Chemical Transformations Research Articles

Oxidation of Cyclohexane to Cyclohexanol/Cyclohexanone Using Sol-Gel-Encapsulated Unspecific Peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita.

Unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerite (AaeUPO) is a remarkable catalyst for the oxyfunctionalization of non-activated C-H bonds under mild conditions. It exhibits comparable activity to P450 monooxygenase but offers the advantage of using H2O2 instead of a complex electron transport chain to reductively activate O2. Here, we demonstrate the successful oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone (KA-oil) using sol-gel encapsulated AaeUPO. Remarkably, cyclohexane serves both as a solvent and a substrate in this system, which simplifies product isolation. The ratio of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanol using this approach is remarkably higher compared to the oxidation using free AaeUPO in aqueous media using acetonitrile as a cosolvent. The utilization of sol-gel encapsulated AaeUPO offers a promising approach for oxyfunctionalization reactions and improves the chances for this enzyme to be incorporated in the same pot with other chemical transformations.

Hydrothermal synthesis and morphological evolution of hexagonal ceria microrod structures

CeriaBTC (CeO2-1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid) microstructures have been synthesized through hydrothermal methods. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) micrographs and X-ray diffraction (XRD) data reveal that the microstructure exhibit hexagonal rod-like structures with average diameters 1.9 ± 0.17 µm and length 5.7 ± 0.19 µm, synthesized at 130 °C for 72 h. Elevating the reaction temperature or duration leads to gradual morphological evolution in micromaterial shape and size (aspect ratio), stabilizing at 3.51. This signifies an ongoing chemical transformation driving morphological alteration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveals the presence of an organic linker in the CeriaBTC microrods. Results from XRD, FE-SEM, FT-IR, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggest a chemical transformation from hexagonal type CeriaBTC to Ceria microrods at higher calcination temperatures of 400 °C for 4 h. The development of hierarchical morphologies, transitioning from hexagonal CeriaBTC rods to Ceria microstructure powder, has been observed to rely on both the orientation of the organic precursor (1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid) and the specific calcination temperature applied.

China's methane emissions derived from the inversion of GOSAT observations with a CMAQ and EnKS-based regional data assimilation system

At present, inversions at higher temporal and spatial resolution tend to be in increasing demand. The resolution and precision of methane (CH4) inversions depend on quality of observations, transport model, and inversion scheme. Currently, most inversion-based estimates of CH4 in China use a global atmospheric transport model to relate emissions to observations, or a Lagrangian model to quantify the receptor-to-source sensitivity. Taking advantage of the ability that regional transport models have in mesoscale simulation, a regional inversion system was developed to infer China's CH4 emissions. The CMAQ (Community Multi-scale Air Quality) model was configured for forward simulation of CH4, including processes of emission, transport, diffusion, and chemical transformation. Furthermore, the Ensemble Kalman Smoother was extended to assimilate satellite observations with joint optimization scheme of concentrations and emissions to reduce the impact of initial uncertainty. We found that the posterior annual estimated emissions (53.30 Tg a−1) in 2020 were closer to the official reported figure (53.57 Tg a−1) than to the prior (63.80 Tg a−1), with a downward correction of 16.45% in prior estimates based on extrapolation of the bottom-up inventory, which likely led to overestimation. Moreover, under current observational coverage, monthly posterior estimates reflected region-dependent responses to local conditions. Generally, the regional assimilation system estimated annual and monthly CH4 emissions well, attributable to reliable CMAQ simulation, joint assimilation scheme, and careful selection of satellite retrievals. In addition, evaluation of the posterior estimates indicates that inversion delivers reasonable improvements, but amelioration of uncertainties in prior information and observations is still needed.

A comprehensive risk assessment of microplastics in soil, water, and atmosphere: Implications for human health and environmental safety

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive across ecosystems, likely posing significant environmental and health risks based on more and more evidence. In this study, we searched through the Web of Science Core Collection and obtained 1039 papers for visualization and analysis. In order to discuss the chemical composition, migration, transformation and potential risk of MPs, 135 sets of relevant data in soil, water, and atmosphere were collected in China as a typical region, which is a hotspot region for investigation of MPs. The results showed that the primary polymer categories of MPs in the environment to be polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene. The soil contains a significant quantity of MPs, averaging at 12,107.42 items·kgdw−1, while water contains averaging at 97,271.18 items m−3. The total pollution load indexes for all three environments are at risk level I. Based on current risk assessment methods, the potential ecological risk of MPs is low. However, based on the polymer components, migration and transformation patterns, and especially the complexes with other pollutants, it indicates an increasing indirect risk. Interactions with some other pollutants are likely amplify the ecological and health risks associated with MPs. Aggregative results showed that the present risk assessment models could not assess the risks of MPs well. Thus, we suggested develop a risk assessment methodology for MPs based on relevant research progress. Some factors such as the size and form of MPs, sources and distribution, bioaccumulation, social acceptance and economic costs could be considered adding in the present risk assessment models. Finally, promotion of development and application of green chemically synthesized bioplastics such as using synthetic biology to help degrade plastics would be an alternative and sustainable option to relieve the adverse environmental and health concerns of MPs.

Impact of biomass burning on air quality: A case study of the agricultural region in South Korea

Various combustion processes occur concurrently during biomass burning events, emitting a complex mixture of particulate and gaseous pollutants into the atmosphere. These emissions undergo chemical transformations facilitated by factors such as solar radiation and cloud formation, thereby altering the composition of aerosols. Additionally, these pollutants can affect the region of origin and neighboring countries, presenting regional and global environmental challenges. Therefore, precise evaluation of the particulate and gaseous pollutants emitted during biomass burning is essential to formulate effective management strategies. This study aimed to assess the concentration and chemical characteristics of particulate matter emitted during biomass burning in South Korea. On June 7, 2021, a research flight was conducted utilizing a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) for airborne measurements over South Korea inland areas. For data analysis based on administrative regions, the flight path was divided into four major areas (Areas A, B, C, and D). During the research flight, evidence of biomass burning events was observed primarily in Area C. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis categorized the organic aerosols (OA) into five factors: biomass burning OA (BBOA), hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA1, HOA2), low-oxidized oxygenated OA (LO-OOA), and more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA). Across all areas, MO-OOA accounted for the highest proportion of aerosols, whereas BBOA dominated in Area C at 23.8%, indicating the significant influence of biomass burning in this region. Instead of running a PMF analysis with all measurement data, a BBOA formula was derived from the previous study and this one. This allows us to estimate BBOA concentration without running PMF.

Molecular characterization of atmospheric organic aerosols in typical megacities in China

Atmospheric aerosols in megacities impact air quality and public health. However, limited information exists on the detailed molecular composition of organic aerosols in urban areas. This study characterized the molecular composition of organic aerosols (OA) in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou, China, during summer and winter of 2021. Liquid chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry detected 4536−5560 and 2067− 3489 organic molecular formulas in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI−) electrospray ionization modes, respectively. CHO and CHON compounds accounted for over 80% and 60% of total abundance in ESI+ and ESI−, respectively, suggesting their significant contribution to urban OA. The number and abundance percentages of CHO showed obvious seasonal variation, with more CHO in summer than in winter, while CHON exhibited the opposite trend in Beijing and Shanghai. Compared with winter, a lower unsaturation degree, reduced aromaticity, and higher oxidation state of OA in summer were observed in Beijing and Shanghai, while these seasonal variations were not as obvious in Guangzhou, likely due to regional climate differences. The number percentage of common compounds between Beijing and Shanghai was higher than that between Guangzhou and Beijing (or Shanghai). Nitroaromatic compounds were more prevalent in winter than in summer. Further analysis of atmospheric formation relevance and precursor-product pairs suggested that CHON compounds are derived from the oxidization or hydrolyzation processes, revealing potential chemical transformations of these aerosols. This study characterized the chemical makeup of organic aerosols, providing insight into their sources and characteristics in these cities.

Novel and reusable magnetic MOF nanocomposite coupled ionic liquid- promoted efficient chemical fixation of CO2 into α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates

Carbon dioxide as a C1 building block to synthesize α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates is an environmental and sustainable approach. In this work, we designed and synthesized a type of multifunctional magnetic MOF nanocomposite catalysts, which could realize the carboxylic cyclization of CO2 and propargylic alcohols into α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates under solvent-free conditions. Among all the prepared nanocomposites, the MnFe2O4@SiO2@Cu-MOF nanocomposite is the best in catalytic activity combined with the tetrabutylphosphonium acetate ([Bu4P]OAc) ionic liquid cocatalyst. The catalytic system MnFe2O4@SiO2@Cu-MOF/[Bu4P]OAc displayed excellent performance in catalyzing the carboxylic cyclization of CO2 and different propargylic alcohols, and a series of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates were obtained in high to excellent yields (88 ∼ 98 %) under mild reaction conditions (0.2 MPa, 35 °C). In addition, the two-component catalytic system had high stability and reusability, and can be easily separated and reused up to six consecutive cycles without considerable decrease in catalytic activity. Moreover, using the ionic liquid [Bu4P]OAc as the cocatalyst, the nanocomposite had good substrate adaptability for the catalytic carboxylic cyclization, which opens interesting prospects for the development of new magnetic MOF nanocomposites as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the chemical transformation of CO2 into value-added chemicals.

Electrochemical Reactivity of Hydrogen Storage Materials: Exploring Borohydride and Hydrazinium Salt Mixtures

Electrochemical characterization of hydrogen storage materials was conducted in a non-aqueous environment to investigate the direct electrochemical release and consumption of hydrogen and the potential for regeneration. We first address the challenge of minimal solubility of the synthetic precursors, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and hydrazinium bromide (N2H5Br), in both organic and inorganic solvents. We next determine and calibrate a reference electrode formulation compatible with our non-aqueous media and analytes that demonstrates a stable reference potential. We employ cyclic voltammetry (CV) to characterize the precursors and mixtures thereof. Each CV peak is assigned to a corresponding electrochemical reaction. Using the rate-dependent CV method and Randles–Ševčík equation, we calculate the diffusion coefficient of each chemical (NaBH4 and N2H5Br). Analysis of the CVs, coupled with 11B NMR analysis, reveals a room temperature chemical transformation of NaBH4 and N2H5Br mixtures into hydrazine borane (N2H4BH3). These results are particularly significant, considering the limited information available on the electrochemical characterization of metal borohydride and hydrazinium salt in non-aqueous media. This work establishes a foundation for adapting a non-aqueous electrochemical system to further study the borohydride family of chemistries and to design and develop electrochemical devices for direct electrical and chemical energy interconversion with hydrogen storage materials.

A comparative study on biodegradation of low density polyethylene bags by a Rhizopus arrhizus SLNEA1 strain in batch and continuous cultures.

Biodegradation poses a challenge for environmentalists and scientific community, offering a potential solution to the plastic waste problem. This study aims to investigate the biological degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags by a fungus in both batch and continuous cultures, with the goal of identifying an eco-friendly and cost-effective waste management strategy. The fungal strain Rhizopus arrhizus SLNEA1, isolated from a landfill located in northeastern Algeria, was tested for its capability to degrade LDPE films and utilize them as a sole carbon source in batch (α-LDPE) and continuous (γ-LDPE) cultures. The results indicated a higher rate of weight loss for γ-LDPE (29.74%) compared to α-LDPE (23.77%). The biodegradation effect was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) to evaluate morphological and chemical changes in LDPE samples, highlighting alterations of LDPE films through cracks, veins and holes under SEM and chemical transformation and appearance of new functional groups in the FTIR data. Rhizopus arrhizus SLNEA1 demonstrated the ability to break down and utilize LDPE films as a carbon source. This isolate shows promise for LDPE biodegradation applications, which may be leveraged for the development of future plastic degradation systems involving fungi.

Screening of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Basidiomycetes Extracts

Background. Basidiomycetes have high biosynthetic capabilities. Their metabolites are capable of exhibiting antimicrobial properties, thereby being promising molecules for use in medicine or for further chemical transformation. The aim of the work. Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of culture liquid of basidiomycetes from the orders Agaricales and Polyporales, selection of active strains for further research. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were 10 strains of 10 basidiomycetes species from the orders Agaricales and Polyporales. Filtrates of culture liquids obtained as a result of submerged cultivation of fungi, their ethyl acetate extracts and post-extraction liquids were tested. The culture liquid of Fomitopsis betulina was also extracted with chloroform and butanol. Antibacterial and antifungal effects were studied by diffusion from wells into agar. Results. All the studied strains of basidiomycetes showed antibacterial activity. The highest activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was observed in strains of 3 species from the order Polyporales: Fomes fomentarius, F. betulina and F. pinicola. Antifungal activity was shown by 6 out of 10 studied cultures of basidiomycetes. The comparative series of extractants compiled by their effectiveness (ethyl acetate > butanol > chloroform) testified to the advantage of using polar solvents to extract antimicrobial metabolites of F. betulina from the its culture liquid. Conclusion. Three promising strains of basidiomycetes — producers of antimicrobial metabolites were selected.Among the studied species, representatives of the order Polyporales showed the greatest activity. Polar solvents extracted antimicrobial metabolites of F. betulina from its culture liquid more efficiently than non-polar chloroform. The obtained results demonstrate the ability of basidiomycetes to produce metabolites with antimicrobial properties. It is noted that species of the order Polyporales are more active than representatives of Agaricales.

Chiral Minerals

Hundreds of minerals are chiral, that is, they appear in nature in two forms—left-handed and right-handed. Yet except for quartz, this key structural property has remained, by and large, in shadow in the world of minerals in research, in museum displays and for collectors. This review is devoted to providing a full picture of chiral minerals in nature. It starts with a general outline of the crystallographic background needed for the characterization of chiral minerals, continues with a detailed description of the many chemical and physical processes leading to their formation and follows with their chemical reactivities and transformations, with their physical properties and with the ways to analyze and identify them. Many tables with listings of various types of chiral minerals are provided. The “missing-glove” situation, in which the recognition that a chiral mineral appears in nature in two distinctly forms is, by and large, missing, is described, and it is hoped that this review will spark interest in this aspect of nature’s crystals.

Impacts of Humic Acid on Growth and Yield of Wheat: A Review

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crucial crop, providing 20% of caloric intake for many populations worldwide. Soil organic matter, an essential component of soil, directly influences soil fertility and texture. Humic substances, derived from biomolecules' physical, chemical, and microbiological transformation, are integral to soil humus. Humic acid has become a standard method for enhancing crop growth, yield, and soil fertility. While the effects of humic acid on wheat have been extensively studied, the optimal type and application method for wheat cultivation remain undetermined. This review investigates sustainable wheat production methods using humic acid to mitigate the negative impacts of chemical fertilizers and climate change factors. Research indicates that humic acid significantly increases wheat plant growth parameters: shoot length (18%), root length (29%), shoot dry weight (76%), root dry weight (100%), and chlorophyll content (96%). Moreover, humic acid substantially improves wheat yield and yield components, including spike length (14.66%), number of spikes per square meter (28.73%), number of spikelets per spike (23.52%), and 1000-grain weight (23.90%). As a sustainable organic substance, humic acid application offers a promising approach to improving wheat production. This method could help meet the food demands of the growing global population, particularly in countries like Afghanistan, where food security is a pressing concern.

PENGARUH METODE FERMENTASI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KANDUNGAN KIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS FARMAKOLOGI PADA BEBERAPA TANAMAN: Artikel Review

Fermentation is a process that involves the chemical transformation or breakdown of complex organic substances or other food components into simpler compounds through the action of natural enzymes and fermenting microorganisms. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the impact of fermentation methods on the enhancement of phytochemical content and pharmacological activity in various plants. Journal searches were conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The results revealed that fermentation methods can increase the chemical content and pharmacological activity of a plant. Microorganisms that are frequently used in the fermentation process, such as Bacillus subtilis and actobacillus brevis, can increase the total phenol content and enhance antioxidant activity. Factors influencing the fermentation process in improving the chemical content and pharmacological activity of a plant include treatment methods, duration of fermentation (incubation), microorganisms used, and the concentration of inoculum used.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Compounds by Enzymatically Catalysed Diels-Alder Reactions

The Diels-Alder (DA) reaction is one of the important chemical transformations to create the C–C bonds with predicted regio- and stereo-selectivity, which lead to the forming of bulk organic molecules. Despite of the significant efforts in this filed, the control of the stereoselectivity of DA reactions remain so difficult. Despite the significant efforts in this field, controlling of stereoselectivity of DA reactions remains so difficult. The design of the enzymatic DA reactions provides scientists with a huge advantage in increasing the selectivity of DA reaction products. This work aims to apply the friendly environmental method includes the application of the current approach in enzymatic DA reactions by formation the new organic compounds through the enzymatic DA reactions between anthracene derivatives as dines and pyrrole derivatives as dienophiles. All DA reactions were curried out in the inert environment using the nitrogen gas. The prepared compounds were caramelized using various techniques including mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared. The results showed that all products of DA reactions containing unnatural dienes with endo-configuration, in addition to obtain 53%–94% isolated yields. Consequently, this study provides an efficient method to control the stereochemistry of DA reactions.

Adsorption of Atomic Hydrogen on Hydrogen Boride Sheets Studied by Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

Hydrogen boride (HB) sheets are emerging as a promising two-dimensional (2D) boron material, with potential applications as unique electrodes, substrates, and hydrogen storage materials. The 2D layered structure of HB was successfully synthesized using an ion-exchange method. The chemical bonding and structure of the HB sheets were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to study the chemical states and transformation of the components before and after atomic hydrogen adsorption, thereby elucidating the atomic hydrogen adsorption process on HB sheets. Our results indicate that, upon atomic hydrogen adsorption onto the HB sheets, the B-H-B bonds were broken and converted into B-H bonds. This research highlights and demonstrates the changes in chemical states and component transformations of the boron element on the HB sheets' surface before and after atomic hydrogen adsorption, thus providing a clearer understanding of the unique bonding and structural characteristics of the HB sheets.

Optimization of transformation conditions of the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> to determine coregulators of the transcription factor NIN in a yeast two-hybrid system

BACKGROUND: The method of protein-protein interaction analysis using the yeast two-hybrid system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells is used to search for protein coregulators. This method is also used for mass screening of libraries of cloned fragments of complementary DNA (cDNA) that are translated in the cell. The key factor in the success of such screening is the level of efficiency of yeast cell transformation, since the resolution of the analysis is based on this. AIM: The aim of this study is to search for optimal parameters for chemical transformation of yeast cells to increase the resolution of cDNA library screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasmids pDEST22 and pDEST32 were used for chemical transformation of the yeast strain S. cerevisiae pJ69-4A. For screening, a cDNA library was used, obtained on the basis of mRNA isolated from the roots of pea Pisum sativum cultivar Finale, inoculated with rhizobia. RESULTS: Factors influencing the efficiency of transformation were identified. Among them are the molecular weight of polyethyleneglycol used for transformation, as well as the number of cell division cycles that the culture undergoes. The effect of the number and size of plasmids used in transformation was also shown. Using the optimized protocol, a cDNA library was successfully screened to find coregulators of the NIN transcription factor. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data obtained, optimal parameters were determined that allow achieving a high level of competence in yeast cells. The use of the described protocol allowed for successful screening of the library to identify coregulators of the NIN transcription factor.

The role of carbon textile surface functionalities in reactive adsorption of vapor and liquid 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide: Evaluating interactions at the interface

A carbon textile (CT) was chemically modified to increase its surface activity and promote the adsorption and degradation of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) - a surrogate for mustard gas. CT was initially subjected to oxidation (CTO), and then heated under ammonia (CTON) or hydrogen sulfide (CTOS) atmosphere to incorporate nitrogen or sulfur functionalities, respectively. Detoxification experiments were performed in closed vials using either vapor or liquid forms of CEES. The maximum vapor weight uptakes on CT, CTO, CTOS, and CTON were 399, 372, 434, and 489 mg/g, respectively. All textiles were able to prevent the vaporization of CEES liquid droplets. Although similar reaction products were detected in both vapor and liquid systems, the marked differences in the extent of CEES chemical transformation on the surfaces of the textiles indicate distinct detoxification pathways influenced by surface chemistry. Even though the heterogeneous surface of CTO, enriched with oxygen surface groups, facilitated various reactions, hydrolysis was the predominant pathway. The thermal treatment, regardless of the atmosphere, reduced the oxygen content, decreasing the extent of hydrolysis. However, incorporating basic surface groups such as pyridines, amines, or weak acids such as thiols promoted dehydrohalogenation as the main detoxification pathway on these samples.

Reusability report: Annotating metabolite mass spectra with domain-inspired chemical formula transformers

Reusability report: Annotating metabolite mass spectra with domain-inspired chemical formula transformers

Pushing at the Boundaries of Pterin Chemistry.

Pterins are molecules of substantial interest as they occur in nature in a number of forms with quite distinct and often indispensable roles. Chemically, the synthesis of the principle pterin scaffold is comparably simple, while the insolubility of the pterin building block renders synthetic derivatization extremely difficult. When aiming at modeling naturally occurring pterins of extended chemical structure, this is a considerable problem. A notable set of strategies was developed in the course of the present study, which are able to overcome the lack of reactivity of the pterin backbone. These include a strategic choice regarding protection groups, uncommon chemical transformation, ball milling and combinations thereof. Some novel pterins with quite distinct substitution motifs were successfully synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses as well as single-crystal structural analyses for three of them.

THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE) FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

The study demonstrates the significant effects of electron beam irradiation on the tribological and mechanical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Electron beam irradiation, a method using highvelocity electrons to modify material properties, was applied to PTFE to potentially enhance its wear resistance and mechanical hardness, which are critical for applications under increased wear conditions. In the experiments, PTFE samples were irradiated at varying doses, and their wear resistance, microhardness, and surface roughness were evaluated post-irradiation. Tribological test results showed a notable improvement in wear resistance and microhardness with increasing radiation doses. Specifically, irradiated samples exhibited reduced wear volume and enhanced surface characteristics compared to the unirradiated sample. The irradiated sample (PTFE-2) showed the highest resistance to abrasive wear and a significant increase in surface hardness, indicating that electron beam irradiation effectively strengthens the material by inducing cross-linking and other structural modifications within the polymer matrix. Additionally, the study highlighted changes in surface roughness: irradiated samples exhibited altered roughness parameters that contributed to improved wear resistance. These changes can be explained by the physical and chemical transformations induced by electron beam exposure, which modify the surface and subsurface regions of the polymer. This study confirms that electron beam irradiation is an effective method for enhancing the mechanical and tribological properties of PTFE, making it more suitable for advanced engineering applications where high durability and resistance to extreme conditions are required. The findings open new avenues for the use of PTFE in sectors requiring high performance, extending its application beyond traditional fields.