Chemical Activation Research Articles

Pengaruh Waktu Iradiasi Ultrasonik dengan Aktivasi Kalium Hidroksida terhadap Sifat Fisis Karbon Aktif dari Serbuk Karet End Life Tire

Processing End Life Tire (ELT) rubber powder into activated carbon is an alternative for handling tire waste. One way to improve physical properties such as proximate characteristics, surface area and pore diameter of activated carbon is through chemical activation assisted by ultrasonic irradiation. This research aims to determine the effect of ultrasonic irradiation time with potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation on the quality of ELT rubber activated carbon. Activated carbon was synthesized and activated using 30% KOH at various ultrasonic irradiation times, namely 0 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 minutes. Based on the characterization results, activated carbon with an ultrasonic irradiation time of 30 minutes is the active carbon that has the most superior properties. The proximate characteristics of activated carbon meet the active carbon quality requirements of SNI 06–3730–1995 and have the highest surface area, namely 401.11 m2/g and pore diameter of 2.1652 nm, which is included in the mesoporous structure category so that it has the potential to be applied as an adsorbent for heavy metals from contaminated fluid.

Chemical Activation Boosted Interface Interaction between Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) Film and Silver Coating.

To enhance the interfacial adhesion between poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) film and functional coatings, such as silver (Ag) coating, among others, the surface activation of FEP film has to be performed. Among various activation strategies, chemical activation, such as using naphthalene sodium system, is one of the most efficient methods. However, the effect of chemical activation on the interface interaction between the activated FEP and functional coating is rarely investigated. Herein, the FEP film was activated by naphthalene sodium solution under different conditions, and then the Ag layer was coated onto its surface by vacuum Ag deposition. Based on experimental results and density function theory (DFT) calculation, it is indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups (such as C=O and C-OH groups), introduced onto the surface of FEP by the chemical activation, play a key role in boosting the interface interaction, which is due to the strong interaction between the oxygen-containing functional groups and Ag atoms. In addition, the concentration of naphthalene sodium solution, activation time, and winding speed of Ag- deposition can have a significant impact on the microstructures of Ag coating and the interfacial adhesion between the activated FEP and Ag coating. Under the conditions of high concentration (0.9 M), medium activation time (15 min), and high winding speed (0.8 m min-1), there is the best interface adhesion.

Vegetable oil-derived polyether-polyester thermosets: Solvent-free synthesis and mechanical properties

Vegetable oils differing in the number and kind of reactive chemical sites were investigated as potential feedstock in reactions involving epoxy rings to produce sustainable polymeric thermosets. Sustainable polyether-polyester matrices were synthesized through the mixing of three different vegetable oils (castor, tung and sunflower oil) with maleic anhydride to promote their chemical activation, and subsequently induce the reaction with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE). The interactions between double bonds and/or hydroxyl groups present in vegetable oils, anhydrides and epoxy rings within a solvent-free medium promote the expected chemical crosslinking, yielding polymeric thermosets that encompass the Green Chemistry tenets. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry tests were employed to validate the chemical reactions taken place during the synthesis, as well as to monitor the kinetics of curing. Moreover, a rheological characterization was conducted to assess the influence of both the vegetable oil and the ratio of reactive components on the ultimate mechanical properties. Although chemical crosslinking was suitably attained in all the systems studied, a more reinforced network with values of the storage modulus (G’) of 54·105 Pa was obtained in those based on tung oil possessing the higher quantity of reactive functional sites; meanwhile, the presence of hydroxyl groups within the vegetable oil structure led to the production of more flexible thermosets (G’ of 6.2·105 Pa).

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Plinia rivularis essential oil against multidrug-resistant bacteria

IntroductionThe increasingly common occurrences of multidrug-resistant bacteria represent a global health threat and the discovery of new alternative remedies is necessary. The use of essential oils (EOs) in the treatment of many pathogenic bacteria is promising and several examples have already been highlighted regarding their inhibitory action. Among the botanical families, Myrtaceae stands out for presenting important species that supply bioactive products. MethodsIn this work we investigate the chemical composition of Plinia rivularis (Myrtaceae) leaf EO and its antibacterial activity against resistant and non-resistant bacteria. The EO was obtained by two methods, hydrodistillation and steam distillation. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were the techniques used in the EO chemical characterization. ResultsThe EOs were obtained with yields of 0.37 and 0.16% by hydrodistillation and steam distillation methods, respectively. The analyzes revealed the EOs chemical profile showing the compounds 2H-benzocyclohepten-2-one,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9-octahydro-4a-methyl (synonym: 4a-methyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9-octahydro-2H-benzo[7]annulen-2-one), rosifoliol, β-eudesmol and the diterpene kaurene as main constituents. Through preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), it was possible to obtain the diterpene kaurene with a content of 91%, which was also characterized by NMR. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of EO against bacteria ranged from 0.56 to 2.25 mg.ml−1 and 2.25–36 mg.ml−1 for sensitive and resistant bacteria, respectively. Also, EO showed synergistic activity with amikacin and cefotaxime against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KPC). ConclusionsThis is the first report on the chemical composition of P. rivularis EO. Comparison of extraction methods showed variation in yields and small changes in component content. The EO demonstrated activity against resistant and non-resistant bacteria. In addition, the synergistic effect of EO against resistant bacteria may be explored in future studies.

S‐Scheme MnO2/Co3O4 Sugar‐Gourd Nanohybrids with Abundant Oxygen Vacancies for Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven CO2 Reduction

AbstractConverting CO2 to carbon‐based fuels using solar energy via photocatalysis is a promising approach to boost carbon neutrality. However, the solar‐to‐chemical conversion efficiency is hampered by interconnected multiple factors including insufficient light absorption, low separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers as well as complex and sluggish surface reaction kinetics. Herein, we incorporate MnO2 nanowires and Co3O4 hollow polyhedrons with abundant oxygen vacancies (VO) into MnO2/Co3O4 sugar‐gourd nanohybrids for boosting CO2 photoreduction. The MnO2/Co3O4 nanohybrids not only display strong absorption in the visible–near infrared region, but also facilitate the separation of photogenerated carriers in terms of S‐scheme transfer pathway, supplying abundant electrons for CO2 reduction reaction. Furthermore, the presence of VO enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and promotes the chemical adsorption to CO2 molecules. In addition, the interfacial electronic interaction between MnO2 and Co3O4 also contributes to the chemical adsorption and activation to CO2. Owing to the synergy of S‐scheme transfer pathway and VO, the MnO2/Co3O4 hybrids exhibit greatly enhanced photocatalytic activity towards CO2 reduction under the irradiation of visible light in comparison with bare MnO2 and Co3O4, delivering a CO evolution rate of 15.9 umol g−1 h−1 with a 100 % selectivity.

Chemical Profiling and Cytotoxicity Activity of Essential Oil from Artemisia Maritima Collected through Four Different Wild Locations of Lahaul Valley in Indian Western Himalaya

AbstractThis research leads to the analysis of quality parameters and chemical profiles of Artemisia maritima essential oils (EOs) extracted from four different wild areas viz: Darcha, Jispa, Gemur and Tandi of Lahaul valley of Indian western Himalaya in comparison to a market sample. The EOs content was found higher in Darcha (0.54 %) and Jispa (0.48 %). The quality parameters such as color, odor, density, refractive index and optical rotations were found comparable with the market sample. Further, volatile chemo‐profile of EOs was generated using GC/GC‐MS. A total of 34 metabolites were identified in five samples (n=3) that account around 87.3–95.1 % of the total oils. These EOs majorly contained monoterpene hydrocarbons (3.0–68.5 %) and oxygenated monoterpenes (26.6–85.0 %) with β‐myrcene (9.8–20.6 %), α‐terpinene (0.7–17.3 %), β‐phellandrene (1.5–22.4 %), 1,8‐cineole (3.0–50.8 %), terpinen‐4‐ol (2.5–7.2 %), ascaridole (11.5 %), bornyl acetate (5.1–14.2 %), trans‐sabinyl acetate (0.8–49.6) and trans‐ascaridole (7.9 %). Moreover, cytotoxicity study of EOs against CaCo2 and HT‐29 human colon carcinoma cell lines unveiled significant anticancer potential of A. maritima. AMD (82.87±0.39 %) AMG (61.17±1.45 %) and AMM (73.37±2.1 %) showed comparable activity at 600 μg/ml (72 hr) in comparisons to vinblastine (20 μM). A. maritima is less explored as compared to other species and could be a new potential source for EOs and anticancer candidate.

Essential Oils of Neotropical Myrtaceae Species from 2011 until 2023: An Update.

The Myrtaceae family is renowned for its rich diversity of bioactive metabolites with broad applications across various industries. This review comprehensively explores the chemical composition and biological activities of Neotropical species within the Myrtaceae family from 2011 to 2023. A total of 170 papers were analyzed, covering 148 species from 28 genera, with notable emphasis on Eugenia, Eucalyptus, Myrcia, and Psidium. Compounds with relative abundance exceeding 10% were tabulated to highlight the most significant volatiles for each genus. Our findings were cross-referenced with previous reviews whenever feasible. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimicrobial activities emerged as the primary focus, collectively representing 41% of the studies, predominantly conducted in vitro. Additionally, we discuss less conventional approaches to essential oil studies in Myrtaceae species, underscoring avenues for future exploration. The investigation of essential oils from Myrtaceae holds promise for significant advancements in biotechnology, with potential benefits for the economy, environment, and human health. This review serves as a valuable resource for guiding future research strategies in this field.

Analysis of Chemical Components and Antioxidant Activity in Nutmeg Shell Liquid Smoke Processed through Rotary Evaporator Purification

Analysis of Chemical Components and Antioxidant Activity in Nutmeg Shell Liquid Smoke Processed through Rotary Evaporator Purification

Comparative Evaluation of Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity in Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia of Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus sajor-caju Extracts.

Mushrooms, recognized for their rich medicinal and nutritional content, have garnered significant interest due to their potent antioxidant properties. This study investigates the fruiting bodies and mycelia of straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea) and grey oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju). The mushrooms were extracted using distilled water at ratios of 1:25, 1:30, and 1:35 g/mL by soaking in a temperature-regulated shaking bath set at 50°C. The aqueous extracts were analyzed for their bioactive components, including polysaccharides, proteins, GABA, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), along with their antioxidant capacities using DPPH and ABTS assays. The results indicated that the straw mushroom exhibited higher levels of polysaccharides, GABA, TPC, and TFC compared to the grey oyster mushroom, which contained higher protein levels. Specifically, the fruiting bodies extract of the straw mushroom demonstrated the highest levels of polysaccharides (416.94 mg/g extract), GABA (12.86 mg/g extract), TPC (33.27 mg GAE/g extract), and TFC (9.39 mg CE/g extract). Furthermore, the fruiting bodies extract showed a greater capacity to scavenge free radicals than the mycelia extract of both straw mushroom and grey oyster mushroom, with DPPH assay values of 0.65 and 0.47 mg TE/g extract and ABTS assay values of 2.26 and 1.74 mg TE/g extract, respectively. These results suggest that the fruiting bodies possess higher free radical scavenging potential as an outcome of their high levels of bioactive compounds. Consequently, these extracts indicate promise as natural antioxidative agents and could be effectively utilized as ingredients in the culinary industry.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЛУКА МЕДВЕЖЬЕГО, ДИКОРАСТУЩЕГО В РСО-АЛАНИЯ

Nowadays research aimed at finding new natural sources of biologically active substances is becoming increasingly relevant, which is consistent with government policy in the field of healthy nutrition, preserving and strengthening public health. Plants containing valuable nutritional and biologically active substances that have antimicrobial activity and have a fungicidal effect (antifungal) are widely used in many industries and medicine. In this regard, determining the age characteristics of bear’s onion, the biochemical composition of the above-ground and underground parts and antimicrobial activity is a relevant area. The location of the research was the botanical garden and the research laboratory of the Research Institute of Biotechnology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Mountain State Agrarian University». It has been established that under cultural conditions, samples of bear’s onion go through all stages or periods of development 8-10 days earlier than in natural conditions. A. ursinum L. is an ephemeroid, early-flowering species and belongs to the group of short-vegetating plants. Young shoots contain carbohydrates, proteins, organic acids, beneficial fiber, as well as biologically active substances: carotenoids - 0.31 ± 0.01 mg/g, total flavonoids - 1.79 ± 0.26 mg/g, ascorbic acid - 150 ± 5.11 mg%. Biologically active substances included in the composition of the above-ground and underground parts of bear onions can have an inhibitory effect on the growth of test microbes. Moreover, the bulbs have a large zone of inhibition of the growth of test microbes: Pr. vulgaris and Staph. aureus relative to the aerial part and is 26-30 mm, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the aerial part of Allium ursinum relative to the test microbes is: E. coli - 22 mm, Pr. vulgaris - 25 mm; Staph. aureus - 20 mm. The results obtained provide a scientific basis for the possibility of introducing and cultivating Allium ursinum , as well as using it as a food product with a rich chemical composition and antimicrobial activity.

Alkali surface modification of titanium for biomedical implants

AbstractNanostructures were successfully created on titanium (Ti) substrates through alkali treatment. By varying the concentration, temperature, and duration of the alkali treatment, different nanostructure surfaces were achieved on Ti. FE‐SEM analysis revealed a transition from a smooth to a nanoporous surface structure. The alkali treatment notably decreased the contact angle of Ti from 64° to 48°. Raman spectroscopy of Ti treated with 5 M NaOH at 80 °C for 24 h showed distinct titanate peaks at 188, 190, and 270 cm−1, confirming the formation of titanate compounds on the Ti surface. EIS measurements further demonstrated that the treated Ti exhibited reduced chemical activity, increased surface roughness, and porosity of approximately 40–50% compared to untreated Ti. In vitro biocompatibility tests using baby hamster kidney cells indicated positive cell attachment and proliferation after 72 h of culturing on the alkali‐treated Ti. These modifications enhance the surface properties and expand the potential applications of titanium in biomedical, industrial, and environmental technologies.

Harnessing biomass derived carbon material with heteroatoms for sensitive and selective detection of mercury (II) ions in waste water

A wide range of raw materials can be converted into carbon materialsprimarily through chemical and physical activation, or a combination of both. The characteristics of resultant carbon material depend significantly on activation method and the specific raw materials used. This work processes date seed biomass using a chemical activation and thermal annealing method to derive a low-cost and porous carbon material DS-AC@400. The material was then used as a fluorescent sensing probe for selective and precise detection of Hg2+ ions in wastewater. There was a linear correlation between Hg2+ concentration and fluorescence intensity of DS-AC@400 with a limit of detection of 8.69 nM. It was found that the DS-AC@400-based fluorescent sensor has a high selectivity for Hg2+ detection against other interferingmetal ions. The sensor workedeffectively in real water samplesfor practical applications with little interference from interfering ions.

Transformation of Organic Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Husk into Commercial

Introduction: agroindustrial wastes can be transformed to mitigate the negative impacts associated with their disposal. In cocoa production, cocoa pod husk (CPH) constitutes between 67% and 76% of the total cocoa weight. This study focuses on the potential of CPH as a valuable resource for producing activated carbon, cellulose, and potassium hydroxide (KOH)..Objective: The objective of this research was to characterize and transform the CPH obtained from an organic crop in San Bernardo-Ibagué (Colombia) into activated carbon, cellulose, and KOH.Methods: activated carbon was produced through chemical activation using KOH, with a specific procedure for characterizing the obtained product through thermal analysis (TGA) and nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms. For cellulose extraction, an alkaline treatment with 2% w/w NaOH was followed by a bleaching process with 2.5% w/w sodium hypochlorite. KOH was obtained by first extracting potassium carbonate and then causticizing it.Results: activated carbon (AC) was produced with a yield of 25.6%, exhibiting a surface area of 468 m²/g, a mean pore diameter of 10.8 nm, and a total pore volume of 0.228 cm³/g, with 60% fixed carbon, 27% volatile material, 6% ash, and 6% moisture. Conclusions: the transformation of cocoa pod husk into activated carbon, cellulose, and KOH provides a sustainable approach to managing agroindustrial waste, generating valuable products with significant potential for various applications. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing CPH as a resource in agroindustrial processes.

Enhancing Recycled Concrete Performance by Using Chemical Activators

The need for sustainable and eco-friendly construction materials and processes is rising significantly. In these circumstances, recycling of concrete can be a lifesaver. Although, various recycling techniques have already been introduced. But none of them can fulfill the term recycle refers to. They mostly focus on merely reusing coarse aggregates (CA) or fine aggregates (FA). To come out of this, this paper is focused not only on the reuse of both coarse and fine materials (RCA, RFA) but also on introducing a new process in which those materials can be used in their old form, as recycling refers to. In this experiment, we use all kinds of materials recollected from recycled concrete (fine, coarse, recycled cement particles). Those materials are vetted into two parts. One is for recycling coarse aggregates and one is for rebuilding concrete using recovered fine, coarse, and cement particles. First, we discuss the collection and treatment system procedure of recycled demolished concrete. The second part will consist of various standardized tests for reuse and evaluation. The third part will describe the treatment needed for the materials for chemical (Using Na2SiO3, NaOH, and Na2CO3) reactivation. Finally, we will test the recycled material’s performance as concrete and establish an authentic process of recycling and reusing concrete materials. With that, we obtain the most optimum usage of recycled concrete aggregate mixing ratio Cement: CA (coarse aggregate): RCA (recycled coarse aggregate): FA (fine aggregate): RFA (recycled fine aggregate) is 1: 2: 2: 0.8: 1.2: 0.8 (With molar solution of Na2SiO3 and NaOH + KOH) and other ration of mixing with their respected properties (Compressive Strength).

Research on the Influence of Thermal Decomposition of Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate on the Preparation of Magnesium Oxide and Hydrated Magnesium Hydroxide

Magnesium chloride hexahydrate is an important intermediate product in magnesite processing. In order to promote the efficient utilization of magnesite resources, based on the pyrolysis interval of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, the relationship between magnesium oxide with different physicochemical properties and the apparent properties of hydrated magnesium hydroxide was studied. The results show that the effect of temperature on magnesium oxide sintering is stronger than that of holding time. With the increase of calcination temperature and the extension of holding time of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, the calcined product magnesium oxide was sintered into large particle size with the characteristic particle size D<sub>50</sub> of 33.89 μm. The crystal was distorted, the chemical activity deteriorated, and the color development time was up to 407 s. When hexahydrate magnesium chloride was calcined at 480 °C with 2 h, it decomposed almost completely. The product, magnesium oxide, consisted of uniformly distributed small coral rod-like particles with strong chemical reactivity and a color development time of 115 s. The particles were small and evenly distributed, with a characteristic particle size D50 of 1.36 μm, and the highest specific surface area reached 7.292 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The hydrated magnesium hydroxide particles had well-defined edges and corners, with a characteristic particle size D50 of 1.59 μm and a uniform particle size distribution.

Theoretical Kinetics of Radical-Radical Reaction NH2ṄH + ṄH2 and Its Implications for Monomethylhydrazine Pyrolysis Mechanism.

Significant discrepancies were observed between the experiments and the simulations for ṄH2 time-histories in monomethylhydrazine pyrolysis with the robust mechanism proposed by Pascal and Catoire. The rate of formation analyses for ṄH2 indicated the significance of the reaction NH2ṄH + ṄH2 = H2NN + NH3, which has not been well-defined. In this study, ab initio calculations were performed for the theoretical description of the NH2ṄH + ṄH2 chemistry. Most stationary points on the potential energy surface were quantified at the CCSD(T)/CBS//M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level, and the multireference methods were employed for barrier-less reaction and some transition states. The temperature- and pressure-dependent rate coefficients were determined using classical and microcanonical variational transition state theories. Four primary reaction channels were identified as competitive: 1) The H atom abstraction reaction yielding N2H2(T) + NH3, dominating at 1350-3000 K across the 0.001-100 atm pressure range. 2) The H atom abstraction reaction forming N2H2(S) + NH3, dominating at 800-1350 K and competing with the processes of chemical activation and collisional stabilization below 800 K. 3) The chemical-activated reaction resulting in H2NN(S) + NH3, dominating below 800 K at 0.001 atm. 4) The collisional-stabilized recombination reaction leading to N3H5, becoming significant as pressure increases and dominating below 600 and 650 K at 1 and 100 atm, respectively. The implications of newly calculated NH2ṄH + ṄH2 kinetics for the monomethylhydrazine pyrolysis mechanism were evaluated, and updates were implemented. Sensitivity analyses indicated the necessity of additional research efforts to comprehend the dynamics of CH3NH2 unimolecular and N2H2 + ṄH2 reaction systems. The rate coefficients presented in this study can be employed to develop the chemical kinetic model of nitryl-containing systems.

Engineered stable electron-doping water with higher chemical activity catalyzes itself in hydrogen evolution reactions

Additional huge amount of energy is required for water splitting due to strong surrounding hydrogen bonds (HBs) between water molecules. However, this underappreciated fact has not attracted the attention of scientists to shift to the research direction to the reactant water itself in hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs). In this work, we report a facile cold water-cooling method to prepare distilled water (DIW-V) with distinct structures of electron-doping and reduced HBs. Compared to bulk deionized water (DIW) which was used to prepare DIW-V, the resulting stable DIW-V exhibited distinct properties at room temperature. Examples are its ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals and to passivate oxidants of H2O2 through utilizing its novel electron-doping structure. Also, typical electrochemical reactions performed in DIW-V were more efficient, and stronger intermolecular HBs between alcohols and DIW-V were exhibited due to its novel reduced HBs. Moreover, HERs performed on both catalytic and inert electrodes at various pH values were all more efficient when utilizing DIW-V. Experiments regarding density measurements of alcohol solutions and HER performances indicated that stabilities of the activities of DIW-V were acceptable. DIW-V was also available for more efficient oxygen evolution reaction utilizing catalytic Pt electrode in favorable alkaline solution. Our proposed DIW-V has emerged as a promising green and active reactant applicable to more-effective HERs and water-related sciences.

Virtual screening study for biological activity assessment and metabolism pathway of a fuel dye in airborne exposure scenario.

The utilization of synthetic dyes increases the risk to human health. Despite the progress of information on azo dyes, very little attention has been reported on toxicity assessment of anthraquinone dyes. Solvent Blue 35 (SB35) is one of the anthraquinone dyes likely to be encountered because of its increasing use in various industries. Whereas the design of laboratory tests is very expensive, in silico screening was used to predict the metabolic profile and toxicity effect of SB35. MetaTox software was used to predict the metabolites of phase I and II in two layers. Since airborne exposure has been considered, the pathways of inhalation and dermal absorption of SB35 were investigated through the SwissADME model based on the modified Lipinski's rule of five. To predict the biological effect and toxicity of SB35 and each of the metabolites, PASS online software was used. Chemical activity was considered according to the probability of activation values (Pa) higher than the probability of inactivation values (Pi). N- dealkylation of SB35 was predicted in the first layer, while seven active compounds were obtained in the second layer from phases I and II reactions. Investigating the physicochemical properties of SB35 confirmed inhalation absorption for occupational exposure scenarios. All metabolites are absorbed from intestinal routes based on the RO5 rules. SB35 and their metabolites have an effective substrate role for the sub-type of CYP 450 enzymes. The toxicity effect of carcinogenicity for SB35 and mutagenicity for metabolites are predicted while confirmed with some biological effects. However, reproductive disorders are pointed with SB35 by probability higher than 70%. Virtual screening methods are efficient tools for creating cost-effective predictions in the hazard's evaluation of SB35. However, a perspective view is suggested before decision-making for laboratory designing tests.

Enhancing Crop Resilience: Insights from Labdane-Related Diterpenoid Phytoalexin Research in Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), as one of the most significant food crops worldwide, holds paramount importance for global food security. Throughout its extensive evolutionary journey, rice has evolved a diverse array of defense mechanisms to fend off pest and disease infestations. Notably, labdane-related diterpenoid phytoalexins play a crucial role in aiding rice in its response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research advancements pertaining to the chemical structures, biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways, as well as the molecular regulatory mechanisms, underlying labdane-related diterpenoid phytoalexins discovered in rice. This insight into the molecular regulation of labdane-related diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis offers valuable perspectives for future research aimed at improving crop resilience and productivity.

Ion sensors based on organic semiconductors acting as quasi-reference electrodes

Thin-film devices that transduce the chemical activity of ions into electronic signals are essential components in various applications, including healthcare diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Combinations of organic semiconductors (OSCs) and ion-selective materials have been explored for developing solution-processable ion sensors. However, the necessity of reference electrodes (REs) and operational stability in ion-permeable OSCs have posed questions regarding whether reliable measurements with thin-film components are attainable with OSCs. Herein, we report electric double-layer transistors (EDLTs) with OSCs in single-crystal forms for ion sensing. Our EDLTs demonstrated high operational stability, with a one-to-one relationship between the source electrode potential and device resistance, and served as quasi-REs (qRE). When our EDLT is served as qRE, its drift was as small as 0.5 mV/h and comparable to that of commonly employed REs. In our system, the semiconductor-electrolyte interface is self-passivated by the alkyl chains of OSCs in single-crystal structures, with the two-dimensional transport layer appearing unaltered upon gating. EDLT arrays with ion-selective and nonselective liquid junctions enable ion concentration sensing without a conventional RE. These findings provide opportunities to develop thin-film devices based on OSCs for easy integration and reliable measurements.