamics but also offer practical implications for streamlining processes across diverse fields. The principal findings and implications of this research can be summarized as follows: Various factors that affect fluid flow exhibit evident and discernible patterns.The mathematical model includes the Navier-Stokes equations with rotational and stretching terms, the Maxwell equations describing magnetic field effects, and the transport equations for heat and mass transfer. Additionally, thermal and solutal slip conditions at the fluid interfaces are incorporated to capture boundary layer dynamics.Numerical simulations are conducted to explore the intricate dynamics arising from this amalgamation of physical effects. The results reveal complex flow patterns, including stratification, boundary layer development, and vortical structures, offering insights into the behavior of fluids under the joint influence of rotational and stretching phenomena, magnetic fields, and thermal and solutal gradients. Furthermore, the impact of key parameters, such as rotation rate, stretching rate, magnetic field strength, and concentration gradients, is systematically analyzed to elucidate their effects on flow characteristics, heat and mass transfer rates, and concentration profiles within the stratified fluid layers. The Soret effect, or thermophoresis, causes nanoparticles to migrate away from hot regions due to fluid molecule flow and high energy levels. Elevating ξNt results in decreased heat and mass transfer. The Prandtl number shows minimal influence on heat and mass transfer when increased. The disk separation, and fluid viscosity, significantly affect the rotational spectrum. As the rotational parameter increases, heat and mass transfer decrease.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Self-Disinfecting Surfaces for Controlling Microbial Infections.

Microbial infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi pose significant global health threats in diverse environments. While conventional disinfection methods are effective, their reliance on frequent chemical applications raises concerns about resistance and environmental impact. Photodynamic self-disinfecting surfaces have emerged as a promising alternative. These surfaces incorporate photosensitizers that, when exposed to light, produce reactive oxygen species to target and eliminate microbial pathogens. This review explores the concept and mechanism of photodynamic self-disinfecting surfaces, highlighting the variety and characteristics of photosensitizers integrated into surfaces and the range of light sources used across different applications. It also highlights the effectiveness of these surfaces against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, while also discussing their potential for providing continuous antimicrobial protection without frequent reapplication. Additionally, the review addresses both the advantages and limitations associated with photodynamic self-disinfecting surfaces and concludes with future perspectives on advancing this technology to meet ongoing challenges in infection control.

Kinetic Resolution of Epimeric Proteins Enables Stereoselective Chemical Mutagenesis.

Chemical mutagenesis via dehydroalanine (Dha) is a powerful method to tailor protein structure and function, allowing the site-specific installation of post-translational modifications and non-natural functional groups. Despite the impressive versatility of this method, applications have been limited, as products are formed as epimeric mixtures, whereby the modified amino acid is present as both the desired l-configuration and a roughly equal amount of the undesired d-isomer. Here, we describe a simple remedy for this issue: removal of the d-isomer via proteolysis using a d-stereoselective peptidase, alkaline d-peptidase (AD-P). We demonstrate that AD-P can selectively cleave the d-isomer of epimeric residues within histone H3, GFP, Ddx4, and SGTA, allowing the installation of non-natural amino acids with stereochemical control. Given the breadth of modifications that can be introduced via Dha and the simplicity of our method, we believe that stereoselective chemoenzymatic mutagenesis will find broad utility in protein engineering and chemical biology applications.

Applications of 4-alkynylated pyrazol-3-ones: Synthesis of pyrazol-4-yl furan- and/or thiophene-2-carboxylates

Chemical reactivity and applications of 4-alkynylated pyrazol-3-ones are described. A facile access to the synthesis of novel pyrazol-4-yl furan- and/or thiophene-2-carboxylates through the ring transformation and subsequent acylation of 4-alkynylated pyrazol-3-ones as the key intermediates, which were prepared from pyrazole-4,5-dione and terminal alkynes, in moderate to good yields is achieved. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic analysis.

Characteristics of biodepolymerized coal and insights into depolymerization pathway catalyzed by fungal extracellular enzymes

ABSTRACT The bio-depolymerization of coal is a promising technology for converting coal into low-molecular-weight industrial chemicals. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of biodepolymerized coal (BDC) and the associated depolymerization pathway. We analyzed the extracellular enzyme activities of Hypocrea lixii AH in the biodepolymerization system, performed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) of BDC, and performed gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of the BDC methanol extract. Results showed that the activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), laccase (Lac), and lignin peroxidase (LiP) were 1377, 162, 10, and 1.919 U, respectively. Following biodepolymerization by Hypocrea lixii AH, 20 organic compounds were identified. Benzaldehyde 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy was the most dominant at 33.16%, followed by (Z)-9-octadecenamide, accounting for 14.73%. The aromaticity (f a) decreased from 54.3% to 23.7%, suggesting ring-opening reactions catalyzed by LiP and Lac. The ratio of carbonyl carbon (f a C) increased from 8.3% to 16.2%, suggesting oxidation reactions catalyzed by POD. By comparing the structure of the Fushun oxidized coal model and BDC, a biodepolymerization pathway was elucidated. Biodepolymerization of Fushun oxidized coal is an oxidation–depolymerization process catalyzed by a series of enzymes, which breaks the aromatic rings and oxidizes side chains. Altogether, our findings provide a theoretical support for the chemical application of BDC.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOMASS IN ACHIEVING A GLOBAL BIOECONOMY

This manuscript explores the imperative role of biomass in shaping the global bioeconomy, necessitated by escalating energy demands and the consequent environmental challenges posed by fossil fuel dependency. This paper delineates the diverse forms of biomass — from lignocellulosic materials to organic waste and algae — each holding distinct chemical compositions and applications within the bioeconomy. Investigating biomass conversion technologies (i.e. thermochemical, biochemical and chemical) provides a comprehensive understanding of their merits and limitations in energy production and resource optimisation. Specifically, it delves into pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal liquefaction, torrefaction, anaerobic digestion and transesterification, elucidating their mechanisms and contributions to energy generation and biofuel production. Moreover, the study incorporates bibliometric analysis, depicting thematic clusters in biomass research and highlighting the evolving trends in its application within the bioeconomy. The primary focus of studies within the initial cluster revolves around utilising biomass for a global bioeconomy through thermochemical conversion methods. Overall, this review underscores the indispensable role of biomass as a renewable and adaptable resource, pivotal in steering the transition towards a sustainable bio-based economy amid global environmental and socio-economic challenges.

Manganese Complexes with Consecutive Mn(IV) → Mn(III) Excitation for Versatile Photoredox Catalysis.

Manganese complexes stand out as promising candidates for photocatalyst design, attributed to their eco- and biocompatibility, versatile valence states, and capability for facilitating multiple electronic excitations. However, several intrinsic constraints, such as inadequate visible light response and short excited-state lifetimes, hinder effective photoinduced electron transfer and impede photoredox activation of substrates. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed a class of manganese complexes featuring boron-incorporated N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. These complexes enable prolonged excited-state durations encapsulating both Mn(IV) and Mn(III) oxidation stages, with lifetimes reaching microseconds for Mn(IV) and nanoseconds for Mn(III), concurrently exhibiting robust redox capabilities. They efficiently catalyze direct, site-selective cross-couplings between diverse arenes and aryl bromides, at a low catalyst loading of 0.5 mol %. Their proficiency spans an extensive array of substrates including both highly electron-rich and electron-deficient molecules, which underscore the superior performance of these manganese complexes in tackling intricate transformations. Furthermore, the versatility of these complexes is further highlighted by their successful applications in various photochemical transformations, encompassing reductive cross-couplings for the formation of C-P, C-B, C-S and C-Se bonds, alongside oxidative couplings for creating C-N bonds. This study sheds light on the distinctive photoredox properties and the remarkable catalytic flexibility of manganese complexes, highlighting their immense potential to drive progress in photochemical synthesis and green chemistry applications.

Design and Synthesis of Cyclic Dinucleotide Analogues Containing Triazolyl C-Nucleosides.

Natural cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) is the secondary messenger involved in bacterial hemostasis, human innate immunity, and bacterial antiphage immunity. Synthetic CDN and its analogues are key molecular probes and potential immunotherapeutic agents. Several CDN analogues are under clinical research for antitumor immunotherapy. A myriad of synthetic methods have been developed and reported for the preparation of CDN and its analogues. However, most of the protocols require multiple steps, and only one CDN or its analogue is prepared at a time. In this study, a strategy based on a macrocyclic ribose phosphate skeleton containing a 1'-alkynyl group was designed and developed to prepare CDN analogues containing triazolyl C-nucleosides by click chemistry. Combinatorial application of click chemistry and the sulfenylation cascade to the macrocyclic skeleton expanded the diversity of the CDN analogues. This macrocyclic skeleton strategy rapidly and efficiently provides CDN analogues to facilitate research on microbiology, immunology, and immunotherapy.

Life cycle analysis of hydrogen production by different alkaline electrolyser technologies sourced with renewable energy

Green hydrogen has been considered a promising alternative to fossil fuels in chemical and energy applications. In this study, a life cycle analysis is conducted for green hydrogen production sourced with a mixture of renewable energy sources (50 % solar and 50 % wind energy). Two advanced technologies of alkaline electrolysis are selected and compared for hydrogen production: pressurised alkaline electrolyser and capillary-fed alkaline electrolyser. The different value chain stages were assessed in SimaPro, enabling the assessment of the environmental impacts of a green hydrogen production project with 60 MW capacity and 20 years lifetime. The results evaluate the environmental impacts depending on the components, construction and operation requirements. The results demonstrated that capillary-fed alkaline electrolyser technology has lower potential environmental impacts by around 17 % than pressurised alkaline electrolyser technology for all the process stages. The total global warming potential was found to be between 1.98 and 2.39 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per kg of hydrogen. This study contributes to the electrolysers industry and the planning of green hydrogen projects for many applications towards decarbonization and sustainability.

Lipidomic Profiling of Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer (Agaricomycetes) through Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Examining Lipid Dynamics Changes during Fruiting Body Formation and Development.

Flammulina velutipes (enokitake) is widely recognized for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Understanding the biochemical processes, such as lipid metabolism during fruiting body formation, is essential for enhancing mushroom cultivation and utilization. This study aimed at elucidating the dynamic lipidomic changes during seven growth stages of F. velutipes using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Our results revealed significant increases in ceramides along with the growth and a sharp decline in phosphatidylinositols from mycelial to primordial stages. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids, recently discovered for their bioactivities, showed high intensities in the mycelial and primordial stages but decreased rapidly thereafter. These findings provide profound insights into the lipid profiles associated with mushroom morphology and development. This lipidomics study establishes a foundational understanding for future research in agricultural and food chemistry applications, potentially improving industrial production and quality control of F. velutipes.

The Awareness Degree of the Principles and Applications of Green Chemistry among Students of Scientific Colleges at University of Bisha

The study aimed to reveal the awareness degree of the principles and applications of green chemistry among the students of scientific colleges at Bisha University. The descriptive (survey) approach was adopted to achieve the study's objectives. The sample consisted of (168) male and female students from the scientific sections in the Colleges of (Medicine, Engineering, Applied Medical Sciences, Computers and Information Technology, and Science) at the University of Bisha. A scale of green chemistry awareness principles and applications was built considering the literature on green chemistry. It consisted of (12) principles and (95) applications related to them. The study reached many results; the level of awareness of the principles and applications of green chemistry among science students at the University of Bisha is weak. The students obtained an average of (4.036) of the total score on the scale, which amounted to (12) points, with a percentage of (33.63%). There are no differences between the students' average scores and the other colleges. There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.01) between the students' average scores on the scale for only four principles. The study presented many recommendations and suggestions.

Wigner kernels: Body-ordered equivariant machine learning without a basis.

Machine-learning models based on a point-cloud representation of a physical object are ubiquitous in scientific applications and particularly well-suited to the atomic-scale description of molecules and materials. Among the many different approaches that have been pursued, the description of local atomic environments in terms of their discretized neighbor densities has been used widely and very successfully. We propose a novel density-based method, which involves computing "Wigner kernels." These are fully equivariant and body-ordered kernels that can be computed iteratively at a cost that is independent of the basis used to discretize the density and grows only linearly with the maximum body-order considered. Wigner kernels represent the infinite-width limit of feature-space models, whose dimensionality and computational cost instead scale exponentially with the increasing order of correlations. We present several examples of the accuracy of models based on Wigner kernels in chemical applications, for both scalar and tensorial targets, reaching an accuracy that is competitive with state-of-the-art deep-learning architectures. We discuss the broader relevance of these findings to equivariant geometric machine-learning.

Differential drivers on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in agricultural soils and crops: Evidence from the different fertilization regimes

Organic fertilizer application caused bacterial resistance contamination in farming systems has been widely documented, and long-term fertilization will exacerbate the migration of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to crops and humans. However, it remains unclear whether a combined pattern of chemical and organic fertilizer application can arrest the high prevalence of ARGs in soil-crop. Here we investigated the ARGs occurrence under different fertilization regimes, and explored the mechanisms by which micro-ecological shifts and geochemical factors in modulating the ARGs fate in soil and crop. The results showed that the soil ARGs abundance was highest under 100% organic fertilizer, while the highest ARGs abundance in crops was observed at 100% chemical fertilizer. Application of organic fertilizers with more than 50% ration intensified the soil accumulation and migration of tetA, sul1, sul2 and macA genes. And, multidrug_transporter, macA and sul1 were co-shared in soil and crop, where ARGs potential hosts differed complete in the two, suggesting that these ARGs may be transferred across media by horizontal transfer. Procrustes analysis revealed that soil microbial community was significantly correlated with ARG hosts, and soil microbial evolutionary pathway was congruent with antibiotic resistance, suggesting that fertilizers affect soil ARGs abundance mainly by altering soil microbial composition and their ecological evolutionary trajectories. While, no significant correlation was observed between endophytes and crop ARG host. Structural equations demonstrated that soil nutrients and crop growth characteristics contributed largely to the prevalence of crop ARGs. This outcome will provide new insights into the high prevalence of ARGs in soil and crop, and offer fertilizer recommendations for effectively curbing antibiotic-resistance contamination in farming systems.

Characterization of runoff phosphorus loss from a combination of long-term fertilizer application and cultivation on sloping croplands

Study regionPurple soil sloping cropland, a representative landscape in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and is the main distributed agricultural basis of the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. Study focusThis study investigated the responses of runoff P loss to several rainfall categories, the combined application of manure and chemical fertilizers, and contour cultivation by analyzing 120 rainfall events that transpired between 2008 and 2022 on a representative purple soil sloping cropland. There were five treatment combinations utilized in this study: no fertilizer application with downslope cultivation (CK), chemical fertilizer application with downslope cultivation (T1), manure and chemical fertilizer application with downslope cultivation (T2), 1.5-fold chemical fertilizer application with downslope cultivation (T3), and chemical fertilizer application with contour cultivation (T4). New hydrological insight of the regionThe runoff depth during large rainstorms was significantly higher (21.5–252.4 %) than that of other rainfall categories (p < 0.05). Dissolved phosphorus (DP) loss was highest during rainstorms, whereas the highest particulate phosphorus (PP) loss was observed during large rainstorms. The runoff depth and sediment yield were significantly higher in CK than those in other treatments (p < 0.05). There were significant linear relationships between runoff depth and PP loss, DP concentration (p < 0.05). The results of this study have great significance in improving our understanding of the characteristics associated with runoff P loss in sloping croplands in Southwest China.

Response of comammox Nitrospira clades A and B communities to long-term fertilization and rhizosphere effects and their relative contribution to nitrification in a subtropical paddy field of China

The recently discovered complete ammonia oxidation (comammox Nitrospira) containing clade A and clade B has further complemented our understanding of nitrification process. Nevertheless, understanding the community feature of comammox Nitrospira clades A and B and their relative contribution to nitrification in paddy rhizosphere are still in its infancy. In this study, we assessed the community diversity and structure of comammox Nitrospira clades A and B in paddy rhizosphere and bulk soils under thirty years of different fertilization strategies, i.e., non-fertilization control (CK), chemical fertilizers application (NPK), and NPK plus swine manure (NPKM), respectively. NPKM significantly increased the a-diversity (Chao1 and Shannon indices) of comammox Nitrospira clade A and altered the community structure (P < 0.05) but had little effect on clade B. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effect of long-term fertilization on soil comammox Nitrospira community and nitrification potential rate (PNR) was much greater than that of rhizosphere. Compared with NPK, soil PNR was greatly increased by 51.0% under the NPKM treatment in the rhizosphere (P < 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis showed that NPKM improved the relative abundances of sub-clade A.2.1 and sub-clade A.3.2 of the comammox clade A community, with an average increase of 212.2 and 210.4% in both rhizosphere and bulk soils relative to the NPK treatment. Soil organic matter, NH4+-N, and pH were significant soil drivers of comammox Nitrospira clades A and B community. Furthermore, linear regression and structural equation modeling clearly showed that comammox Nitrospira clade A a-diversity were significantly associated with soil PNR (P < 0.05). Our results suggest (i) that comammox Nitrospira clade A are sensitive to the organic fertilization; and (ii) that comammox Nitrospira clade A contribute more to nitrification than clade B under the long-term organic fertilized paddy soil.

Research progress in physiological function of the rare sugar D-allose

D-allose, a rare sugar with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunosuppressing and other physiological functions, has become a research hotspot in recent years. This paper describes the physical and chemical properties, synthesis methods, metabolism, physiological functions, and applications of D-allose, aiming to promote the functional development of D-allose and facilitate the application of D-allose in the food field and clinical treatment.