Chemical Corps Research Articles

Immunization of mice against coccidioidomycosis.

Converse, J. L. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.), M. W. Castleberry, A. R. Besemer, and E. M. Snyder. Immunization of mice against coccidioidomycosis. J. Bacteriol. 84:46-52. 1962-The observed lower virulence of Coccidioides immitis arthrospores of the M-11 strain compared with the Cash strain was ascribed to the lower ability of the M-11 spores to invade the lungs and brain. Endospores of strain M-11, grown in synthetic medium, were equally as virulent by the intraperitoneal route as arthrospores of strain Cash. Immunization of mice with viable strain M-11 arthrospores protected approximately 50% of the animals against challenge with strain Cash arthrospores. This was evidenced by lower mortality over a 5-month period and lack of gross pathological lesions in killed animals. Although fewer lesions resulted after the use of a viable vaccine, higher survival was obtained with formaldehyde-killed arthrospores. Either preparation tended to confine the infection to the peritoneal cavity.

Rapid lethal effect in rats of a third component found upon fractionating the toxin of Bacillus anthracis.

Beall, Francis A. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.), Martha J. Taylor, and Curtis B. Thorne. Rapid lethal effect in rats of a third component found upon fractionating the toxin of Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol. 83:1274-1280. 1962.-Rats were found to be more susceptible to the lethal effect of toxin produced by Bacillus anthracis in vitro than were several species considered less resistant to anthrax. Rats were killed much faster by less toxin per gram of body weight than were mice. Guinea pigs survived doses of toxin that killed rats. Intravenous injection of Fischer 344 rats is a rapid test for lethal activity, which facilitates the demonstration of two components, different from protective antigen, in toxin. One of these, a lethal factor, was separated from the other component, which causes cutaneous edema in the guinea pig. The latter component was not necessary for lethal effect. Neither of these factors was active unless combined with protective antigen. Although the guinea pig skin reaction has been used routinely to assay the toxicity of samples, the present results show that this test does not assay the lethal component.

Pyruvate oxidation by Pasteurella tularensis strains of graded virulence.

Weinstein, I. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), M. L. Guss, and R. A. Altenbern. Pyruvate oxidation by Pasteurella tularensis strains of graded virulence. J. Bacteriol. 83:1010-1016. 1962.-The rate of oxidation of sodium pyruvate by Pasteurella tularensis was shown to be correlated with the virulence of the strain studied. No qualitative differences in cofactor requirements for or products of pyruvate oxidation were found among strains of graded virulence. The rate of pyruvate oxidation was directly related to strain virulence, whereas the endogenous respiration rate was inversely correlated with virulence. For all tested strains possessing some degree of virulence, maximal rates of pyruvate oxidation were obtained with small concentrations of pyruvate (10 to 20 mumoles), above which the oxidation rate was depressed. Small concentrations of glutamate or other dicarboxylic acids effected nonadditive stimulation (sparking) of the pyruvate oxidation rate only at pyruvate concentrations above optimal (greater than 20 mumoles). The avirulent strain 38A was unique, being characterized by a low endogenous respiration rate, a maximal rate of pyruvate oxidation at all concentrations above 20 mumoles, and the absence of glutamate sparking. Studies of cell-free extracts indicated that the differences in pyruvate oxidation among the strains may be attributed in part to variation in the properties of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Pathogenesis of Coccidioides immitis in monkeys.

Converse, J. L. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), E. P. Lowe, M. W. Castleberry, G. P. Blundell, and A. R. Besemer. Pathogenesis of Coccidioides immitis in monkeys. J. Bacteriol. 83:871-878. 1962.-Respiratory exposure to arthrospores from the submerged growth of Coccidioides immitis, strain Cash, in liquid medium resulted in similar pathogenesis in monkeys to that of strain Silveira arthrospores harvested from solid medium. Infectivity of 100% was noted with doses of 50 to 10,000 arthrospores. The disease was characterized by loss of appetite and weight, malaise, and extreme respiratory distress accompanied by coughing, with the immediate cause of death being acute coccidioidal pneumonia. The pathological picture was one of extensive, progressive, destructive pulmonary disease in the higher dose levels and few, small, self-contained, fibrous lesions, with little destruction of lung tissue, in the low doses. This was correlated in general with the findings of serial X rays and serological tests. The presence of the parasitic phase (spherule and endospore) of the organism was noted in large numbers within the pulmonary lesions and bronchial exudates and was substantiated by cultural methods. Occasionally, hyphal elements of the saprophytic growth phase were noted around the periphery of residual cavitated areas of the lungs.

SELECTION OF THERMOSTABLE SERRATIA MARCESCENS FROM LOGARITHMIC-PHASE CULTURES AS A MEANS FOR INDUCING SYNCHRONOUS GROWTH

Hess, George E. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Maryland) and Milton Shon. Selection of thermostable Serratia marcescens from logarithmic-phase cultures as a means for inducing synchronous growth. J. Bacteriol. 83:781-784. 1962.-A relatively thermostable, apparently nonmultiplying, population of Serratia marcescens was found in cultures in the exponential phase of growth. Thermal treatment of the whole culture resulted in the death of the multiplying cell fraction, although the nonmultiplying fraction remained viable. Subcultivation of the thermally treated suspensions yielded cultures in which most of the viable organisms multiplied synchronously for at least two generations.

Comparative studies of the multiplication of antigenically related poxviruses on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo.

Hahon, Nicholas (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.) and James J. Friel. Comparative studies of the multiplication of antigenically related poxviruses on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. J. Bacteriol. 83:837-843. 1962.-A comparison was made of the general growth curves of several poxviruses, variola, alastrim, vaccinia, cowpox, rabbitpox, and monkeypox, on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. All curves showed a lag period, followed by a tenfold increase of infectivity each 5 hr for approximately 20 to 25 hr, a peak growth level at 48 to 52 hr (except monkeypox), and a gradual decline after 72 hr. Closer examination of the lag period revealed a rapid decline of virus infectivity within 2 to 4 hr after inoculation and the manifestation of an eclipse phase for 4 and 6 hr with all poxviruses. The lag period was terminated with the detection of intracellular virus at 8 to 12 hr, followed by the appearance of extracellular virus 2 to 6 hr later. The proportion of extracellular to intracellular virus was 0.1 or less throughout the different stages of poxvirus growth. In contrast to findings with the other poxviruses, however, extracellular virus equaled or exceeded the quantity of intracellular virus during the latter stages of the growth curves of variola and alastrim viruses.

Effect of nutrition on the respiratory virulence of Listeria monocytogenes.

Friedman, Mischa E. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.) and Donald A. Kautter, Effect of nutrition on the respiratory virulence of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 83:456-462. 1962.-The respiratory virulence for the mouse and guinea pig of two strains of Listeria monocytogenes grown in a rich nonsynthetic medium may be increased four to ninefold by decreasing the glucose concentration from 1.0 to 0.6% or by including 0.1% l-cysteine in the medium. This effect, not observed in intraperitoneal challenge of mice, is not due to selection of a more virulent population. Cultures demonstrating lowered virulence at 16 hr increase in virulence if incubated beyond 50 hr. The presence of 1.0% fructose or cellobiose results in the same growth and virulence characteristics as when glucose is used; however, cultures in media with 1.0% maltose are of decreased cell yield but increased virulence. Strain A4413 grown in media of low glucose concentration or in the presence of cysteine has greater oxidative activity than when grown in a medium of high glucose content. Other strains of lesser respiratory virulence, when grown in a low concentration of glucose, contain glucose dehydrogenase systems equal in activity with that of strain A4413.

QUASI-STATIONARY WAVES OBSERVED IN AEROSOL DIFFUSION TRIALS CONDUCTED IN A COASTAL AREA

Abstract In a series of diffusion trials conducted by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps in 1955 and 1956, there were strong departures from the model, originally proposed by Sutton, in which the logarithm of the crosswind integrated dosage varies linearly with the logarithm of the downwind distance. These departures cannot be reasonably explained in terms of ordinary meteorological variables. A hypothesis that they are due to quasi-stationary waves in the flow is shown to be supported (a) by systematic, in-phase departures from linearity exhibited by the three tracer materials released in each trial, (b) by the coordinated wave-like motion of the azimuth of maximum recovery, (c) by the fact that the trials with the greatest departures from linearity also exhibit the most rapid loss of material from the sampling plane. The waves are probably induced by a sharp drop-off of the terrain to the sea approximately two miles upwind of the sampling grid.

Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in defined media.

Friedman, Mischa E. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), and William G. Roessler. Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in defined media. J. Bacteriol. 82:528-533. 1961-Listeria monocytogenes, strains A4413, JHH, and 9037-7, require organic sulfur, valine, and isoleucine for growth. In addition, A4413 requires leucine, whereas 9037-7 requires leucine, histidine, and arginine. Glutamine is stimulatory for all three strains. Further, A4413 is stimulated also by histidine, arginine, and methionine, and JHH by histidine, arginine, and leucine. With A4413, glutamine can be replaced by inorganic ammonium salts, urea, or asparagine but not by glutamic acid. Growth inhibition by d-serine is reversed by glycine or alanine. Growth with agitation in defined media is very poor and subculture is not possible unless unidentified products of enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins are present.A requirement for lipoic acid was not observed with five strains of L. monocytogenes.

GROWTH OF VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN L CELLS II

Hardy, Frank M. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland), and Arthur Brown. Growth of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in L cells. II. Growth in submerged culture. J. Bacteriol. 82:449-457. 1961.-The detailed kinetics of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus multiplication and release and the progressive cell death due to the virus infection were studied in a uniformly susceptible L cell population. The adsorption phase was complete in approximately 15 min with multiplicities of 1, 10, and 100 MICLD(50). An eclipse phase showing the disappearance of some of the infectious virus activity lasted between 3 and 4 hr. An exponential increase of cell-associated and free virus then occurred until peak titer was reached (16 to 18 hr). Relatively constant titers of cell-associated or free virus were obtained from the time peak titer was attained until the 52nd hour of incubation. At that time the cell-associated titer declined more rapidly than the free virus titer. These constant titers, however, masked a continued production and release of new infectious virus. By viable and nonviable cell counts, it was determined that cell death occurred relatively late in the phase of constant growth and release.

Susceptibility of suckling mice to variola virus.

Marshall, Ronald G. (Army Chemical Corps, Fredrick, Md.), and Peter J. Gerone. Susceptibility of suckling mice to variola virus. J. Bacteriol. 82:15-19. 1961.-The susceptibility of suckling mice inoculated intraperitoneally or intracerebrally with variola virus was investigated. Data are presented that define the death patterns, the relationship of incubation period to dose of virus inoculated, the multiplication of virus in suckling mice, and the influence of the age of suckling mice on their susceptibility to this virus. Additionally the results indicate that a variola virus neutralization test is feasible using the young suckling mouse as an indicator host.

Alteration of virulence of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus after passage in L cell cultures and in mice.

Journal Article Alteration of Virulence of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus After Passage in L Cell Cultures and in Mice Get access Henry J. Hearn, Jr., Henry J. Hearn, Jr. U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Arthur Brown, Arthur Brown U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Frank M. Hardy Frank M. Hardy U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 108, Issue 2, March 1961, Pages 237–242, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/108.2.237 Published: 01 March 1961 Article history Received: 12 September 1960 Published: 01 March 1961

U. S. Army in World War II. The Technical Services. The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War

U. S. Army in World War II. The Technical Services. The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War

The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field.

The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field.

The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War. Leo P. Brophy , George J. B. Fisher

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsThe Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War. Leo P. Brophy , George J. B. FisherRobert W. SellenRobert W. Sellen Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 32, Number 4Dec., 1960 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/238686 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1960 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Growth of psittacosis virus in tissue culture.

Journal Article Growth of Psittacosis Virus in Tissue Culture Get access Julius E. Officer, Julius E. Officer From the U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Arthur Brown Arthur Brown From the U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 107, Issue 3, November 1960, Pages 283–299, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/107.3.283 Published: 01 November 1960 Article history Received: 29 January 1960 Published: 01 November 1960

The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War.

The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War.

Erratum: Science in the News, Vol. 130, no. 3384 (6 November 1959)

The item on Clarence J. Hylander [Science 130, 1244 (1959)] indicated that he left the post of executive director of the American Institute of Biological Sciences to take his current position as visiting professor of biology at Bowdoin College. He last held the AIBS post in 1953; since that time he has been an information officer for the Army Chemical Corps and has written a number of books.

Application of Linear Programming to Financial Budgeting and the Costing of Funds

T HE purpose of this paper is to explore ways in which the theorems and computational apparatus of linear programming might be brought to bear on the allocation of funds within an enterprise. The rational deployment of a firm's resources requires (simultaneous) consideration of at least the following closely related questions. 1. Given the structure of the firm's assets, what operating program-in the sense of plans for production, purchases, and sales over the relevant planning interval-will the firm the greatest prospective net returns in the light of its profit and other objectives? That linear programming can contribute to a solution here has been amply demonstrated by its many successful applications to such planning problems (some quite large) in a variety of contexts.' For a number of reasons reported applications have so far been concentrated heavily in the production area; but, as we shall try to show, there is no reason why the same techniques cannot be used for financial planning or, more to the point, joint operating and financial planning. 2. What is the yield to the firm of each of the various possible changes in its asset structure, assuming that these assets are employed to maximum advantage? Here linear programming offers a way of bypassing some of the technical difficulties which have been encountered in connection with attempts to evaluate projects (as prosposed, e.g., in [16] or [21]) on the basis of their rates of return.2 In addition, with a programming formulation, some of the harder parts of the task of tracing through the interactions of proposed investments with each other and with existing facilities can be left to the mathematics. 3. What is, the opportunity cost of funds in the firm, in the sense of the prospective rate of on an increment of funds committed to the enterprise * This paper is a revised version of an ONR research report which was first presented at the Symposium on Operational Models, jointly sponsored by the Chemical Corps Engineering Command and New York University held at Army Chemical Center, Maryland, January 17, 1957. Part of the research underlying this paper was undertaken for the project Planning and Control of Industrial Operations at Carnegie Institute of Technology and part for the project Methodological Aspects of Management Research at Purdue University. Both projects are under contract with the United States Office of Naval Research. Reproduction of this paper in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States government, Contract Nonr-760-(01), Project NRO47-011, and Contract Nonr-1100-(05), Project NR047-016.

Public Helps Army Chemical Corps Celebrate

Public Helps Army Chemical Corps Celebrate