PD-L1 antibody decorated chemiluminescence producing Au-Ag nanoalloys for targeted detection of hepatic cancer cells.

The development of feasible, low-cost, and long-persistent chemiluminescence (CL) systems is highly desirable for enhancing detection reproducibility and accuracy. Here, we present a space-confined CL system based on the LHC@G capsules, which are prepared via a one-pot ultrasound-assisted method to co-encapsulate glucose oxidase (GOx), hemin (a peroxidase mimic), and luminol within an oil-in-water structure. The LHC@G capsules are used for producing glow-type CL emission. Specifically, glucose is catalyzed by GOx on the capsule surface, yielding H2O2. The H2O2 then diffuses into the oil core and undergoes hemin-catalyzed in situ blue emission of luminol. The LHC@G capsule-based CL system exhibits intensive and prolonged blue emission for over 1500 s, with a nearly threefold enhancement in CL intensity compared to that of luminol solution. Mechanistic studies reveal that the excellent CL performance stems from a highly efficient cascade reaction and regulated diffusion. The proposed capsule CL system exhibits excellent reproducibility and storage stability, and has been successfully developed for simple, fast, and sensitive visual glucose detection with a LOD of 1.21 μM. This work provides a convenient strategy for constructing long-persistent and accurate CL systems in the field of point-of-care testing (POCT).

The signal attenuation caused by skull/vertebrae remains a challenge in central nervous system (CNS) receptor imaging. Chemiluminescence (CL), free from external excitation, offers unparalleled tissue penetration in optical imaging. However, existing 1,2-dioxetane CL systems are shackled by two limitations: (i) short half-lives (<2h) from rapid dioxetane decomposition and (ii) dependence on reactive biomolecules such as reactive oxygen species and enzymes to trigger dioxetane decomposition, rendering them incompatible with imaging nonreactive biomolecules like receptor proteins. Here we report a bioorthogonally activatable chemiluminescence (BACL) strategy that integrates click-to-release reactions with 1,2-dioxetane luminophores to enable tetrazine-triggered OFF-ON CL signals and bioorthogonally tunable half-lives (5.2-18h). The tissue penetration depth was up to 6cm. Through a tetrazine-conjugated specific ligand, BACL imaged N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in vivo with a signal background ratio of ∼182, allowing clear differentiation of NMDAR expression levels between Alzheimer's disease model mice and normal controls. Beyond imaging, the bioorthogonally spatiotemporally controlled CL emission positions BACL as a potential internal light source for deep-tissue precision phototherapeutics, bypassing external irradiation.

The reliance on unstable hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) adversely affects the robustness and simplicity of chemiluminescence (CL)-based immunoassays. We report a novel external H2O2-free Fenton CL system integrated into a highly sensitive non-enzymatic immunoassay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein, utilizing cuprous–polyethylenimine–lipoic acid nanoflowers (Cu(I)-PEI-LA-Ab NF) as a non-enzymatic tag. The signaling polymer (PEI-LA) was synthesized via EDC/NHS coupling, which conjugated approximately 550 LA units to the PEI backbone. This polymer formed antibody-conjugated NF with various metal ions, and the Cu(I)-based variant was selected for its intense and sustained CL with luminol. The mechanism relies on an in situ Fenton reaction, in which dissolved oxygen is reduced by Cu(I) to H2O2, which reacts with oxidized Cu(II), producing hydroxyl radicals that oxidize luminol. Direct calibration of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein fixed on microplate wells demonstrated excellent linearity in the range of 0.01–3.13 ng/mL (LOD = 3 pg/mL). In a final competitive immunoassay format for samples spiked with the antigen, a decreasing CL signal that correlated with increasing antigen concentration was obtained in the range of 0.1–20.0 ng/mL, achieving excellent recoveries that were favorable compared with those of the sandwich ELISA kit, establishing this H2O2-independent platform as a powerful and robust tool for clinical diagnostics.

Selective detection of Staphylococcus aureus in food matrices using a chemiluminescent peroxidase-like DNA nanomachine.

Theranostic prodrugs predominantly rely on fluorogenic responses to convey diagnostic signals during chemotherapeutic activation. While chemiluminescence (CL) detection offers superior signal-to-noise ratios over fluorescence, the utilization of Schaap's as a module in diagnostic prodrugs remains underexplored, limiting advancements in this field. Herein, we present the first Azoreductase (AZR)-activated self-reporting theranostic prodrug utilizing a CL feedback mechanism. This prodrug has azo (-N = N-) bonds, which can serve as an AZR recognition site and link the melphalan analogue and Schaap's scaffold. Under hypoxic tumor conditions, AZR-mediated reduction of azobenzene triggers prodrug cleavage, releasing the active drug and CL signal. The AZR-selective activation can facilitate tumor-specific therapeutic effects, thus enabling precision chemotherapy. Our study has confirmed that Schaap's CL platform, activated by AZR, is a promising strategy for integrating real-time diagnostic imaging with controllable treatment. These findings advance the development of CL-based theranostic agents for safe and effective breast cancer treatment.

ABSTRACT Flow injection (FI) with chemiluminescence (CL) detection system applying tris-2,2/-bipyridylruthenium(II) – potassium permanganate ([Ru(bpy)3]2+–KMnO4) CL reaction was established to determine spinosad and emamectin benzoate Microbail-origin insecticides in freshwater samples. Experimental parameters were optimised, and solid phase extraction (SPE) was employed as phase separation techniques. Linearity of calibration plots for the standard solutions ranges of spinosad and emamectin benzoate were of 0.005–2.0 mg/L (R 2 = 0.9997 (n = 8)) and 0.01–2.0 mg/L (R 2 = 0.9994 (n = 7)), respectively. The respective Limit of Detections (LODs) and Limit of Quantifications (LOQs) for spinosad and emamectin benzoate were found as 1.3 × 10−3 and 3 × 10−3 mg/L [3σ blank, and 3.5 × 10−3 and 8.9 × 10−3 mg/L [10σ blank]. The injection throughput was 105 h−1. Because of applying tests of significance, the acquired results by the proposed method were not significantly different from those of reported methods at a 95% confidence level. Recoveries for spinosad and emamectin benzoate were achieved over the ranges of 94–107% (RSD = 1.8–3.6%) and 92–110% (RSD = 2.1–3.6%), respectively. The most possible CL reaction mechanism was investigated and formulated.

Enhanced peroxidase-like activity of single-atom dispersed cobalt in carbon nitride for glutathione detection via chemiluminescence signals of non-luminol system.

Enhanced luminol chemiluminescence by MoO3/POM NRs for sensitive detection of hydroquinone.

Engineering Fe-doped carbon-based nanozyme from novel source for chemiluminescence/colorimetric dual-mode microplate sensing of the anticancer drug raloxifene in different matrices.

Enhanced chemiluminescence driven by Fe-MIL-101(NH2) host-guest recognition for the detection of glutamic acid.

Accurate quantification of microRNAs (miRNAs) is crucial for early cancer diagnosis, but conventional techniques, such as quantitative PCR and microarrays, are time-consuming, costly, and require complex instrumentation. In this study, we developed an integrated magnetic-microfluidic chemiluminescence (CL) platform for the rapid and sensitive detection of miR-21, a key biomarker associated with breast cancer. The platform integrates the magnetic nanoparticle-based capture of the target miRNA, performing sandwich hybridization and enzyme-driven chemiluminescence directly on the chip. This design enables efficient magnetic separation and produces a clean, low-background signal within the compact microchannel network. Using only 10 µL of sample, the assay delivers a quantitative chemiluminescent signal readout within 15 minutes and achieves a limit of detection of 0.3 pM with a linear dynamic range from 0.3 to 1000 pM (R2 = 0.98). Validation with exosomal RNA isolated from MCF-7 breast cancer cells confirmed the analytical feasibility of the platform. The proposed platform offers high sensitivity, rapid analysis, and compatibility with clinical exosome samples. Importantly, the integrated microfluidic system operates in a power-free manner, driven solely by capillary action and magnetic manipulation, making it suitable for point-of-care applications.

Chemiluminescence-based identification and quantitative detection of pathogenic bacteria.

Chemiluminescent biosensors for pharmaceutical analysis: innovations, challenges, and future prospects.

Enhanced chemiluminescence aptasensing with triple cascade amplification for sensitive detection of tumor-derived exosomes.

Dual-mode fluorescence-chemiluminescence sensor for sensitive glyphosate detection based on Suc-Ce-OH BioMOF with phosphatase-like activity.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women. The ambiguity of neutrophils in the implementation of the immune response indicates their transformation into protumor cells in the late stages of the disease. In this regard, the aim of the study was to study the respiratory burst of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) in the blood of patients with CRC at different stages of the disease and in the dynamics of treatment. The study included 99 patients with CRC in different stages and 112 practically healthy volunteers. The respiratory burst of neutrophils was assessed using chemiluminescent analysis of neutrophil granulocyte activity for 90 minutes on a 36-channel chemiluminescent analyzer “CL3607” (Russia). Statistical data processing was performed using Statistica 10 software packages (StatSoft Inc, USA). Statistical significance of differences was determined using the Mann–Whitney criterion equal to p &lt; 0.05. In patients with CRC, an increase in the intensity of chemiluminescence (CL) and total synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was recorded both in a state of relative rest and under additional functional load, reflecting the state of the respiratory burst in patients’ neutrophils, both on the 1 st day of admission and on the 7 th day after surgery. The activation index is increased in patients with CRC at all stages and throughout the examination. Significant deviations in the indices of chemiluminescent activity of neutrophil granulocytes were recorded in patients with CRC: before surgery, an increase in the intensity of spontaneous CL was detected at stages II-IV of the disease, and induced CL at all stages, with the luminescence intensity at the late stage being higher. After surgical treatment, the spontaneous intensity of ROS production at stages I-III normalized, in the induced test, NG patients were still more reactive than the controls. The total ROS production by NG patients with CRC at all stages exceeded the indices of practically healthy people in the spontaneous and induced CL test both upon admission to the hospital and after treatment. The existing reserve capacity for ROS synthesis is also indicated by the increased neutrophil granulocyte activation index in all groups.

Chemiluminescence (CL) imaging offers unique advantages over fluorescence (FL) imaging, including excitation-free operation, low background interference, and strong tissue penetration. However, current carbon dot (CD)-based CL systems still suffer from short emission wavelengths, limited signal duration, and insufficient brightness, which severely hinder their applications in deep-tissue imaging. In this work, we present a novel design strategy that leverages the persistent afterglow effect of CDs to construct a self-sustained, long-lasting CL system. Near-infrared emissive carbon dots (LKCDs) were synthesized through a green approach, exhibiting a sharp emission peak at 672 nm with a narrow full width at half-maximum of 34 nm, a high fluorescence quantum yield of 18.3%, and an afterglow lifetime over 31 min. By coassembling LKCDs with CPPO in Pluronic F-127 micelles, we developed hydrogen peroxide-responsive CL nanoprobe (LCF-NPs), in which the chemically initiated electron-exchange luminescence (CIEEL) process is coupled with the intrinsic afterglow of LKCDs to achieve persistent CL emission. In vivo experiments with 4T1 tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that LCF-NPs produced stable NIR CL signal at tumor site for over 12 h, substantially outperforming traditional fluorescence probes. This study not only establishes an efficient long-lasting NIR CL imaging platform but also provides methodological insights for designing persistent CL systems in bioanalytical applications.

Imidazole-enhanced luminol/H2O2 chemiluminescent biosensing for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein with enzymatic regulation of hemin switch.

Visualized chemiluminescence immunoassay for simultaneous detection of multiple lung cancer markers based on spatially resolved microfluidic paper chip device.