Chemical Water Quality Parameters Research Articles

Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface and Ground Water Quality in Major Cities of Pakistan

In this study, climate change and human impacts on water quality in five major urban areas of Pakistan, including Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Abbottabad, and Gilgit, were determined. Secondary data on various physical, chemical, and bacteriological water quality parameters were taken from published papers, reports, and theses. Surface and groundwater were the major sources of drinking water in these cities. The physicochemical parameters were total turbidity, pH, dissolved solids (TDS), sulphates, chlorides, calcium, sodium, HCO3, potassium, magnesium, nitrates, fluorides, arsenic, and hardness. The bacteriological parameters were total coliform, total faecal coliform, and total plate counts. The data revealed that pH, TDS, fluoride, chloride, HCO3, sodium, and hardness were above the limits in Karachi. MCB Market, Goth Ibrahim, and Malir Town were the main contaminated areas in Karachi. In Lahore, arsenic was found above the limits in all sampling locations. Turbidity, pH, HCO3, calcium, magnesium, and hardness were found above the limits in Peshawar. In Gilgit city, all physicochemical parameters were found within the limits except turbidity, which was 10 NTU in Nomal valley. Nitrates were higher in the water sources in Abbottabad. Bacterial contamination was found in the water of all five cities. Most of the studies revealed that this contamination could be human-induced. The improper disposal of solid waste, sewage, and animal waste and the excessive use of fertilisers deteriorate the quality of the water. Precipitation, a rise in temperature, and seasonal variation are climate variables that affect water quality and are responsible for major outbreaks of waterborne diseases. There is an urgent need for regular analysis, proper management, and proper treatment of drinking water before it is supplied to the local community in these cities.

Spatial Modeling of Groundwater Quality Parameters on Mosul's Left Bank

Spatial distribution of groundwater quality is one of the issues that are urgently requested from both the people and decision-makers, especially during the deficiency of water network supply. This work included creating spatial groundwater quality maps on Mosul's left bank. The water quality studied parameters were pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, SO42-, HCO3-, NO3-, Cl- and other chemical water quality parameters as well as heterotrophic bacteria. A statistical investigation has been done to evaluate the relationship between these parameters. An inverse distance weighted interpolation model was used to give these parameters a better geographical distribution pattern. The visual groundwater quality models gave an overview of this water source's environmental reality and possible pollution points. The results of this work could be employed as an effective tool in the field of planning and environmental protection of water resources in Mosul City because there is polluted groundwater on the eastern side of Mosul which is polluted by septic tanks and the sewage system

Interrogation on Optical Properties of Electrolyte Minerals, TSS and Turbidity in Water - Spectrophotometer and IOP Profiler Based Hyperspectral Analysis Approach

The optical properties of total suspended solids, turbidity, and electrolyte minerals in water such as sodium, potassium, and calcium were studied under laboratory and field-oriented conditions. Spectrophotometer and Wet Lab Instrument Inherent Optical Properties profiler have been used to measure the optical properties. The polynomial fit between the field measured absorption spectra and laboratory measured absorption spectra of each mineral explains in detail the chemical water quality parameters and optical properties. The spectrophotometrically derived absorption coefficient of electrolyte minerals such as sodium (1,000 ppm), potassium (100 ppm), and calcium (1,000 ppm), TSS (500 ppm) and Turbidity (100 NTU) makes virtuous correlation with the IOP profiler measured absorption coefficient donates the best polynomial fit R2 values of 0.9076, 0.9019, 0.9645, 0.9823 and 0.9354 respectively. Results in this study exhibits that, the absorption coefficient of electrolyte minerals, TSS, and Turbidity in water increases with increasing their concentrations at the wavelengths range from 200 to 300 nm. HIGHLIGHTS The absorption coefficient values are increasing with the increasing concentration of sodium as well as for calcium and Total suspended solids The absorption spectra of potassium are exponentially increasing with decreasing wavelength The absorption curves show an evolution from a solitary, well defined absorption trough at 550 nm at lower turbidity values to a broader, more flat-topped absorption encompassing from 550 to 650 nm at higher turbidity levels GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Assessment of Effect of Industrial Effluent on Ground Water of Pali, Rajasthan, India

A study was conducted to assess the present status of the ground water in Pali town. The city is known as an industrial hub especially for the textile industry. Ten sampling locations were selected at random and the ground water samples were selected from tube wells and wells in and around Pali town. For this purpose, these samples were analysed for major physical and chemical water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Total Hardness (TH), Sodium, Phosphate, Nitrate, Carbonate, Bicarbonate and Chloride. The results were compared with standards prescribed by WHO (World Health Organization). It was found that most of the samples of the ground water quality were substandard, may be due to the industrial effluents, discharge by industrial units in the Bandi River and on open surface. The sampling sites Punayata and Mandia showed high deviation from standards prescribed by WHO. Hence the present study concluded that the ground water quality in the study area was polluted. So, it is necessary to take periodic monitoring of the ground water quality and strict rules and regulation on industrial effluent in this region for future sustainability.

Agricultural Pressures on the Quality of Ground and Surface Waters in Catchments of Artificial Reservoirs

Changes in nutrient concentrations in groundwater were investigated to determine the impact of agriculture on water quality in artificial lakes. The study covered three reservoirs in an agricultural area of Wielkopolska (central-western part of Poland). Assessing the agricultural impact required a network of piezometers around the reservoirs, used to determine the degree of groundwater pollution from nutrients supplied to the reservoirs. Moreover, the analysis covered the quality of water in streams flowing into the reservoirs, and in the reservoirs themselves. Field research was conducted every month of the growing season from March to November. The analysis covered land inclination, ground permeability, and soil type. Detailed objectives included: (1) assessment of the agricultural impact on the chemical parameters of ground and surface water quality, and (2) evaluation of the impact of different sources of agricultural pollution on water quality in artificial reservoirs in regards to their management. This study revealed high dynamics of nutrient concentrations, particularly for nitrates and phosphates, in groundwater and surface water. A significant effect of maize cultivation on an increase in nitrate concentrations in the groundwater of the catchment of the Przebędowo Reservoir was evidenced, as well as a substantial effect of the functioning of an animal farm on the quality of groundwaters in the catchment of the Lachotka Reservoir. The nutrient load of agricultural origin in the catchment of the Miedzichowo Reservoir was relatively low. Our study revealed elevated amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, detected more frequently in groundwater than in running waters, which confirms our hypothesis of the importance of groundwater analysis in detecting the source of pollution of the studied lakes. High nutrient concentrations recorded in groundwater leached from arable fields were also observed in the summer period, failing to confirm the hypothesis that the greatest effect of factors would be related to the spring effect of arable fields on water quality (lack of compact vegetation cover, high water level, etc.). Our study also indicated a greater importance of the type of land use than lithology or permeability of deposits.

Hatchability and Survival of Lamproglena clariae Fryer, 1956 Exposed to Increasing Concentrations of Aqueous Aluminium

The effect of increased aluminium concentration on the hatchability and survival of Lamproglena clariae is unknown. During October 2019 and October 2020, infected C. gariepinus were collected from the Vaal River and transferred to a controlled aquarium room. Parasite infection was established on acclimated C. gariepinus. Adult female parasites (F2 and F3 generation) on live fish were inspected for egg strings. Viable egg strings were removed, leaving females attached to produce more eggs. Bioassays were performed in varying concentrations of Al (control, 5 µg/L, 30 µg/L, 60 µg/L, and 120 µg/L). Egg development was monitored. In situ physical and chemical water quality parameters were measured, and water samples were collected every 24 h for metal analysis using inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The experiment terminated when all juveniles perished. Five percent of exposed eggs did not hatch in the control solution, compared to 26% in 120 µg/L Al. Hatchability and survival of L. clariae were negatively affected by increased Al concentrations. By removing this ectoparasite from living fish, the need to euthanise the host organism is eliminated, emphasising the usefulness of L. clariae as a bioindicator for metal pollution.

Production of pacific white shrimp in biofloc system with different food management strategies

In the present work, different models for adjustments in feeding rates to produce Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in a biofloc system were analyzed. Shrimps were stocked with an initial weight of 4.21 ± 0.09 g at a density of 250 shrimp m-3 and fed following different methodologies for 60 days. The first method was according to the Van-Wyk table, considering the minimum (MIN) and maximum (MAX) feed rates. The second was according to two estimated values from the feed conversion ratio (FCR; FCR of 1.1 and 1.5), based on the methodology determined by Garzade Yta. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, consisting of four treatments (MAX, MIN, FCR 1.1, and FCR 1.5) with 4 independent replicates. Zootechnical performance, the physical and chemical water quality parameters, and the production of solids in the system were evaluated. The treatment that used minimum amounts of feed determined by the table showed a better feed conversion, survival, using a lower amount of feed and, thus, generating less waste. Although the feeding strategy using the minimum values in the table has shown better results, it is still necessary to improve these strategies, as the Biofloc system is a system that has variations and their adjustments must be made according to the interactions of the system.

Assessment of Gualaxo do Norte River water quality (Minas Gerais, Brazil) affected by the dam breach of Fundão utilizing exploratory multivariate techniques.

At the end of 2015, the Fundão dam belonging to the Samarco S.A. mining company was ruptured, releasing a flood of mud into the Gualaxo do Norte River, which advanced into the Doce River. The aim of the present study was to apply exploratory multivariate approaches to water quality data obtained during sampling campaigns at the Gualaxo do Norte River during the dry and rainy seasons, between July 2016 and June 2017. A total of 27 locations along the river were sampled, covering unaffected areas and regions influenced by the tailings waste from the dam. Determinations of chemical, physical, and microbiological water quality parameters were performed. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) resulted in the first two components together explaining 39.49% and 37.91% of the total variance for the dry and rainy season data, respectively. In both cases, the PCA groups were related to variables such as turbidity and total solids, which both presented higher values in regions affected by the mud flow. These results are in agreement with those obtained by the Kohonen neural network method, where two-dimensional maps confirmed the samples according to the affected and unaffected area by the disaster.

THE SUITABILITY OF LOCATION BATU ANGUS BITUNG FOR AQUACULTURE IN TERMS OF SEVERAL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER QUALITY

Aquaculture activities require appropriate and supportive environmental requirements to live and develop optimally, this study aims to (1) Analyze the physical and chemical parameters of water quality in Batu Angus waters, (2) Evaluate the suitability of water quality as a potential aquaculture location in Batu Angus waters. This research was conducted in the waters of Batu Angus Bitung in July - August 2022. Water quality analysis was carried out by measuring the parameters of depth, temperature, salinity, pH and oxygen carried out in situ using a Multipurpose water quality tool (Horiba U-52G), measuring current speed using a Current floating meter and measuring brightness using a Secchi disk tool. In situ data collection of seawater samples at 3 stations (St) was carried out 3 times with a time interval of 2 weeks at 05:00, 09:00, 13:00, 17:00 and 21:00 WITA. Meanwhile, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate measurements were carried out using the spectrophotometer method at the Manado Industrial Research and Standardization Center Testing Laboratory. The results of the suitability analysis show that the Batu Angus Bitung water area is very suitable for aquaculture activities.

Assessment of physical and chemical water quality parameters using naive bayes control algorithm

Assessment of physical and chemical water quality parameters using naive bayes control algorithm

Effects of floating covers used for evaporation suppression on reservoir physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters

AbstractIncreasing demand for freshwater in arid regions with chronic water shortage calls for expansion of water storage for drought periods while protecting storage from evaporative losses. A cost‐effective and scalable method for evaporation suppression uses floating elements; however, little is known regarding biochemical and water quality effects under these covers. Two identical reservoirs with area of 25 m2 and depth of 2 m were used to investigate the influence of floating covers on water quality parameters for a period of one year (2019–2020). One of the reservoirs was covered with Styrofoam discs, and results were compared with the uncovered one. Results showed that the evaporation suppression efficiency of floating discs gradually decreased from 80% in spring to about 60% in winter. The comparison between reservoirs revealed that the presence of floating covers decreased pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and dissolved oxygen by 11%, 11%, 15% and 36%, respectively. We observed an increase in nitrate (30%), phosphate (27%) and ammonia (95%) concentrations in the covered reservoir. Results also demonstrated more concentration of biological populations such as algae and protozoa in the uncovered reservoir. The findings highlight improvement of certain water quality parameters in covered reservoirs such as EC and TDS with potential impacts on irrigation systems and soil health and salinity constraints.

Multivariate Statistical Interpretation and Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality for Southwestern Region of NCT Delhi, India

Groundwater (GW) is a major source of drinking water in many parts of the National Capital Region (NCT) Delhi including the southwest part of the city. To assess the GW quality in the study area total 52 GW samples were collected for both pre and post monsoon season for two consecutive years (2019-20) from 13 sampling locations. These samples were then analyzed for 16 physical and chemical water quality parameters including pH, Temperature, EC, Salinity, TDS, alkalinity, TH, NO3-, PO42-, SO42-, F-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+. Descriptive analysis and normality check was executed before subjected to multivariate analysis. Pearson correlation explained, positively high correlation coefficient(r) for both pre and post monsoon seasons between TDS and Cl- (r=0.97(pre) and 0.93(post)); salinity and EC(r=0.82(pre) and 0.82(post)); TDS and TH(r=0.86(pre)and 0.83(post)); Na+ and Mg2+ (r=0.80(pre) and 0.81(post)). Factor Analysis depicted TDS, alkalinity, TH, SO42-, F-, Cl-, Ca2+ were significantly loaded components for both the seasons, contributing for 77.84% (pre monsoon) and 82.31% (post monsoon) of component loading respectively. Degradation of water quality is majorly due to growing population and human interventions adding to the diversity of topography and the geology. The interpolation maps generated depict high concentration of alkalinity, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) across the study area’.

Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of surface waters of a tropical brackish water lake in South Asia

Brackish lake systems and estuaries are unique aquatic systems that support diversified life forms and strongly influence a region's economy. Major chemical water quality parameters of India's second-largest brackish water lake, Pulicat were assessed. Physico-chemical parameters like pH, temperature, suspended solid concentrates, total dissolved solids, salinity, nitrogenous nutrients, phosphate, silicate, and chlorophyll a were analysed. The results obtained for different parameters were compared and interpreted with statistical software SPSS version 20 and images were plotted using the Arc GIS spatial analyst tool. During the summer months, the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio ranges from a minimum of 1.96 to a maximum of 16.64 (9.55 ± 4.01) while it ranges from a minimum of 7.98 to a maximum of 15.52 (12.47 ± 2) during the pre-monsoon. In the monsoon season, the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of surface water suggests a range from a minimum of 8.64 to a maximum of 17.58 (13.87 ± 2.14). During the post-monsoon season, the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio ranges from 4.98 to 17.34 (11.77 ± 3.68). The average nitrogen to phosphorus ratios were 9.6, 12.5, 13.9 and 11.8 in summer, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon respectively. The nitrogen to phosphorus ratio was lower than the Redfield ratio for all the seasons. The average concentration of chlorophyll a was 14.9, 13.4, 12.8 and 11.8 in summer, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon respectively. As per the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, there was no significant correlation among nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll a. This suggests the influence of suspended solid concentrates, and nitrogen and phosphorus flux in the sediment-water interface might be interfering with the nutrient cycles and primary productivity.

(Invited) Chemiresistive Water Quality Sensors: Challenges and Progress

Chemiresistors are solid state devices that change their electronic properties (more specifically, the resistance of a conductive thin film or percolation network) as a result of chemical interactions with their environment. They are a well-established and widely commercialized technology for gas or vapor sensor applications. The active layer may consist of metal oxides, polymers, nanomaterials or composites. In most cases, chemisorption or catalytic activity involving the analyte results in surface doping of the active layer, although other mechanisms (such as conductivity changes due to swelling) have also been reported. A significant part of the sensing literature is taken up by reports of ChemFETs, in which case the conductivity of the active layer can also be modulated by an applied gate voltage. Gate voltage modulation is helpful for establishing the sensing mechanism and - on occasion - for distinguishing multiple simultaneous target analytes. In most cases, however, the actual sensor operation occurs at zero gate voltage, thus reducing the ChemFET to a chemiresistor. [1] Gas sensors can be operated at high voltages and without shielding the contacts to the film from gas exposure, two simplifications that are not afforded to sensors operating in aqueous environments.Water quality sensors are a surprisingly underserved area of sensor applications.[2] Important chemical water quality parameters include pH, dissolved gases, common ions and a range of toxic trace contaminants which may be ionic or uncharged, inorganic or organic. All these water quality parameters are usually monitored using colorimetric sensors, electrochemical sensors and large lab-based instruments. None of these lend themselves to low maintenance, reagent free, low power continuous operation for online monitoring. In particular, colorimetric sensors need a resupply of reagents and electrochemical sensors require reference electrodes. Chemiresistors have the potential to eliminate all these disadvantages, but there has been slow progress in adapting them to aqueous analytes. They are simple and economical to manufacture, and can operate reagent-free and with low or no maintenance. Unlike electrochemical sensors they do not require reference electrodes. Challenges include the need to prevent electrical shorts through the aqueous medium and the need to keep the sensing voltage low enough to avoid electrochemical reactions at the sensor.We have built a chemiresistive sensing platform for aqueous media. The active sensor element consists of a percolation network of low-dimensional materials particles that form a conducting film, e.g. from carbon nanotubes, pencil trace, exfoliated graphene or MoS2. The first members of that platform were free chlorine sensors,[3-5] but we have also demonstrated pH sensitive films [6,7] and cation sensors.[8] While there are some challenges associated with expanding the range of accessible analytes,[9] we have recently expanded the applicability of our platform, in particular anions and cations that are commonly present as pollutants in surface and drinking water. Our sensors can be incorporated into a variety of systems and will also be suitable for online monitoring in remote and resource-poor locations.

Analysis and Simulation of Waste Water Treatment Plant by Using GPS-X Software

Abstract: Kerala is rich in water resources, which helps to achieve the state to meet most of the water requirements. Due to increased population, most of the water resources are getting depleted. Among the types of water generated according to source , there is a big gap in the treatment of water. The proposed work present is planning to do a review about the modeling of water treatment plants with the help of GPS – X simulation softwares available in the industry . Also it focuses on the role of simulation tools for a better understanding of the treatment process and major trends emerging in the field of water treatment process .water supply and treatment often received more priority than waste water collection and treatment. However, water treatment deserves greater emphasis and should receive greater attention. The purpose of this project is to study the efficiency of the waste water Treatment Plant at karanthoor markaz, calicut This is done by monitoring the main physical, chemical water quality parameters, and comparing them with standards for effluents discharged into surface water. And simulation with the GPS-X software is used and results shows the performance of water treatment plant. In addition, with the software GPS-X, we are trying to improving capacity, operating efficiency and effluent quality by properly optimizing the existing facility can be obtained. This program has a clear-cut graphical interface and uses a specialized translator that converts the graphical process into material balance equations, based on dynamic models. These models allow, besides the kinetic descripton of the treatment process carried out at the water treatment plant, to simulate new scenarios towards the study of critical parameters for the process as well as optimization and control of the water treatment plant. For the modelling of the process it was necessary to collect historical data related to the water treatment plant’s performance over the last 3 years. This data was used as input values for the influent characterisation and as output values to achieve the treated effluent characterisation. Since the first simulation did not lead to the desired output results, it was necessary to proceed to the model calibration, by means of a more detailed study concerning the nutrient and organic fractions of the influent.

Environmental Impact of Sewage Discharge on Shallow Embayment and Mapping of Microbial Indicators

Marine pollution in shallow embayments is hazardous to human and marine health. This research investigates the environmental impact of sewage discharge from coastal outfalls on the semi-enclosed-shallow Doha Bay. Such a study highlights the impact of environmental stressors on the health of such bays. Also, the study assesses the spreading of the pollutant relative to the location of the pollution source. The bay is susceptible to sewage discharge as it is featured slow tidal currents leading to increased pollution concentrations within its basin. The concentrations and distributions of microbial water quality indicators (E. coli, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci) were investigated parallel with physical and chemical water quality parameters. Water samples were collected from the outfalls and within Doha Bay for four months. The results show that the concentrations of discharged Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Organic Carbon (COD), Nitrites (NO2−) and ammonia (NH3) has exceeded Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KEPA) maximum limits, specifically from the outfalls J3 and J4. In addition, the microbiological parameters were significantly breaching KEPA’s guidelines. The maximum fecal coliform concentration was 3.5 × 105, 2.4 × 104, and 5.4 × 103 CFU/100 ml, E. coli concentration was 2.2 × 105, 1.2 × 104, and 2.6 × 103 CFU/100 ml, fecal streptococci concentration was 7.25 × 102, 4.4 × 102, and 44 CFU/100 ml, at outfalls J3, J4, and J5, respectively, indicating high microbial pollution. The fecal coliform near J3 exceeds the allowable limits of KEPA by more than 600 times. Laboratory results were mapped to assess the microbial indicators within the bay. Spatially, the concentration of pollutants varies and correlates proportionally with the locations of the outfalls. The highly affected area is near outfall J3: a shallow, closed area with minimal water circulation and maximum sewage discharge. Offshore locations show lower pollution concentrations, and the pollutant concentrations were highest in January 2019 and February 2019. Continuing to discharge pollutants through coastal outfalls to regions such as Doha Bay will lead to long-term consequences, including eco-social, ecological, and adverse health impacts that are complex to be treated. Therefore, the bay needs an independent, comprehensive, and reliable monitoring program to measure the environmental indicators continuously.

Ground water quality in Wadi Shati (Libya): Physicochemical analysis and environmental implications

This study aimed at evaluating water quality of groundwater wells (GWWs) in Wadi Shati, Libya, and assessing its suitability for drinking. Water samples were collected from 17 GWWs and subjected to laboratory testing for 24 physical and chemical water quality parameters (WQPs). Analysis uncovered that the recorded values of 11 WQPs were consistent with the Libyan drinking water quality standard (DWQS). These parameters were pH, temperature (T), acidity, alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and cadmium. However, values of colour and turbidity exceeded the maximum levels set by the Libyan DWQS at five out of the 17 study wells. Likewise, concentrations of chloride (Cl −), sulphate (SO 4 2−), and ammonia (NH3) violated the local DWQS in three locations, each. Additionally, concentrations of phosphate (PO 4 3−), iron, manganese, chromium, and nickel exceeded their maximum allowable concentrations according to the Libyan DWQS. The levels of these five parameters are alarming. Overall, the 17 studied GWWs suffer from varying levels of pollution that, mostly, arise from domestic and agricultural sources, e.g., septic tank seepage and agricultural drainage of agro-chemicals like fertilisers and pesticides. The results of this study emphasise that routine monitoring of groundwater resources plays a vital role in their sustainable management and stresses that water quality data are critical for characterisation of pollution, if any, and for protection of human health and ecosystem safety. Our results serve as guideline for sustainable management of water quality in the Wadi Shati District.

Determination of Selected physicochemical water quality parameters of the upper stream of Amerti watershed of Western Ethiopia

Water quality is problematic worldwide. In densely populated areas, there is an enormous deterioration in water quality parameters due to human activities, urbanization, industrialization, and, waste disposal. The main objectives of this study were to determine the physical and chemical water quality parameters of the upper Amerti watershed in western Ethiopia. Water sampling sites were identified at four different sites based on land use, distances, and human activity and overall,16(4 × 2*2) water samples by composite sampling techniques were collected and some of them were measured in the field. Nine water quality parameters were selected purposively based on the problems of the area. Two replications and two water samples were carried out in the morning and afternoon based on water-stable flow time. As a result, built-up land had a greater impact on the physicochemical properties of the water when compared with other land-use types. Consequently, at water sample site two (S2), the mean of both Ca2+ and Mg2+ were beyond standard values and the Ethiopian guideline for drinking water (256.73 mg/L and 154.64 mg/L, respectively). Similarly, turbidity (NTU) was above the 5 UTN limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO), Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment water quality Index (CCMEWQI), Oregon water quality Index (OWQI), and Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). Correspondingly, Pearson's correlation matrix expressed that all physicochemical water properties were significant at (P<0.05) except total suspended solid (TSS) Mg/L due to land use. But the mean Ca2+, Ma2+, and turbidity were beyond standard limited value restricted by WHO, OWQI, and BIS as a general. since, water physicochemical properties varied site to site in the watershed, owing to the effects of land use, effluent wastes, and human activities. For this reason, to be environmentalism for our environment, it is the best option and in order to reduce such human and water quality problems, increasing awareness, establishing waste treatment plant must be needed to clean it and then, management of land use accordingly at watershed level is crucial for sustainability of the environmental resources and to maintain quality of water resource in the watershed for different purposes is necessary.

Advances in Technological Research for Online and In Situ Water Quality Monitoring—A Review

Monitoring water quality is an essential tool for the control of pollutants and pathogens that can cause damage to the environment and human health. However, water quality analysis is usually performed in laboratory environments, often with the use of high-cost equipment and qualified professionals. With the progress of nanotechnology and the advance in engineering materials, several studies have shown, in recent years, the development of technologies aimed at monitoring water quality, with the ability to reduce the costs of analysis and accelerate the achievement of results for management and decision-making. In this work, a review was carried out on several low-cost developed technologies and applied in situ for water quality monitoring. Thus, new alternative technologies for the main physical (color, temperature, and turbidity), chemical (chlorine, fluorine, phosphorus, metals, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, and oxidation–reduction potential), and biological (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, algae, and cyanobacteria) water quality parameters were described. It was observed that there has been an increase in the number of publications related to the topic in recent years, mainly since 2012, with 641 studies being published in 2021. The main new technologies developed are based on optical or electrochemical sensors, however, due to the recent development of these technologies, more robust analyses and evaluations in real conditions are essential to guarantee the precision and repeatability of the methods, especially when it is desirable to compare the values with government regulatory standards.

Effects of flood discharge on the water quality of a drinking water reservoir in China – Characteristics and management strategies

Stormflow runoff is an important non-point source of pollution in drinking water reservoirs. Rationally managed flood discharge processes at estuaries can reduce the high concentration of pollutants carried by runoff, and thus their impacts on water plant operations. In this study, the physical and chemical water quality parameters upstream from a dam were measured for a flood discharge process in the Jinpen Reservoir of Northwest China. The results showed that the time needed for the flood to reach the reservoir was ∼9 h after flooding began, and this lag effect meant that water in the metalimnion and hypolimnion were vented in advance. Consequently, the undercurrent intruded into the hypolimnion. The water temperature increased by 1.83 °C, and the Schmidt stability index decreased from 3291.37 J m−2 to 2496.32 J m−2. Flood discharge can effectively reduce the volume of pollutants; however, it cannot completely prevent the deterioration of water quality in the main reservoir. The turbidity of the reservoir still exceeded 300 NTU after the flood discharge. When the outflow discharge decreased, the critical height of aspiration also decreased, and dissolved pollutants could neither be vented nor precipitated quickly, not allowing their concentration within the reservoir to decrease further. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was successfully used to simulate flood processes and determine an optimal flood discharge plan. We found that the elevations of the outlet and undercurrent layer are essential to determine the efficiency of flood discharge, while appropriate timing and outflow discharge volumes may further enhance the results. Therefore, using a hydrodynamic model to predict the position of an undercurrent layer, and opening spillways near the elevation of the undercurrent layer can improve the efficacy of flood discharge. Our findings provide novel insights that may be used to improve the operation and management of source water reservoirs.