Chemiluminescence Phenomenon Research Articles

Electrochemiluminescence Systems for Metal‐Ion Detection: A Systematic Review

AbstractElectrogenerated chemiluminescence or electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a chemiluminescence phenomenon generated by electrochemical reactions. Applying this phenomenon for metal ions detections is potentially effectual as it provides excellent selectivity and sensitivity as well as the ease of use and economical cost. Accordingly, the detection methods of many trace metals have been successfully developed by employing ECL systems, including Hg(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Ag(I), Co(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Ni(II), and As(III). There are several key components required to comprise the ECL systems, including luminophores that emit light and are directly proportionate toward metal concentrations, co‐reactants that increase the number of excited luminophores, and electrodes where the electron transfer occurs. Some new ECL systems comprising luminophores, co‐reactants, and electrodes have been developed to achieve impressive measurement results with low detection limits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive illustration concerning the development of ECL‐based metal sensors, to elucidate a development overview of key elements employed in ECL systems and their modifications, explaining the different types of interactions due to the presence of metal ions in ECL systems, as well as to discuss the future opportunities and challenges of the ECL systems.

Bioluminescence experience in the holistic cuisine: Making contact through living light and sound

The holistic cuisine is an interdisciplinary work in gastronomy to understand food and gastronomic experiences in different ways. It encompasses different fields and knowledge from natural to social science. This concept created by Rasmus Munk, the chef from Alchemist restaurant in Copenhagen, shows how different fields can work together. Inspired in the concept of alchemy, the chef brings a new vision of gastronomy, understanding the world holistically. Since alchemists tried out to distill light from fireflies, the chemiluminescence phenomenon has been intensively studied by scientist nowadays. It can be defined as the emission of light resulting by chemical reaction between a protein called luciferin and an enzyme called luciferase. Many different microorganisms have the capacity to produce light, like the Dinoflagellates, Pyrocistys lunula (algae). This study measured the capacity of this algae to grow at two different temperatures. It was found that at 21 °C, pH 7 and 35% of salinity was the optimum conditions for the highest growth. Searching for the highest luminosity of the algae by acoustic wave stimulation, it was found that at 18 Hz, algae showed the most. Curiously, 18 Hz appears to be one of the frequencies in which the musical note G is emitted. To see the effect of the blue bioluminescence emitted by applying the musical note G, it was measured the emotional response of a bioluminescent experience. The sensory analysis showed how the blue light evoke curiosity, expectancy, interest, surprise, or admiration. Blue light might be used in a gastronomic experience due to the emotions that evoke, but also in other applications in order to handle emotional challenges and regulate mood over time.

A Comparative Study of Thermal, Luminous, and Infrared Radiation Characteristics of Natural gas Flame in the Presence of Alkali, Alkali-Earth, and Transition Metallic Solution Additives

Abstract Experiments were performed to find out the effect of alkali, alkali-earth, and transition metallic additives on thermal, luminous, IR, and total radiative properties of natural gas flame. A total of 25 mL of 0.5 M alkali salts of NaNO3 and KNO3, alkali-earth salts of Ca(NO3)2, Ba(NO3)2, and Sr(NO3)2 and transition nitrate salts of Cu(NO3)2 and Mn(NO3)2 (Merck company) were prepared, and flame tests were done on each solution by using a Bunsen burner with the equivalence ratio of 1.05, which is close to the condition of stoichiometric air–fuel mixing. The optical characteristics of flame were measured in visible and infrared radiation (IR) spectrums by a TES-1332A luminance meter, BOMEM FTIR, and IR flame photography technique. Also, the total radiation was gauged by a HFP01 sensor. The results indicated that, in general, due to the increased rate of nucleation of intermediate soot particles, the flame in the presence of alkali metal additives has higher total, luminous, and IR radiation than in the presence of other metal additives. Also, the metallic additives do not significantly change the flame temperature. The results also revealed that although all metallic additives enhance the luminous radiation of flame, which is due to chemiluminescence phenomenon or atomic emission, luminous radiation of metal additives is negligible in comparison with their radiation in IR wavelengths. Furthermore, the results show that the boiling temperature of metallic salt solutions has a greater impact on flame luminosity than their ionization energy does.

ZnO Nanoparticle-Decorated CeO2 Nanospheres for Cataluminescence Sensing of H2S

Cataluminescence is a kind of interesting chemiluminescence phenomenon on the gas–solid catalytic interface, and highly efficient cataluminescence is extremely anticipated. A CeO2/ZnO nanocomposite catalyst is successfully fabricated via the facile pyrolysis of a CeO2/ZIF-8 sacrificial precursor. Compared with CeO2 nanoparticles without modification, the CeO2/ZnO nanocomposite demonstrates a remarkable cataluminescence performance toward H2S, giving a 130 times increase in cataluminescence intensity, while ZnO nanoparticles derived from pure ZIF-8 do not show any luminescence signal. Moreover, the relationship between the CeO2/ZnO nanocomposite structure and the catalytic performance of H2S is further excavated via Raman spectroscopy and XPS technique. The results indicate that the improved cataluminescence toward H2S could be attributed to the capture-oxidation-release synergistic effect. H2S molecules are effectively captured by ZnO, subsequently catalytically oxidized on CeO2 with abundant oxygen vacancy, and finally released into the gas phase. Consequently, higher efficiency of catalytic luminescence is obtained owing to the synergic effect between CeO2 and ZnO components, and the detection limit of this proposed H2S sensor is as low as 9.50 ng·mL–1. The proposed capture-oxidation-release synergetic mechanism for an enhanced catalytic oxidation property is of great significance in the rational design and engineering of advanced catalysts for diverse application demands.

Comparative study of luminescence and chemiluminescence in hydrodynamic cavitating flows and quantitative determination of hydroxyl radicals production

Luminescence and chemiluminescence have been experimentally investigated in hydrodynamic cavitating flows. By using dedicated microdevices inserted inside a light tight box, photons counting has been made possible. Luminescence has been investigated with deionized water as the working fluid; chemiluminescence has resulted from cavitating alkaline luminol solutions, and has been correlated to hydroxyl radicals formation. For the first time, luminescent and chemiluminescent phenomena have been considered together on the same devices submitted to similar cavitating flow regimes. Degassed solutions enhance the luminescence and also the hydroxyl radical yield. Due to the small sizes of the channels, the lifetimes of the collapsing bubbles correspond to pseudo frequencies matching the range of optimal frequencies used in sonochemistry. New perspectives for the study of hydrodynamic cavitation as an advanced oxidation process are suggested.

Synergistic chemiluminescence nanoprobe: Au clusters-Cu2+-induced chemiexcitation of cyclic peroxides and resonance energy transfer.

An interesting chemiluminescence (CL) phenomenon of cyclic peroxides originating from tetrahydrofuran hydrogen peroxide (THF-HPO) in the presence of BSA-stabilized Au NCs (Au@BSA NCs) was found for the first time. In this CL system, Au@BSA NCs can greatly accelerate the decomposition of THF-HPO, and then chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) occurs between excited dioxetane derivatives and the Au@BSA NCs, yielding enhanced CL emission which can be further enhanced more than 10 times by the addition of copper ions. Based on this, a synergistic CL nanoprobe with a special signal amplification strategy was developed.

РАЗВИТИЕ МЕТОДА ЛЮМИНЕСЦЕНТНОГО КОНТРОЛЯ СОСТАВА ПЛАЗМЫ И ОБРАБАТЫВАЕМОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ АНТИКОРРОЗИОННОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ НЕФТЕГАЗОВОГО ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ

Актуальность. Надежность и целостность нефтедобывающего оборудования, сроки его эксплуатации обеспечиваются комплексом мер по борьбе с коррозией, в частности использованием технологий газопламенного напыления защитных покрытий на проектируемые или восстанавливаемые детали. В данных технологиях эффективным методом контроля за состоянием состава плазмы и качества напыляемой поверхности может служить явление гетерогенной хемилюминесценции. Гетерогенные хемилюминесцентные реакции обладают селективностью и высокой чувствительностью к типу поверхности и сорту возбуждающего газа. Использование оптических методов для изучения, контроля и управления в неравновесных системах газ–твердое тело открывает новые аналитические и аппаратурные возможности в физике поверхности, химии, плазмохимии, технологии полупроводников и люминофоров, в решении экологических проблем. Изучение процессов адсорбции–десорбции, диссоциации, диффузии, рекомбинации газовых частиц, дефектообразования и роста кристаллической решетки с использованием явления гетерогенной хемилюминесценции является актуальной задачей физики конденсированного состояния. Поскольку явление гетерогенной хемилюминесценции реализует возможности осуществления селективных экспресс-методов анализа при простом аппаратурном оснащении с пределом обнаружения свободных атомов, радикалов, примесей в газовой фазе и в составе поверхностных слоев конденсированных сред до 10–6 % (мол). Цель: исследование процессов в неравновесных системах газ – твердое тело и определение параметров этого взаимодействия на основе регистрации характеристик гетерогенной хемилюминесценции; разработка нестационарных методов определения параметров взаимодействия газ–твердое тело с использованием явления гетерогенной хемилюминесценции, контроль параметров газовой среды и состояния поверхности конденсированных сред. Объекты: атомно-молекулярные пучки водорода, кристаллофосфор ZnS–Mn2+, приповерхностные области взаимодействия газ – твердое тело. Методы: методы, основанные на явлении гетерогенной хемилюминесценции в атомарном водороде для определения скоростей адсорбции и рекомбинации атомов Н, десорбции молекул H2, энергии активации десорбции молекул водорода с поверхности ZnS–Mn2+. Методом «темновой» паузы определена скорость рекомбинации адсорбированных атомов водорода по механизму Лэнгмюра–Хиншелвуда. Результаты. Выполнено сравнительное исследование люминесценции ZnS–Mn2+ при возбуждении светом (фотолюминесценции) и атомарным водородом (гетерогенной хемилюминесценции). Изучены спектрально-кинетические характеристики люминесценции. Установлены механизмы и параметры взаимодействия атомов водорода с поверхностью сульфида цинка (сечения, частотные факторы, энергии активации) с использованием спектрально-кинетических характеристик гетерогенной хемилюминесценции. Показано, что люминофор ZnS–Mn2+ может служить экспресс датчиком восстановительной компоненты плазмы (водород). Явление гетерогенной хемилюминесценции составляет основу оперативных методов контроля начальных стадий модификации поверхности твердых тел в процессах пучково-плазменной обработки материалов.

Fast determination of peroxymonosulfate by flow injection chemiluminescence using the Tb(III) ligand in micelle medium.

Based on the chemiluminescence (CL) phenomenon of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and Tb(III) enhanced by its ligand in a micelle microenvironment, a fast and sensitive flow injection CL method for PMS detection was proposed and applied to the analysis of different samples and PMS decomposition. Under the optimized conditions, a linear range was obtained from 4.0×10-6 molL-1 to 2.0×10-4 molL-1 with a high correlation coefficient (r=0.9997), detection limit of 5.0×10-7 molL-1 (S/N=3) and relative standard deviation of 2.4% for 1.0×10-5 molL-1 PMS (n=9). This was successfully applied to the determination of PMS in Virkon powder, tap water, and swimming pool water samples with satisfactory recoveries from 94.8% to 104.8%. In particular, the analytical frequency could be as fast as five samples per minute because there was no reaction step before analysis and the CL phenomenon was instantaneous. Therefore, this CL method has also been successfully applied to investigate the PMS decomposition profiles in carbon material (carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibres, activated carbon and graphene oxide) catalysis systems, which followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with good correlation coefficients (r>0.9305). Quenching experiments and electron spin resonance spectra verified that the CL phenomenon was due to the formation of singlet oxygen, and that hydroxyl and sulfate radicals might be important in the generation of singlet oxygen. Tb(III) is the luminescent emitter according to the characteristics emission bands of the fluorescence and CL spectra in different media.

A readout circuit dedicated for the detection of chemiluminescence using a silicon photomultiplier

A readout circuit dedicated for the detection of the chemiluminescence phenomenon using a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is presented. During chemiluminescence, light is generated as a result of chemical reaction. Chemiluminescence is used in many applications within medicine, chemistry, biology and biotechnology, and is one of the most important sensing techniques in biomedical science and clinical medicine. The front-end electronics consist of a preamplifier and a fast shaper—this produces pulses, the peaking time which is 3.6 ns for a single photon and the FWHM is 3.8 ns. The system has been optimised to measure chemiluminescence—it is sensitive at the level of single photons, it generates a low number of overlapping pulses and is accurate. Two methods of signal detection are analysed and compared: the counting of events and amplitude detection. The relationship between the chemiluminescence light intensity and the concentration of the chemical compound (luminol) is linear in the range of the tested concentrations and has strong linearity parameters and low prediction intervals.

Teaching reaction kinetics with chemiluminescence

An experiment to aid the transition from secondary school chemistry to introductory chemical engineering in higher education is described. The phenomenon of chemiluminescence observed during the oxidation of luminol has been successfully employed to study the kinetics of the reaction. Using inexpensive light sensors the effects of temperature on rate of chemical reactions can easily be quantified through their associated kinetic parameters.The experiment gives reproducible results and allows the measurement of the rate constants of the reaction and its order with respect to luminol at different temperatures in one three hour laboratory session. From these, the activation energy of the reaction can be determined. Experimental skill and supervisory requirements are minimal making the setup ideal for first year undergraduate or final stage secondary school students.

The role of hydroperoxides in the chemiluminescence of oxidized polymers reconsidered

Chemiluminescence phenomena often occur on heating oxidized polymers in an inert atmosphere. This light emission is frequently attributed to reactions involving hydroperoxides produced during the oxidation process. The main objective of this study was to check the role played by hydroperoxides in the luminescence of three oxidized polymers: polyoctenamer, an ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and polypropylene. The hydroperoxides of pre-oxidized polymers (photo-oxidized or hydroperoxidized) were transformed using photolysis or dimethyl sulfide (DMS) treatment. The chemiluminescence of the polymer samples was measured before and after treatment and decomposition of hydroperoxides monitored with IR spectroscopy and thermal analyses. Surprisingly, all the photolysed polymers retained strong luminescence that is not entirely explained by the presence of hydroperoxides. On the contrary, two of the three polymers showed a quenching of luminescence after DMS treatment. Two conclusions can be drawn. First, the results clearly indicate that the luminescence of oxidized polymers does not only depend on the presence of hydroperoxides. The second conclusion concerns the origin of the remaining chemiluminescence after photolysis and the quenching observed after DMS treatment. As photolysis mainly leads to the formation of carbonyl compounds and DMS treatment to the production of alcohols, it is proposed that carbonyl compounds are probably involved in the chemiluminescence of oxidized polymers, especially through associations with remaining hydroperoxides.

Bisulfite induced chemiluminescence of g-C3N4 nanosheets and enhanced by metal ions.

In this work, a novel chemiluminescence (CL) phenomenon was found: a g-C3N4 nanosheets suspension was mixed with NaHSO3 solution directly to produce luminescence, and the intensity of luminescence could be obviously enhanced by some metal ions, which was distinctly different from the phenomenon that Cu(2+) ions can quench the fluorescence of g-C3N4 nanosheets as reported before.

Determination of beta-agonists in swine hair by μFIA and chemiluminescence.

β-Agonists are a group of illegal feed additives. In this paper, it was found that the light emission produced by the oxidation of luminol by potassium ferricyanide was enhanced by the β-agonists (ractopamine, salbutamol, and terbutaline). Based on chemiluminescence phenomenon, a novel, rapid, and sensitive microflow injection analysis system on a microfluidic glass chip was established for determination of the β-agonists. The chip was fabricated from two glass plates (64 mm × 32 mm) with microchannels of 200 μm width and 100 μm depth. The detection limits were achieved at 2.0 × 10(-8) mol/L of ractopamine, 1.0 × 10(-8) mol/L of terbutaline and 5.0 × 10(-7) mol/L of salbutamol. In this report, our method was applied for determination of the β-agonists in swine hair from three different sources with satisfactory results.

Mechanism of AMPPD Chemiluminescence in a Different Voice.

The chemiluminescence phenomenon of 3-(2'-spiroadamantyl)-4-methoxy-4-(3″-phosphoryloxy)-phenyl-1,2-dioxetane (AMPPD or m-AMPPD) has been routinely applied in clinical diagnostics. Although the AMPDD chemiluminescence immunoassay is one of the most successful immunoassays, the mechanism of AMPPD chemiluminescence remains largely unknown. The AMPPD chemiluminescence process is composed of three steps: AMPPD is enzymatically triggered to produce 3-(2'-spiroadamantyl)-4-methoxy-4-(3″-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-dioxetane (m-AMPD); m-AMPD decomposes into the excited-state methyl m-oxybenzoate anion (m-MOB(-)); the excited-state m-MOB(-) relaxes to its ground state and emits light. Obviously, the middle step is critical for the chemiluminescence and has not been well understood because of both experimental and theoretical difficulties. We performed the first theoretical study on the chemiluminescent decomposition mechanism of m-AMPD and its para isomer, p-AMPD, using the complete active space self-consistent field and the second-order multiconfigurational perturbation methods in addition to the density functional method. This investigation revealed that (1) neither the intramolecular chemical initiated electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL) nor the concerted charge transfer (CT) mechanism can describe the decomposition of m- and p-AMPD well. Instead, their decomposition occurs according to our previously proposed mechanism of gradually reversible CT-initiated luminescence. (2) The different stabilities of the m- and p-AMPD chemiexcited states might be the basis for the large difference in their chemiluminescence efficiencies. (3) The relationship between the chemiluminescence efficiency and the position of the electron donor on the aromatic ring, the so-called "odd/even selection rule," does not fully explain the chemiluminescence efficiency of dioxetanes. The odd/even selection rule is only correct for partial dioxetanes, because it does not capture the origin of the relationship between the chemiluminescence and the donor. We revealed that the origin consists of a combination of conjugation, induction, and steric effects. On the basis of this combination of effects, we theoretically designed some 1,2-dioxetanes to guide experimentalists in the synthesis of these excellent chemiluminescent molecules.

Chemiluminescence Determination of Gossypol by Oxidation with N‐Bromosuccinimide

AbstractA chemiluminescence (CL) phenomenon was observed when gossypol was injected into a reaction mixture of N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) and alkaline dichlorofluorescein (DCF). Based on this phenomenon, a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of gossypol was established. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range was from 1.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10−6 M. The detection limit was 1.0 × 10−10 M. The method has been applied to the determination of gossypol in cottonseed, cottonseed oil, pharmaceutical and biological fluids with satisfactory results. The possible CL reaction mechanism was discussed briefly.

Production of superoxide anion radicals as evidence for carbon nanodots acting as electron donors by the chemiluminescence method

In this communication, a novel chemiluminescence phenomenon was observed for the as-prepared carbon nanodots (CDs) in a concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The generation of superoxide anion radical (O2˙(-)) directly provides evidence for the excellent electron-donating ability of CDs.

Selective light-triggered chemiluminescence between fluorescent dyes and luminol, and its analytical application

We report herein a novel chemiluminescence (CL) phenomenon triggered by light irradiation when a fluorescent dye, for example hematoporphyrin, fluorescein, eosin, or methylene blue is present in the luminol solution. A possible mechanism is proposed for the photoinduced chemiluminescence (PICL) reaction. Compared with reported methods for CL triggering, for example flow-injection, static reagent injection, and the electrochemical technique, the proposed in-situ PICL method presented has three advantages. First, the method is more selective, because the PICL signal of the target fluorescent dyes is initiated by excitation at a selective wavelength only. Second, the space and time resolution of the PICL method are better. Last, and most important, compared with injecting a reagent or inserting a electrode into the CL system to initiate the CL reaction, with the in-situ PICL method there is no physical interference with the target detecting system. All these advantages of the PICL method indicate it has many potential applications in the analytical sciences. The proposed method was applied to analysis of urine containing adrenaline. The linear range for adrenaline is 2.0 × 10(-10)-1.0 × 10(-7)gmL(-1) and the detection limit is 6.0 × 10(-11)gmL(-1).

Study of Analysis Technology of Organic Carbon in Sediment as Powder Materials with Ozonation Chemiluminescence Method

A method for rapid analysis on-site of organic carbon in sediment powder materials is recommended. It is based on researches on the phenomenon of chemiluminescence of organic carbon in sediment powder materials reacting with ozone. A Chemiluminescence kinetics curve was obtained by using an home-made experimental instrument, and used to analyze content and characteristics of the organic carbon in sediment powder materials, such as the proportion of hard oxidation , easy oxidation and middling stabilization. Effectiveness of the method was verified comparing its results with those of the existing detection method. Based on the finding that sediments powder materials varied sharply in chemiluminescence feature from type to type, a concept of “organic carbon fingerprint” is recommended.

Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence States of a Small Model for Coelenteramide and Cypridina Oxyluciferin: A CASSCF/CASPT2 Study.

Fluorescence and chemiluminescence phenomena are often confused in experimental and theoretical studies on the luminescent properties of chemical systems. To establish the patterns that distinguish both processes, the fluorescent and chemiluminescent states of 2-acetamido-3-methylpyrazine, which is a small model of the coelenterazine/coelenteramide and Cypridina luciferin/oxyluciferin bioluminescent systems, were characterized by using the complete active space second-order perturbation (CASPT2) method. Differences in geometries and electronic structures among the states responsible for light emission were found. On the basis of the findings, some recommendations for experimental studies on chemiluminescence are suggested, and more appropriate theoretical approaches are proposed.

An ultrasensitive post chemiluminescence reaction of ammonium in NBS–dichlorofluorescein system and its application

A strong post chemiluminescence (PCL) phenomenon was observed when ammonium was injected into the reaction mixture after the finish of CL reaction of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and dichlorofluorescein. Based on this, a sensitive flow injection PCL method was established for the determination of ammonium. The possible CL mechanism of the reaction was proposed based on a series of experiments. The PCL intensity responded linearly to the concentration of ammonium in the range 3.0×10−11–1.0×10−7gmL−1 with a detection limit of 1×10−11gmL−1. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 1.4% for 1.0×10−9gmL−1 ammonium (n=11). This method had been applied to the determination of ammonium in samples of mineral water, tap water and river water.