Chemical Characterization Research Articles

Structurally sophisticated 3D-printed PCL-fibrin hydrogel meniscal scaffold promotes in situ regeneration in the rabbit knee meniscus.

A meniscus injury is a common cartilage disease of the knee joint. Despite the availability of various methods for the treatment of meniscal injuries, the poor regenerative capacity of the meniscus often necessitates resection, leading to the accelerated progression of osteoarthritis. Advances in tissue engineering have introduced meniscal tissue engineering as a potential treatment option. In this study, we established the size of a standardized meniscal scaffold using knee Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data and created a precise Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold utilizing 3-Dimensional (3D) printing technology, which was then combined with Fibrin (Fib) hydrogel to form a PCL-Fib scaffold. The PCL scaffold offers superior biomechanical properties, while the Fib hydrogel creates a conducive microenvironment for cell growth, supporting chondrocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Physical and chemical characterization, biocompatibility testing, and in vivo animal experiments revealed the excellent biomechanical properties and biocompatibility of the scaffold, which enhanced in situ meniscal regeneration and reduced osteoarthritis progression. In conclusion, the integration of 3D printing technology and the Fib hydrogel provided a supportive microenvironment for chondrocyte proliferation and ECM secretion, facilitating the in situ regeneration and repair of the meniscal defect. This innovative approach presents a promising avenue for meniscal injury treatment and advances the clinical utilization of artificial meniscal grafts.

Chemical and biological characterization of naturally aged GCP by using a rigorous sample collection protocol

Chemical and biological characterization of naturally aged GCP by using a rigorous sample collection protocol

Anato-morphological and chemical characterization of bamboo (Guadua amplexifolia J. Presl) from San Jorge River Basin, Colombia

Anato-morphological and chemical characterization of bamboo (Guadua amplexifolia J. Presl) from San Jorge River Basin, Colombia

Microstructural and Chemical Characterization of Uniform and Localized oxides formed on Zr -2.5 (wt. %) Nb alloy

Uniform and localized oxide morphologies formed on Zr-2.5(wt.%) Nb alloy in water and steam environments have been studied using electron microscopy techniques such as SEM and EPMA. The uniform oxidation was characterized by a compact and thin oxide layer. In contrast, the nodules showed localized thicker oxide growth with cracked and porous morphology. Significant segregation of Nb at the surface of the oxide nodule was observed, leading to destabilization and spallation of the oxide. The chemical states of Zr, Nb, and O in the two types of oxides were analyzed by XPS. The atomic composition of oxides in terms of O and M fractions was evaluated by p-EBS. The study revealed the oxide nodule to be richer in oxygen in comparison to the surrounding uniform oxide. The phase characteristics of these oxides were studied by Raman spectroscopy. The effect of initial surface in-homogeneities on nodule nucleation has been discussed. Polishing made the surface free of initial in-homogeneities and resulted in uniform oxidation on the surface.

Response of native (Quercus robur L.) and alien (Quercus rubra L.) species to water stress and nutrient input in European temperate ecosystems.

Drought and nutrient-poor soils can increase the invasive potential of non-native species, further changing the ecosystems they invade. The high adaptability of these alien species, especially in their efficient use of resources, improves their resilience against abiotic stress. Here, we evaluated the response of the North American Quercus rubra L. (RO) and the European Quercus robur L. (EO) oak species to drought and nutrient scarcity as single and combined factors. Both species were grown under well-watered or alternating short dry-wet phases, with or without the addition of phosphorous (P) and labelled nitrogen (N). Leaf gas exchanges and stem water potential were measured; moreover, leaf chemical characterization was carried out. Under concurrent low fertility and drought, both species reduced gas exchanges and stem water potential, although RO recovery was faster than EO. Nutrient inputs did not modulate RO's physiological response; however, P supply increased its uptake of the more available N forms (15NH4 15NO3). The different leaf contents of N and P demonstrated that EO has lower nutrient use efficiency compared to RO. Nevertheless, P addition significantly mitigated the drought effects on EO, highlighting the crucial role of this nutrient in aiding EO's recovery under stress conditions. RO invasive potential may be linked to its superior adaptability and resource-use efficiency under combined abiotic stress. Nevertheless, EO competitiveness can be improved through targeted nutrient management.

Molecular docking-guided in-depth investigation of the biological activities and phytochemical and mineral profiles of endemic Phlomis capitata.

Phlomis capitata is an endemic species of flowering aromatic and medicinal plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to regions of the Mediterranean and nearby areas. Understanding the chemical compounds present in P. capitata can reveal potential medicinal properties. The present study examines the quantification of bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidant capacity and enzyme inhibitory evaluation of P. capitata extract against key enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy and glaucoma for the first time. The mechanisms of enzyme inhibition activity of the predominant compounds in extract were also interpreted by molecular docking studies. Chemical characterization of the extract was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (phytochemical profile) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (mineral composition) analysis. Furthermore, the binding interactions of major phytochemicals with all enzymes were investigated by molecular docking studies. LC-MS/MS analysis of the P. capitata revealed the identification of 19 compounds predominated by quinic acid (4.883 mg g-1), followed by chlorogenic acid (4.36 mg g-1), vanilic acid (3.405 mg g-1), naringenin (2.571 mg g-1) and cyranoside (1.101 mg g-1). It was determined that the mineral element was rich (K, Ca, Al and Mg) and did not exceed the toxicity limits. The P. capitata extract demonstrated remarkable antioxidant activities in the order: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (IC50: 20.533 μg mL-1) < 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (IC50: 23.151 μg mL-1) < N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (IC50: 45.221 μg mL-1) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (0.889 μg mL-1) < Fe3+ reducing (0.969 μg mL-1) < ferric reducing antioxidant potency (0.974 μg mL-1). Moreover, of all the enzyme inhibitory assays (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and human carbonic anhydrases I and II), the extract showed outstanding inhibitory activities (IC50 values of 3.26, 7.15, 6.15, 6.81, 15.21 and 11.93 μg mL-1, respectively). In summary, the findings show that P. capitata is a versatile raw material that can be used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries to develop products that promote health. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Phyto-Fingerprinting of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Leaf Extract and its In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Putranjiva roxburghii is an important medicinal plant utilized for remedy of female reproductive ailments. Its seed extract is being used as a uterine health booster due to the presence of several pharmaceutically important phytochemicals. However, the presence of phytochemicals in its leaf is still unexplored. The present study was designed to explore phytochemical finger printing and assessment of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of P. roxburghii (HALEPR). The qualitative, quantitative phytochemical of flavonoid, phenol and HRA-MS analysis of HALEPR carried out along with antioxidant and in vitro membrane stabilization and protein denaturation assay of anti-inflammatory activity were have been analyzed. Results of qualitative phytochemical screening of HALEPR denotes the existence of phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, steroids, saponins, tannins, anthroquinone and carbohydrates. The quantitative phytochemical of flavonoid and phenol was done which revealed the presents of total phenol and flavonoid. High resolution accurate-mass spectrometry (HRA-MS) study was also done for the identification of bioactive compounds from the HALEPR, which showed the presence of various phytochemicals such as luteolin 3'- (3″-acetylglucuronide), luteolin 4'-methyl ether 7-glucoside, quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, 8-hydroxyluteolin 4'-methyl ether 8-glucuronide, quercetin 3-xylosyl- (1- > 2) -rha mnosyl- (1- > 6) -glucoside, quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, myricetin 3- (3-6-diacetylglucosyl) - (1- > 4) - (2″,3″-diacetylrhamnoside), apigetrin, isorhamnetin, catechin 7,3'-Di-O-β-D glucopyranoside, luteolin 7-methylglucuronide, apigenin-8-C-α -l-arabinopyranoside, naringenin 7- O-β-D-glucoside 6″-acetate,ohobanin, shogaol, ginkgetin and amoritin. The HELPER is shown to have the presence of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as demonstrated by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl) and membrane lysis assays. Our findings reveal the presence of phytochemicals in HALEPR that have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The bioactivities were identified using chemical characterization like HRA/MS and biological assessments like anti-inflammatory and antioxidant assays. Future research may focus on isolating specific molecules, conducting in vivo tests, and creating HALEPR-based formulations for clinical application as anti-inflammatory drugs.

On the Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of 2-Hydroxyethyl Furan-5-Carboxylic Acid (MHEF) and bis(2-Hydroxyethyl) Furan-2,5-Dicarboxylate (BHEF).

To better understand how the biocatalyzed depolymerization of polyesters works, model molecules are needed to develop activity assays and determine enzymatic kinetic parameters. In this communication the chemical synthesis and characterization of 2-hydroxyethyl furan-5-carboxylic acid and bis(2-hydroxyethyl) furan-2,5-dicarboxylates as potential model molecules to further study the enzymatic depolymerization of poly(ethylene furanoate) was investigated.

The study of pure and Ni Doped CdO nanoparticles to explore their Antimicrobial Activity

This study focuses on the synthesis of Cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles with doped transition metals like Nickel (Ni) of varying concentrations using sol gel citrate synthesis. Chemical and elemental characterization was carried out with X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The efficacy of antimicrobial properties of the synthesized nanoparticles against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and fungal strains was explored. The results demonstrates that the doping of transition metals enhances the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the CdO nanoparticles and thus it can be used as antimicrobial agent in various industrial and medical fields due to its potential strength.

Performance evaluation of four cascade impactors for airborne ultrafine-particle (UFP) collection: the influence of particle type, concentration, mass, and chemical nature

Abstract. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) have aerodynamic diameters of 100 nm or less. As UFPs potentially impact human and environmental health, their chemical composition is of interest. However, their small mass presents challenges for sampling and chemical characterization methods. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive characterization and comparison of four cascade impactors suitable for separating and collecting UFPs – namely, the 120R Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (120R MOUDI-II), ultraMOUDI, electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI), and personal nanoparticle sampler (PENS) – under controlled laboratory conditions and in a field application. In the laboratory, we evaluated pressure drops, cutoff diameters, the steepness of the cutoff curve, losses, particle bounce, and transmitted particle mass. We observed that the performance of the impactors varied between 59 and 116 nm in cutoff diameter (electromobility diameter), depending on the impactor's design and the type of test aerosol mixture – salt particles (NaCl), simulated secondary organic aerosol (SimSOA), or soot. All impactors separated UFPs, with the best agreement in cutoff diameters for SimSOA, which showed maximum deviations of about 4 nm. The cutoff curve was steeper for soot compared to SimSOA and NaCl. Pressure drops were measured at 260 ± 1 hPa (PENS), 420 ± 2 hPa (ultraMOUDI), 600 ± 3 hPa (120R MOUDI-II), and 690 ± 3 hPa (ELPI). Losses were assessed as maximum transmissions in the ultrafine fraction at 30 nm, yielding 83 ± 8 % for the PENS, 77 ± 8 % for the ultraMOUDI, 75 ± 8 % for the 120R MOUDI-II, and 69 ± 7 % for the ELPI. We compared two additional impactor-specific factors crucial for mass-based analyses of organic marker compounds: the evaporation of semi-volatile compounds due to a high-pressure drop across the impactor and material addition from larger particles bouncing off upper stages. “Bounce-off” was influenced by the particle number concentration in the sampled air and could be partially mitigated by applying a coating to the upper impaction plates. In the field application, we deployed the four cascade impactors side by side under environmental conditions to sample urban air. We analyzed six markers representing typical UFP sources and various molecular properties using HPLC-MS/FLD (high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection). These markers comprised benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), levoglucosan (Levo), pinic acid (PA), terpenylic acid (TA), and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD). The impactors showed the best agreement for BaP and BbF. BaP had an average mass concentration of 175 ± 25 pg m−3 across all impactors and sampling days. However, concentrations were about 29 % higher when sampled with the PENS and 30 % lower when sampled with the 120R MOUDI-II, indicating a maximum disagreement of nearly 60 %. The mass concentrations of the semi-volatile markers (PA, TA, and Levo) decreased on average from the PENS to the ultraMOUDI, then to the 120R MOUDI-II, and finally to the ELPI. We attributed this tendency to the following two effects. (1) Evaporation losses of these markers were likely driven by the pressure drop within the impactor, which increased from the PENS to the ELPI. (2) Despite the applied coating, bounce-off might have affected the smallest impactors (i.e., the PENS and ultraMOUDI) the most as they have fewer stages for retaining larger particles and fragments.

Chemical Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in Extracts and Fractions from Litopenaeus vannamei Muscle

Marine organisms are a vital source of biologically active compounds. Organic extracts from the muscle of the Pacific white shrimp (L. vannamei) have shown antiproliferative effects on tumor cells, including breast adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to analyze these extracts’ composition and confirm their specificity for breast adenocarcinoma cells without harming normal cells. An organic chloroform extract from L. vannamei muscle was divided using a solvent partition procedure with methanol and hexane. The methanolic partition was fractionated through an open preparative liquid chromatography column to isolate compounds with biological activity, that were later tested on MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma), and recently tested on MCF10-A (non-cancerous breast epithelial cells). Cells incubated with these fractions were assessed for viability and morphological changes using fluorescence confocal microscopy. Fractions F#13 and F#14 reduced MDA-MB-231 cancer cell viability at 100 µg/mL without affecting non-cancerous MCF-10A cells, inducing apoptosis-related changes in cancer cells. These fractions contained EPA and DHA free fatty acids, specifically F#13 contained free and esterified astaxanthin as well. The high levels of free linoleic acid 18:2 ω-6, EPA, and DHA (in a 2:1 ratio, EPA:DHA), along with free and esterified astaxanthin in F#13, significantly reduced breast adenocarcinoma cell viability, nearly to that achieved by cisplatin, a chemotherapy drug.

Chemical Recycling of Bio-Based Epoxy Matrices Based on Precursors Derived from Waste Flour: Recycled Polymers Characterization

This study aims to investigate the chemical recycling of two different fully recyclable bio-based epoxy matrices based on epoxidized precursors derived from waste flour. The key for their recyclability relies on the use of a cleavable hardener. In fact, the latter contains a ketal group in its chemical structure, which is cleavable in mild acetic conditions, so allowing for the breakage of the cured network. The recyclability was successfully assessed for both the two investigated formulations, with a recycling process yield ranging from 80 up to 85%. The recycled polymers presented a Tg up to 69.0 ± 0.4 °C, determined by mean of DMA and DSC analysis. Next, the TGA revealed that the thermal decomposition of the specimens primarily occurred around 320 °C and attributed to the breaking of C–O and C–N bonds in cross-linked networks. In the end, the chemical characterizations were carried out by mean of Py-GC/MS, MALDI-TOF-MS and FT-IR ATR. In fact, these analyses allowed for investigating how the recycled polymer’s structure changed, starting from the initial epoxy systems. These insights on their chemical structure could further allow for identifying re-use strategies in accordance with a circular economy approach.

Graphene Quantum Dots in Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogels for Visible Light-Activated Antibiofilm and Angiogenesis in Infection Management

A novel bacterial cellulose (BC)-based composite hydrogel with graphene quantum dots (BC-GQDs) was developed for photodynamic therapy using blue and green light (BC-GQD_blue and BC-GQD_green) to target pathogenic bacterial biofilms. This approach aims to address complications in treating nosocomial infections and combating multi-drug-resistant organisms. Short-term illumination (30 min) of both BC-GQD samples led to singlet oxygen production and a reduction in pathogenic biofilms. Significant antibiofilm activity (&gt;50% reduction) was achieved against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with BC-GQD_green, and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with BC-GQD_blue. Atomic force microscopy images revealed a substantial decrease in biofilm mass, accompanied by changes in surface roughness and area, further confirming the antibiofilm efficacy of BC-GQDs under blue and green light, without any observed chemical alterations. Additionally, the biocompatibility of BC-GQDs was demonstrated with human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). For the first time, in vitro studies explored the visible light-induced potential of BC-GQD composites to promote wound healing processes, showing increased migratory potential and the upregulation of eNOS and MMP9 gene expressions in HGFs. Chemical characterization revealed a 70 nm upshift in the photoluminescence emission spectra compared to the excitation wavelength. These novel photoactive BC-GQD hydrogel composites show great promise as effective agents for wound healing regeneration and infection management.

Highly loaded copper on mesoporous silica as catalysts for acetaldehyde production from ethanol: their synthesis, characteristics, and catalytic properties

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe present study investigates copper (Cu)/mesoporous catalysts supported on mesocellular foam silica (MCF‐Si) and Santa Barbara Amorphous‐15 (SBA‐15) for ethanol dehydrogenation, focusing on catalyst synthesis, performance, and stability. Cu catalysts were impregnated on the MCF‐Si and SBA‐15 supports with different pore morphologies – spherical and hexagonal structure, respectively – using the wetness impregnation method and incipient wetness impregnation (IW), with a Cu loading of 60 wt%. The synthesized catalysts underwent physical and chemical characterization via scanning electron microscopy combined with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, N2 physisorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), carbon monoxide chemisorption, hydrogen temperature‐programmed reduction (H2 TPR), ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption, and carbon dioxide temperature‐programmed desorption.RESULTSIt was observed that copper impregnation of the support in either method did not alter the structural characteristics. Incipient wetness resulted in superior catalytic activity, particularly with Cu/MCF‐Si (IW), having pure ethanol conversion of 99.4% and acetaldehyde yield of 95.7%, attributed to effective Cu dispersion and a lower reduction temperature. Further investigation of time‐on‐stream (TOS) behavior revealed sustained ethanol conversion rates exceeding 95% with a 10% ethanol feed. However, catalyst deactivation due to coke formation occurred with 100% ethanol, highlighting the importance of understanding catalyst stability and deactivation mechanisms.CONCLUSIONIncipient wetness resulted in superior performance compared to wetness impregnation, with Cu/MCF‐Si (IW) achieving exceptional ethanol conversion rates due to effective Cu dispersion and a lower reduction temperature. TOS testing revealed sustained ethanol conversion; however, catalyst deactivation was observed with pure ethanol feed due to carbon deposition (coke formation). Characterization techniques, including XRD, TGA, and H2 TPR analyses, provided valuable insights into the deactivation processes, highlighting the need for strategies to mitigate oxidation‐induced deactivation. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Non-targeted metabolomics-based molecular networking enables the chemical characterization of Rumex sanguineus, a wild edible plant

Introduction and ObjectiveRumex sanguineus, a traditional medicinal plant of the Polygonaceae family, is gaining popularity as an edible resource. However, despite its historical and nutritional significance, its chemical composition remains poorly understood. To deepen the understanding of the of Rumex sanguineus composition, an in-depth analysis using non-targeted, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was performed. MethodsRumex roots, stems and leaves samples were analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS and subsequently subjected to feature-based molecular networking.Results and ConclusionOverall, 347 primary and specialized metabolites grouped into 8 biochemical classes were annotated. Most of these metabolites (60%) belong to the polyphenols and anthraquinones classes. To investigate potential’ toxicity due to the presence of anthraquinones, the amount of emodin was quantified with analytical standard, revealing higher accumulation in leaves compared to stems and roots. This highlights the need for thorough metabolomic studies to understand both beneficial and harmful compounds, especially in plants with historical medicinal use transitioning to modern culinary use.

Chemical Abundances in the Nuclear Star Cluster of the Milky Way: Alpha-element Trends and Their Similarities with the Inner Bulge

Abstract Chemical characterization of the Galactic center is essential for understanding its formation and structural evolution. Trends of alpha (α) elements, such as magnesium, silicon, and calcium, serve as powerful diagnostic tools, offering insights into star formation rates and gas-infall history. However, high extinction has previously hindered such studies. In this study, we present a detailed chemical abundance analysis of M giants in the Milky Way's nuclear star cluster (NSC), focusing on α-element trends with metallicity. High-resolution, near-infrared spectra were obtained using the Immersion GRating INfrared Spectrograph on the Gemini South telescope for nine M giants. Careful selection of spectral lines, based on a solar-neighborhood control sample of 50 M giants, was implemented to minimize systematic uncertainties. Our findings show enhanced α-element abundances in the predominantly metal-rich NSC stars, consistent with trends in the inner bulge. The NSC stars follow the high-[α/Fe] envelope seen in the solar vicinity's metal-rich population, indicating a high star formation rate. The α-element trends decrease with increasing metallicity, also at the highest metallicities. Our results suggest the NSC population likely shares a similar evolutionary history with the inner bulge, challenging the idea of a recent dominant star formation burst. This connection between the NSC and the inner-disk sequence suggests that the chemical properties of extragalactic NSCs of Milky Way–type galaxies could serve as a proxy for understanding the host galaxies’ evolutionary processes.

Chemical characterization and encapsulation of Ganoderma pfeifferi extract with cytotoxic properties

Chemical characterization and encapsulation of Ganoderma pfeifferi extract with cytotoxic properties

Chemical profiling and characterisation of anthraquinone‐based polyphenols as biocolourants from Cortinarius semisanguineus

AbstractAnthraquinone dyes are known for their significant colour (brightness of shade in the red, blue and green areas) and light fastness properties compared with other synthetic dyes (such as azo‐based dyes). However, challenging multi‐step synthesis of anthraquinones and limited access to fewer substituents result in insufficient reactivity, hindering their wider industrial applications. Therefore, seeking highly substituted anthraquinone‐based colourants from natural sources is gaining interest among researchers. Notably, certain species of Dermocybe mushrooms are recognised for their red gills rich in anthraquinone colourants, which have been studied. However, limited knowledge of the chemotaxonomic characteristics of their species and molecular structure hinders wide use of their commercial applications. Our study screened extraction methods for their selectivity towards specific anthraquinone types, such as glycosidic vs non‐glycosidic, or those with carboxylic acid groups vs those without. In our observation, a sequential extraction strategy, starting with aqueous buffer extract followed by acetone extract, selectively yielded carboxylic acid‐containing anthraquinones and non‐carboxylic acid‐containing anthraquinones, respectively. We carried out a detailed analysis of anthraquinone‐based colourants in Cortinarius semisanguineus, comparing MS1‐MS2 profiles with two other species of the Dermocybe fungus group (Cortinarius sanguineus and Cortinarius ominosus), highlighting key interspecies differences in expressing certain anthraquinones or regioisomers. This study led to the structural identification of eleven natural anthraquinones and their glycosidic forms among these species. The carboxylic anthraquinones identified and characterised by their fragmentation pattern using MS1‐MS2 profiles include dermolutein, dermorubin, chlorodermorubin, endocrocin and chlorodermolutein, while the non‐carboxylic anthraquinones, primarily from the acetone extract, were dermoglaucin, emodin and dermocybin.

Chemical characterization and biological activity investigation of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Chemical characterization and biological activity investigation of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Interfacial Elemental Analysis of Slanted Edge-Contacted Monolayer MoS2 Transistors via Directionally Angled Etching.

Edge contacts offer a significant advantage for enhancing the performance of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) devices by interfacing with the metallic contacts on the lateral side, which allows the encapsulation of all of the channel material. However, despite intense research, the fabrication of feasible electrical edge contacts to TMDCs to improve device performance remains a great challenge, as interfacial chemical characterization via conventional methods is lacking. A major bottleneck in explicitly understanding the chemical and electronic properties of the edge contact at the metal-two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor interface is the small cross section when characterizing nominally one-dimensional edge contacts. Here, we demonstrate a directional angled etching technique that enables the characterization of the interfacial chemistry at the metal-MoS2 junction when in an edge-contact configuration. The slanted edge structure provides a substantial cross section for elemental analysis of the edge contact by conventional X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, in which a simple chemical environment and sharp interface were revealed. Facilitated by the well-characterized contact interface, we realized slanted edge-contacted monolayer MoS2 transistors encapsulated by hexagonal boron nitride. The transport characteristics and photoluminescence of these transistors allowed us to attribute the efficient carrier injection to direct and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, validating the distinct Au-MoS2 interface. The established method represents a viable approach to fabricating edge contacts with encapsulated 2D material devices, which is crucial for both the fundamental study of 2D materials and high-performance electronic applications.