Treatment Chemicals Research Articles

Curcumin enhances p-cresyl sulfate-induced cytotoxic effects on renal tubular cells.

Indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), protein-bound uremic toxins, can induce oxidative stress and cause renal disease progression. However, the different cytotoxic effects on renal cells between IS and PCS are not stated. Due to uremic toxins are generally found in CKD patients, the mechanisms of uremic toxins-induced renal injury are required to study. Curcumin has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects which may be potential used to protect against renal damage. In contrast, curcumin also exert cytotoxic effects on various cells. In addition, curcumin may reduce or enhance cytotoxicity combined with different chemicals treatments. However, whether curcumin may influence uremic toxins-induced renal injury is unclear. The goal of this study is to compare the different cytotoxic effects on renal cells between IS and PCS treatment, as well as the synergistic or antagonistic effects by combination treatments with curcumin and PCS. Our experimental result shows the PCS exerts a stronger antiproliferative effect on renal tubular cells than IS treatment. In addition, our study firstly demonstrates that curcumin enhances PCS-induced cell cytotoxicity through caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway and cell cycle alteration.

Pre-sowing treatments of botanicals, chemicals and plant growth regulators on seed growth, yield and yield attributes of lentil (<em>Lens culinaris</em> M.) var. Co-8

Pre-sowing treatments of botanicals, chemicals and plant growth regulators on seed growth, yield and yield attributes of lentil (<em>Lens culinaris</em> M.) var. Co-8

Plant-based Enzyme-mediated Biodegradation of Azo dyes: A Review

Azo dyes are a popular group of dyes in the printing, food, leather, cosmetic, textile, and pharmaceutical sectors and are the largest and most important group of colored chemicals due to their facile production procedure. It is characterized by the presence of an azo group (-N=N-). The stability of azo dyes makes it recalcitrant. Discharge of untreated waste water that contains colored compounds with azo dye reaches water streams and affects the organisms due to the toxicity of the dyes. Many physicochemical and chemical approaches have been used for the removal of dye from polluted water. Although these procedures effectively treat polluted water but become costly and may result in the formation of hazardous compounds. A microbial enzymatic decolorization is an environment-friendly approach that shows excellent removal efficiency at low operating costs however, it has certain downsides, such as a slow process rate and a longer assimilation phase. Alternatively, enzymes derived from various sources can be employed to biodegrade and decolorize azo dyes. For the treatment of dye-based chemicals, enzymes extracted from plants have benefits over other approaches. They are believed to have a significant potential to degrade the recalcitrant pollutants present in the effluent from industries i.e., laccases, polyphenol oxidases, azoreductases, and different peroxidases like manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidases, and decolorizing peroxidases, are the common enzymes that are isolated from plants and have the potential in the biodegradation of colored compounds. The importance of these enzymes in the treatment of industrial wastewater is unquestionable.

Isolation and screening of local cellulolytic fungi from the digestive tract larvae of Oryctes rhinoceros L., North Sumatra

Cellulose, which is the main component of plant cell walls from higher plants, has been studied from different aspects. It is insoluble in a wide variety of solvents and is resistant to various chemicals treatments. Fungi are a group of cellulose-degrading microbes and plays major role in recycling of lignocellulosic material in nature. This study aimed to obtain cellulolytic fungi from the digestive tract of Oryctes rhinoceros L. larvae and to determine cellulolytic activity. Isolation and screening of cellulolytic fungi in the digestive tract of insects were carried out with specific medium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and the Congo Red method to obtain potential cellulolytic isolates. Eleven fungal isolates showed positive results as cellulolytic fungi. The highest cellulolytic activity was obtained from isolate F05L with a cellulolytic index of 0.90 and isolate F10L of 0.66. The smallest cellulolytic activity was obtained from isolate F02L with a cellulolytic index of 0.14. All isolates would be identified to the species level and analyzed its potential applications. Our result can provide in addition to the environmental and industrial fields, cellulolytic fungi can a solution to the problem of pollution, namely reducing the amount of cellulose waste, and can be added value to the use of waste into processed organic fertilizers to be able to provide solutions to the problem of organic waste degradation.

Study of the Effect of Various Organics, Chemicals, Growth Regulators Treatments on Growth, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

University of Agriculture Technology and Science, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the rabi season of 2020-2021. To investigate the Study on the Effect of various organic, growth regulators & chemicals treatments on growth, yield, and yield attributing traits in Radish (Raphanus sativus). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with Thirteen treatments and three replications. The treatments consist of FYM, NAA, GA3 KNo3, ZnSo4, KCl were subjected to study the growth, and yield parameters were recorded. The maximum field emergence percentage (93.30), plant height 30 das (23.50) plant height 60 das (89.57), plant height 90 das (148.23), days to 50% flowering (52.67), number of pods per plant (110.03), dry weight of plant (40.56), seed yield per plant (5.4), biological yield (343.3) harvest index (44.23) were observed in T7 (NAA). Whereas minimum was recorded in T0 (Control) (81.30, 21.60cm, 78.13cm, 139.83cm, 56.20%, 102.33, 32.20, 1.4, 132.20, 33.10).

FP16.01 Development and Characterization of Two Novel Squamous Cell Lung Cancer Mouse Cell Lines

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The incidence and mortality associated with lung cancer is a major Public Health challenge in advanced societies. About 20-30% of all lung cancers are classified as lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), also known as squamous cell carcinoma (SSC or SqCC) or epidermoid carcinoma. The absence of preclinical models makes LUSC disease analysis and research more challenging. The development of well-characterized cellular and molecular tools is essential for the advance in lung cancer research. In the present work, we have performed an exhaustive molecular and functional characterization of a new LUSC research model, recently developed in our laboratory. This model consists of two novel A/J mouse-derived syngeneic cell lines from NTCU-induced LUSC.In our opinion, these cell lines may become a robust tool for the study of squamous cell lung cancer in a reliable and reproducible manner. Carcinogenesis and cell line generation: LUSC tumors were induced by N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) (Toronto Research Chemicals) treatment applying 0.04 M NTCU by skin painting twice a week for 20 weeks to 8-week-old A/J mice. Immunohistochemical staining: Dissected tumors were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Three-micrometer-thick sections were used for tumors immunohistochemical phenotypic characterization. Exome sequencing: Whole exome sequencing was performed on extracted DNA from the tumor-derived cell lines. RNA sequencing analysis: Samples were prepared with the Illumina TruSeq Stranded mRNA kit and sequenced as reverse paired-end (50 bp) runs on the Nextseq sequencer. Tumor immunotherapy experiments: 2x106 cells were subcutaneously inoculated in one flank of 8-week-old female A/J mice. When the tumors reached a volume of 75 mm3, mice were randomized and treated intraperitoneally with 3 doses of 100 μg of anti-PD1 or anti-CTLA4. Tumor immune landscape analysis: 2x106 cells were subcutaneously inoculated in one flank of 6 8-week-old female A/J mice . Thirteen days after cell inoculation, tumors were collected and processed for flow cytometry analysis. Metastasis in vivo model: Cells were transduced with a triple modality construct containing a triple fusion protein GFP, luciferase and thymidine kinase. Eight-week old female mice were inoculated in the left cardiac ventricle with 1 × 105 cells. Cells were followed by bioluminescence. We have generated two transplantable LUSC cell lines (UN-SCC679 and UN-SCC680) derived from an N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) chemically-induced mouse model in A/J mice. Both cells lines expressed cytokeratins and p40, and lacked thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) expression. Furthermore, we genetically characterized the LUSC cell lines by performing whole exome and RNA sequencing. In addition, we characterized the immune landscape of both tumors in vivo and assessed their response to immunotherapy studies combining the gold-standard checkpoint inhibitors in clinic. Finally, we studied the metastatic potential of each of these two models and confirmed that they reflect the human LUSC organotropism to the brain, bones, liver and adrenal glands. We have generated a very valuable tool for LUSC research that recapitulates the complexity of the human disease.

Pre-sowing Seed Treatments of Botanicals and Chemicals on Growth, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

The experiment was conducted in the field of Seed Science and Technology at the department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P) during Rabi season 2020-2021, in order to standardize the suitable pre-sowing seed treatment of Mustard (Variety-Kranti). Different pre-sowing seed treatments include Thirteen treatments with T0- control, T1-KCL @ 0.3%, T2-KNO3 @ 0.5%, T3-PEG6000 @ 25ppm, T4-PEG6000 @ 50ppm, T5-Panchagavya @ 2%, T6-Panchagavya @ 4%, T7-Panchagavya @ 6%, T8-Panchagavya @ 8%, T9-MNSO4 @ 0.1%, T10-MNSO4 @ 0.3%, T11-MNSO4 @ 0.5%, T12-Tulasi leaf extract @ 2% Soaking for 6 hrs. Pre-sowing seed treatment with PEG6000 @ 50ppm shows increased germination percentage, growth, yield and yielding attributes followed by Panchagavya @ 6% The Experiment and study indicated interesting and different outcomes for each treatment performed. All various priming treatments used was better than control, but overall the best performance was recorded in T4- PEG6000 @ 50ppm, gave the best result to enhanced germinability, seed vigour, seed yield and yielding attributes of mustard.

Educational interventions to address misconceptions about antibiotic residues in milk can alter consumer perceptions and may affect purchasing habits

The industrialization of the agri-food industry and resultant decrease in the number of people employed on farms has contributed to a knowledge gap among consumers about food production processes. A commonly reported concern of dairy consumers is the use of antibiotics in dairy animals, even though these drugs are an important tool for promoting animal health and welfare and food safety. The extent to which consumers are aware of antibiotic residue avoidance practices in dairy production is unknown, and it is unclear whether acquisition of such knowledge could affect purchasing behavior and perceptions of dairy farming. The objectives of this study were to assess consumers' perceptions about the quality and production of dairy products in the United States and determine whether educational materials on processes that limit the occurrence of antibiotic residues in milk can change consumers' perceptions of dairy products and purchasing behaviors. We surveyed 804 consumers and assigned them to 1 of 3 interventions: (1) a control arm (reading the content of the Dairy page of the USDA's myplate.gov website); (2) an educational brochure on the processes that prevent antibiotic residues in milk; and (3) a video on the same processes. We found that a majority (86.1%) of participants believe that the quality of dairy products in the United States is high, although many had concerns about the treatment of dairy animals and chemicals (pesticides, antibiotics, hormones) in dairy products. Compared with the control intervention, the brochure was associated with a significant decrease in the level of concern consumers had about chemicals in their milk [-0.20 points on a Likert scale, 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.32 to -0.08] and a significantly increased comfort in purchasing conventional dairy products (odds ratio 2.43, 95% CI, 1.62 to 3.66). The video was associated with even stronger effects: a 0.29-unit decrease in the level of concern about chemicals in milk (95% CI, -0.42 to -0.016) and 2.94 times greater odds of purchasing conventional dairy products (95%, CI 1.92 to 4.49). Although consumer food decision making is complex and driven by multiple factors, it appears that education about the processes that promote food safety can reassure consumers about their concerns and potentially affect purchasing habits.

A Recent Uses of Plasma in the Textile Printing

Plasma treatment for almost all synthetic and cellulosic textiles is considered to be one of these physical technologies. Plasma treatment does not involve the treatment of hazardous chemicals and thus, compared to chemical treatment, there are no problems with effluents. The study demonstrated that most types of materials (natural synthetics and blends) with natural dye using pigment printing techniques can be printed using high-quality plasma radiation. It is an environmentally friendly process, fast-growing, and finds certain potential applications. The study claims that polyester plasma therapy and surface modifications can alleviate difficulties with printing. The study investigates the treatment of a PET fabric with an efficient plasma approach to activate the surface before cationization treatment.

Persistence and removal of trace organic compounds in centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment systems

The persistence of trace organic chemicals in treated effluent derived from both centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) is of concern due to their potential impacts on human and ecosystem health. Here, we utilize non-targeted analysis (NTA) with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF-MS) to conduct an evaluation of the common persistent and removed compounds found in two centralized WWTPs in the USA and South Africa and one DEWATS in South Africa. Overall, removal efficiencies of chemicals were similar between the treatment plants when they were compared according to the number of chemical features detected in the influents and effluents of each treatment plant. However, the DEWATS treatment train, which has longer solids retention and hydraulic residence times than both of the centralized WWTPs and utilizes primarily anaerobic treatment processes, was able to remove 13 additional compounds and showed a greater decrease in normalized peak areas compared to the centralized WWTPs. Of the 111 common compounds tentatively identified in all three influents, 11 compounds were persistent in all replicates, including 5 compounds not previously reported in effluents of WWTPs or water reuse systems. There were no significant differences among the physico-chemical properties of persistent and removed compounds, but significant differences were observed among some of the molecular descriptors. These results have important implications for the treatment of trace organic chemicals in centralized and decentralized WWTPs and the monitoring of new compounds in WWTP effluent.

Effect of post-harvest treatment of different chemicals, plant growth regulators on physical and chemical parameters of Sapota fruits [Manilkara achras (Mill) Forsberg] cv. ‘Kalipatti’

Effect of post-harvest treatment of different chemicals, plant growth regulators on physical and chemical parameters of Sapota fruits [Manilkara achras (Mill) Forsberg] cv. ‘Kalipatti’

Effect of flower regulation on biotic and abiotic stress management in Pomegranate (Punica granatumL.) under hot arid climate

The present study was carried out for management of abiotic stresses (fruit cracking) and biotic stresses (mite and fungal spot) in pomegranate by flower regulation through water stress, pruning and ethrel application. The results revealed that horticultural interventions, chemical treatments and their interactions significantly minimized mite, fungal spot and fruit cracking incidence in pomegranate. In different combinations treatments of horticultural interventions and chemical, minimum mite incidence (4.80 and 4.65%) and fungal spot incidence (9.17 and 7.83%) were recorded in withholding irrigation during June + pruning + thinning with ethrel 2 ml/l treatment as compared to maximum mite (31.95 and 27.51%) and fungal spot (35.78 and 32.58%) recorded in control natural flowering without chemicals during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Lower fruit cracking incidence i.e. <2.0 kg/plant was observed in withholding of irrigation during June + pruning + thinning with ethrel applications in both years. The maximum fruit cracking (2.51 and 3.24 kg/plant) was recorded in withholding of irrigation during March without chemicals treatment during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that withholding irrigation during June + pruning + thinning with ethrel 2 ml/l treatment reduced mite and fungal spot incidence and fruit cracking through induction of flowering and fruit growth during optimal climatic conditions and enhanced management.

Standardization of chemicals for improving post harvest life of loose flowers of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa)

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of various concentrations of boric acid and sodium benzoate on post harvest life of loose flowers of tuberose for three years from 2016 to 2018 under AICRP on Floriculture. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with four replications consisting eight treatments of chemicals, viz. boric acid (2, 3, 4 and 5%), sodium benzoate (10, 25 and 50 ppm) and control. The results of pooled analysis of three years indicated that the florets (loose flowers) of tuberose treated with 4% boric acid significantly improved the post harvest life with the minimum change in fresh weight of florets (6.91, 17.38, 29.67 and 45.74% ), maximum fresh flower (98.67, 81.00, 56.00 and 35.00%) at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours, respectively. Application of 4% boric acid also recorded significantly maximum number of opened flowers (5.17), half opened flowers (4.67) as well as minimum closed flowers (15.17) at 48 hr out of 25 flowers. The maximum longevity (39.33 hr), minimum rotting at 48 hr (40.25%) and highest score of acceptability at 36 hr as per hedonic scale (8.05) were also recorded in the same treatment. Quick dip of loose flowers of tuberose in 4% boric acid was found beneficial for improving post harvest life of loose flowers with 56% fresh up to 36 hr.

Turfgrass Disease Diagnosis: Past, Present, and Future.

Turfgrass is a multibillion-dollar industry severely affected by plant pathogens including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Many of the diseases in turfgrass have similar signs and symptoms, making it difficult to diagnose the specific problem pathogen. Incorrect diagnosis leads to the delay of treatment and excessive use of chemicals. To effectively control these diseases, it is important to have rapid and accurate detection systems in the early stages of infection that harbor relatively low pathogen populations. There are many methods for diagnosing pathogens on turfgrass. Traditional methods include symptoms, morphology, and microscopy identification. These have been followed by nucleic acid detection and onsite detection techniques. Many of these methods allow for rapid diagnosis, some even within the field without much expertise. There are several methods that have great potential, such as high-throughput sequencing and remote sensing. Utilization of these techniques for disease diagnosis allows for faster and accurate disease diagnosis and a reduction in damage and cost of control. Understanding of each of these techniques can allow researchers to select which method is best suited for their pathogen of interest. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the turfgrass diagnostics efforts used and highlight prospects for disease detection.

Genotoxicity of bisphenol A and bisphenol analogues using human breast cancer (MCF-7) mutants

In response to the restriction of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol analogues (BPs) have been often used as alternative compounds for the production of polycarbonate plastics. However, limited information is available on their genotoxic effects. In this study, the genotoxic effects and underlying mechanisms of BPs were investigated using human breast cancer (MCF-7) mutants that were deficient in major DNA repair pathway. We assessed whether tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) contributed to the repair of BPs-induced double strand breaks (DSBs) in MCF-7 cell line. MCF-7 TDP2-/- mutant cells were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeting with a guide RNA designed and cloned into pX459. After pulse exposure (2 hr) of MCF-7 TDP2-/- mutants to DMSO (as solvent control), estradiol (as positive control), and seven BPs (BPA, BPAF, BPAP, BPC, BPF, BPS, and BPSIP 20 ppm), immunostaining of tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) foci was performed. To exclude the effects of DNA replication and homology-directed repair, we enriched G1-phase cells by serum starvation using serum-free medium for 24 hr before chemicals treatment. The average number of 53BP1 foci was significantly increased in MCF-7 TDP2-/- mutant cells exposed to BPA and its analogues compared to the solvent control. The extent of increase in foci number was greater in BPAF, BPSIP, and BPS-treated groups than in BPA or E2 exposure group. These results suggest that BPs could induce DSBs repaired through TDP2 pathway, and BPAF, BPSIP, and BPS appeared to have more profound effects on genotoxicity than BPA did. The present study indicated that BPs have a genotoxicity similar or greater than the compound that they were intended to replace, i.e., BPA. Acknowledgement: This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (Project NRF-2019R1A2C1002712).

Bio-Efficacy of 'SUDOTM' (Pseudomonas fluorescens) as a Bio-Control Agent against Early Blight (Alternaria solani) Disease of Tomato

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is the most popular vegetable crop grown in India as well as in the world which is attacked by several diseases. Among the various diseases, early blight caused by Alternaria solani has become the constraint resulting in huge yield losses. Continuous usage of chemical methods leads to environment, soil and water pollution. However, biological control of diseases is long lasting, inexpensive, eco-friendly and harmless to target organisms. A field bio-efficacy study was conducted for evacuation of SUDO (Pseudomonas fluorescens) for control of tomato early blight disease. The results compiled suggest that the two sprays with 'SUDO' @ 2.0 ml/L followed or preceded by chemical fungicides was found effective in the management of early blight disease of tomato. Minimum PDI of 9.88 was recorded in T-1 treatment (chemical), followed by combination of treatments of chemicals + SUDO with 11.88 to 28.34 PDI which are significantly lower than control treatment (42.40 PDI). Even SUDO @ 2.0 ml/L alone recorded significantly more plant height (17.42%), and fruit yield (58.10%) with reducing early blight disease by 33.16% over control treatment. Similarly spraying of SUDO did not show any phyto-toxic effect on tomato plants.

Improved differentiation of human adipose stem cells to insulin-producing β-like cells using PDFGR kinase inhibitor Tyrphostin9

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome where insulin secretion or the response to insulin produced by the body is compromised. The only available long-term treatment is the transplantation of pancreas or islet for procuring β-cells. However, due to the shortage of β-cell sources from the tissues, differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or terminally differentiated cells into β-cell is proposed as an alternative strategy. Previously, human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were reported to be converted into β-like cells by a stepwise treatment of chemicals and growth factors. However, due to the low conversion efficiency, the clinical application was not feasible. In this study, we developed a modified conversion protocol with improved yield and functionality, which is achieved by changing the culture method and addition of Tyrphostin9, a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) kinase inhibitor. Tyrphostin9 was identified from a cell-based chemical screening using the mCherry reporter under the control of the Pdx1 promoter. The β-like cells differentiated under the new protocol showed a 3.6-fold increase in the expression of Pdx1, a marker for pancreatic differentiation, as compared to the previous protocol. We propose that Tyrphostin9 contributes to the β-like cell differentiation by playing a dual role; enhancing the definitive endoderm generation by inhibiting the PI3K signaling and suppressing the taurine-mediated proliferation of definitive endoderm. Importantly, these differentiated cells responded well to low and high glucose stimulations compared to cells differentiated by the previous protocol, as confirmed by the 2.0-fold increase in the C-peptide release. As ADSCs are abundant, easily isolated, and autologous in nature, improved differentiation approaches to generate β-like cells from ADSCs would provide a better opportunity for treating diabetes.

Enhancement of fruit quality of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. “Perlette” by postharvest treatment of various GRAS chemicals

Enhancement of fruit quality of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. “Perlette” by postharvest treatment of various GRAS chemicals

Molecular cloning of heat shock protein 70 and HOP from the freshwater green algae Closterium ehrenbergii and their responses to stress

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) and HSP70-HSP90 organizing proteins (HOPs) are related, and they function together to maintain cellular homeostasis and respond to stress. In the present study, we reported the first molecular characteristics of HSP70 (designated as CeHSP70) and HOP (designated as CeHOP) genes from the freshwater green algae Closterium ehrenbergii and examined the changes in their expression profiles under heat stress and toxic chemicals treatment. CeHSP70 presented the conserved motif patterns and EEVD domain specific to cytosolic HSP70; CeHOP contained a typical domain of TPR repeats. Real-time PCR analysis showed that thermal stress considerably up-regulated both CeHOP and CeHSP70. In addition, the genes were significantly induced by CuCl2, CuSO4, and NiSO4, but not by K2Cr2O7, herbicide, and endocrine disrupting chemicals. These results suggest that CeHOP and CeHSP70 function together and play a role in responses to specific stressors and indicate their possible use as sensitive specific biomarkers in risk assessments.

Effect of Chemicals Treatment on Keeping Quality and Vase Life of Gladiolus Flowers

Effect of Chemicals Treatment on Keeping Quality and Vase Life of Gladiolus Flowers