Chemical Properties Of Substrates Research Articles

Dissecting the effect of substrate on polyamide reverse osmosis membranes via regulating substrate pore size by drying shrinkage

Several studies have proved that the substrate significantly influences the chemical properties of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we adjusted the substrate pore size from 8.6 nm to 4.4 nm by drying shrinkage, ensuring the substrate's chemical properties remained consistent. Interestingly, we observed that an intermediate pore size (7.4 nm) of the substrate resulted in the highest exotherm, with the interfacial temperature rising to 26.8 °C, thus showing that larger pore sizes do not necessarily result in more pronounced exothermic interfacial polymerization (IP) reactions. Through multiscale simulations and various characterization techniques, we found that the IP reaction is governed by two competing effects: (1) the storage capacity of MPD, which provides the reactive monomers; and (2) the water content, which absorbs the heat in the IP reaction. Balancing these two competing factors contributes to enhancing the diffusion of MPD, thereby promoting the progression of the IP reaction. This work revealed a new mechanism through which the substrate affects RO membrane formation.

High-carbon wood ash biochar enhances native tree survival and growth on sand-capped mine tailings.

Use of waste wood biomass for bioenergy produces wood ash as a by-product; this ash is typically landfilled, but can potentially play an important role in soil improvement and forest restoration. In particular, high-carbon wood ash biochar (HCWAB) could supply nutrients, improve substrate water-holding capacity and pH, and emulate the ecosystem benefits of wildfire residues. Thickened tailings sites at metal mines across Canada are subject to stringent restoration regulations that entail planting of native trees to promote rapid reforestation. While HCWAB may prove beneficial in this context, field trials have been very limited to date. We conducted a large-scale, replicated field trial on sand-capped tailings at an operational gold mine in the Canadian boreal forest to assess the impact of HCWAB (at dosages of 0, 6.4, 12.8, and 19.1 t/ha) on survival and growth of four native tree species, as well as substrate chemical properties and element uptake in tree tissues. After 2years, the survival of planted, native trees was highest at low to moderate application rates; HCWAB dosages above 13 t/ha presented reduced tree survival to levels comparable to unamended substrates. Tree growth was higher across all HCWAB doses relative to growth in samples planted on untreated substrates; tree species and initial size also had large impacts on final tree survival and aboveground growth. The survival of Betula papyrifera was significantly higher than other species, while smaller transplanted trees in general survived in greater numbers compared to larger size classes. Volunteer herbaceous vegetation significantly increased at the higher HCWAB application dosages and tree performance was negatively correlated with vegetation cover, consistent with a resource competition effect. HCWAB additions to sand-capped mine tailings did not significantly alter tree tissue concentrations or substrate availability of potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Al). We conclude that low to moderate dosages of HCWAB on sand-capped tailings, particularly between 6.4 and 12.8 t/ha, may offer benefits to early tree survival, growth, and substrate nutrient status without causing significant risks of phytotoxicity and recommend future field trials focus on strategies to reduce tree competition with competing vegetation.

Effect of vermicompost on rhizobiome and the growth of wheat on Martian regolith simulant

As humanity embarks on the journey to establish permanent colonies on Mars, ensuring a reliable source of sustenance will be crucial. Therefore, detailed studies regarding crop cultivation using Martian simulants are of great importance. This study aimed to grow wheat on substrates based on soil and Martian simulants, with the addition of vermicompost, to investigate the differences in wheat development. Basic physical and chemical properties of substrates were examined, including determination of macro- and microelements as well as their microbiological properties. Plant growth parameters were also determined. The addition of vermicompost positively affected wheat grown on soil, but the effect on plants grown on substrate with Martian simulants was negligible. Comparing the microbiological and chemical components, it was observed that plants can defend themselves against the negative effects of growth on the Martian simulants, but their success depends on having the PGPR (Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) present, which can provide the plant with additional nitrogen. The presence of beneficial symbiotic microbiota will allow the wheat to wait out the negative growth time rather than adapt to the regolith environment.

ОЦЕНКА ВОДНО-ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ СУБСТРАТОВ ПРИ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИИ ОТВАЛОВ КМА

The negative impact of man on the environment is noticeably manifested when mining in an open way, in which the prevailing natural landscape is completely disrupted. The object of the study was the Starooskolsk-Gubkinsky iron ore region of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. For the mining technical stage of reclamation of disturbed territories with unsatisfactory growing conditions, common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was chosen for research. In the results of studies of post-technogenic areas, elements of mineral nutrition, water, physical and chemical properties of substrates were determined. According to these data, the particle size distribution of such dumps contains from 6 to 43% of silt particles (less than 0.001 mm). Water-soluble salts in the substrates contain a small amount, and the dry residue ranges from 0.12-0.6%. The amount of organic matter is small and reaches only 0.13-0.66%, and mobile phosphorus 1.8-2.0 and exchangeable potassium up to 16 mg / 100 g. These substrates have a high connectivity, showing degree of bonding between individual particles. According to the analysis of the data, the substrates at this object of study are characterized by water-physical properties that make it difficult for tree species to grow

The Pour-Through Procedure for Monitoring Container Substrate Chemical Properties: A Review

The pour-through procedure is a nondestructive method commonly used by horticultural crop producers and research scientists to measure chemical properties and nutrient availability in container substrates. It is a method that uses water as a displacement solution to push the substrate solution out of the bottom of the container so it can be analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient concentrations. The method was first introduced in the early 1980s. Since then, research has been conducted to determine factors that affect the results of the pour-through including volume, nature and timing of application of the displacement solution, container size, and substrate stratification. It has also been validated against other common methods for determining container substrate pH, EC, and nutrient concentration, most notably the saturated media extraction procedure. Over the past 40 years, the method has been proven to be simple, robust, and consistent in providing crop producers and researchers valuable information on substrate chemical properties from which management decisions and experimental inferences can be made.

Relationship between substrate type and BDD electrode structure, performance and antibiotic tetracycline mineralization

To comprehensively understand the relationship between substrate type and boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode structure, performance and antibiotic tetracycline mineralization, this work made a systematic evaluation of BDD electrodes prepared by the same process but based on different substrates, namely Si/BDD, Ta/BDD, Nb/BDD and Ti/BDD, in terms of microstructure, electrochemical properties, antibiotic tetracycline mineralization and accelerated service life. The results show that the physical and chemical properties of substrates have significant impacts on BDD film growth and microstructure. The substrate and film surface characteristics determined the physicochemical properties of BDD electrode. The growth rate of BDD film follows the sequence order as Si > Ta > Nb ≫ Ti. Ti/BDD electrode shows the higher oxygen evolution potential, lower background current, smaller electron transfer resistance, lower surface activity and shorter service life. Tetracycline can be completely removed by direct electron transfer or free radical mediated oxidization. On Ti/BDD electrode tetracycline removal and current efficiency are the second only to Si/BDD and the lowest electricity consumption can be obtained. Nb/BDD electrode shows slightly better performance than Ta/BDD electrode. Furthermore, the anode failure mode of Ti/BDD electrode was revealed.

A novel fast-vegetative propagation technique of the pioneer shrub Baccharis linearis on mine tailings by adding compost

Interest in Baccharis linearis has increased as an alternative for assisted phytostabilization due to its spontaneous colonization of tailings dumps. The search for a novel fast-vegetative propagation technique to accelerate its coverage on mine tailings is a promising research area for sustainable mine closure plans. In this study, we determined the optimal proportion of compost and tailings as growing media to promote fast B. linearis propagation through a compound layering technique. The assessed growing substrates were: 100% tailings, 70% tailings + 30% compost, and 50% tailings + 50% compost. After 84 days of growth, the change in number and height of layering branches, root and shoot dry mass, percentage of ground coverage, and substrate chemical properties were assessed. The main results showed that compound layering of B. linearis is possible with compost addition. The growth of new roots and layering branches was significantly improved by either 30% or 50% compost addition into tailings, due to chemical improvements of substrate (higher nutrients and pH and decreased copper bioavailability). The study confirms that the compound layering of B. linearis may be an effective and novel technique for speeding the reclamation of post-operative mine tailings, which is improved by the incorporation of compost.

Automated ebb-and-flow subirrigation conserves water and enhances citrus liner growth compared to capillary mat and overhead irrigation methods

Most citrus nurseries in Florida, USA use overhead irrigation, but subirrigation methods, including ebb-and-flow and capillary mats, have been shown to conserve water and accelerate plant growth relative to overhead irrigation for other nursery species and may be a viable alternative to overhead irrigation in citrus liner production. The objectives of this study were to (1) automate an ebb-and-flow system for citrus liner production using capacitance sensors, and (2) evaluate how subirrigation and overhead irrigation methods affect water use, plant growth parameters, and substrate chemical properties. A study was conducted from 22 May to 23 September 2018 in which liners of six commercially important rootstock cultivars in cone-shaped containers were subjected to one of the following irrigation methods: ebb-and-flow triggered at substrate volumetric water contents (θ) of 0.24, 0.36, or 0.48 m3 m−3, capillary mats, and overhead irrigation. Capacitance sensors successfully monitored irrigation throughout the study. Ebb-and-flow benches used substantially less water (~411 L) than either capillary mats (13,098 L) or overhead irrigation (3193 L). By the end of the study, rootstock cultivars propagated using subirrigation methods were approximately 22% taller with 7% more total biomass than plants subjected to overhead irrigation. Additionally, plant growth at the 0.24 m3 m−3 threshold used to trigger ebb-and-flow was as great or greater than growth at 0.36 and 0.48 m3 m−3 thresholds. During the final five weeks of the study, substrate electrical conductivity was higher using subirrigation methods (0.84–1.3 ds m−1) than under overhead irrigation (0.55–0.8 ds m−1), but there were no symptoms of salt stress observed in plants at any time. Results from this study show that ebb-and-flow is a viable alternative to overhead irrigation and is superior to capillary mats for water conservation. In automated ebb-and-flow systems in Florida, we recommend using the 0.24 m3 m−3 threshold to produce the citrus rootstock cultivars used in this study with peat: perlite substrate.

De-inked paper sludge and mature compost as high-value components of soilless substrate to support tree growth

Abstract The recycled paper industry produces tons of waste whose disposal is a cost for industry and the environment. This research examines the suitability of de-inked paper sludge (DPS), after pelletization, as a sustainable alternative component to a peat-based growing media, creating ideal root conditions for tree development (e.g. high water storage, low compaction). DPS, tested on Lepidium sativum L. germination, did not show toxicity effects. Three species, Quercus ilex L., Lagerstroemia indica L. and Prunus serrulata “Kanzan”, were planted in 40 cm O pots filled with a control (peat, pumice and zeolite) and the experimental substrate (compost, DPS pellets, pumice and zeolite). After two years in the nursery, the trees were planted in situ. The physical and chemical properties of substrates were analyzed. Plant morphological and physiological parameters were monitored: trunk diameter, leaf dry matter, leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll, and photosynthetic efficiency. The new substrate showed higher Corg (+135%), total N (+73%) and easily available water (+19%), compared to the control substrate used in the nursery. In this new substrate, the trees showed similar radial growth values to the control in the nursery and after transplanting in situ improved their photosynthetic performance in terms of quantum yield of photosystem II (+36%, and +29% in P. serrulata and L. indica, respectively) and electron transport rate (+39%, +25%, and +32% in P. serrulata, Q. ilex and L. indica, respectively). Pelletization represents an attractive amendment for growing media, which enhances the plant’s physiological health status. This study proposes alternative recovery methods for paper industry waste with low environmental impact. As the process is developed locally, it should also contribute to reducing energy-related CO2 emissions from transport. Pelletization represents an attractive novelty in the use of DPS as amendment for growing media, which enhances the plant’s physiological health status. This study proposes alternative recovery methods for paper industry waste with low environmental impact. As the process is developed locally, it should also contribute to reducing energy-related CO2 emissions from transport.

Subirrigation of Container-Grown Tomato II: Physical and Chemical Properties of the Growing Medium

Subirrigation of containerized vegetable crops is a promising strategy to increase water and nutrient use efficiency, however, the longer growing seasons for cultivation of vegetable species may cause marked changes in the physical and chemical substrate properties. This study determined the effects of the irrigation system, subirrigation vs. drip-irrigation, and the concentration of the nutrient solution on the substrate physical and chemical properties in containerized tomato plants. Plants were irrigated with solutions at concentrations of −0.072, −0.058 and −0.043 MPa. Root dry weight of subirrigated plants was decreased by 35% in the substrate top layer when the highest concentration was used. Substrate electrical conductivity increased while pH was acidified as solution concentration increased and from the bottom to the top substrate layers in subirrigated plants. Salts buildup was associated with increased concentration of oxalic and tartaric acids and pH acidification. The improved substrate physical and chemical properties in subirrigated plants were associated with higher fruit yield (11.0 kg per plant) provided nutrient solution concentration was reduced to −0.043 MPa; in contrast, the highest yield in drip-irrigated plants (10.1 kg per plant) was obtained when the solution concentration was −0.072 MPa. In conclusion, subirrigation with reuse of the nutrient solution is a promising strategy to reduce water waste through runoff and leaching as water use efficiency increases due to greater water retention properties in the substrate, the maintenance of an EC within a range the plants can tolerate, and a lower acidification of substrate pH.

The feasibility of growing highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.) on loamy calcic soil with the use of organic substrates

The substrate and especially its reaction is the most important aspect affecting the success of highbush blueberry cultivation. The limited availability of suitable soils forces producers to look for alternative cultivation methods.The substrates can be used in a variety of growing systems, including forming substrates in the mound form or filling with them trenches. Both systems require different outlays to set up a plantation. They also create different conditions for plant growth.The experiment evaluated the yield, chemical composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) of highbush blueberry leaves and fruits and changes in chemical composition of soil and substrate during cultivation (pH, general and available mineral nutrients). The research materials were collected at a research station of the West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin in Poland in 2014-2016. Two-year-old bushes of the 'Brigitta Blue' were planted in 2012. In the field experiment, sawdust, peat and cocoa husk were used in the cultivation in the flat (trenches with a depth of 35 cm and a width of 100 cm) and mound systems (with 35 cm in height and 100 cm in width). The blueberries used for growing sawdust, peat and cocoa husk substrates had a different chemical composition. The most suitable conditions for the growth of blueberries were provided by sawdust and peat substrates and the worst of cocoa husk. The cocoa husk substrate had a high pH and was resistant to changes in reaction (start 6.58; end 6.32–6.61 in KCl). It was also characterized by excessive abundance in macroelements. The growth of bushes was the weakest and yielding at a low level (0.39–0.53 kg per bush). The substrate of sawdust was more prone to lowering the pH (6.12; end 4.15–4.53 in KCl). Peat pH was stable during the experiment. Better grew and yielded bushes resulted when planted in peat in the flat system, or in sawdust in the mound system. The mound cultivation system had a more favorable effect on the substrate's chemical properties than the flat soil system. In general, in the flat cultivation system, the plants took better off the macro and micronutrients from the tested substrates. Due to the lower workload, it is recommended to prepare the plantations for growing highbush blueberries in the mound system. The mound cultivation system shaped the chemical properties of substrates more advantageously than the flat system. Sawdust and peat affected the soil negatively - mainly for lowering pH and mineral composition. Larger changes were found in the mounds cultivation system.

THE PRODUCTION OF TOMATO AND STRAWBERRY IN ECOLOGY URBAN AGRICULTURE

The urban agriculture took more attention during the last two decades not just on global scale but also on local scale for many reasons such as food security and safety, climate change impacts and environmental concerns. The study was carried out on the roof of the Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate (CLAC), Agriculture Research Centre, Egypt, during successive two summer seasons for tomato and two winter seasons for strawberry of (2014 - 2015). The study aimed to investigate the effect of different vermicompost rates mixed with standard substrate perlite (perlite: vermicompost (90 :10) (Mix.10%), perlite: vermicompost (80 :20) (Mix.20%), perlite: vermicompost (70 :30) (Mix.30%) and perlite (100V) (Control)) and nutrient solutions sources (chemical solution , vermi- liquid and chemical and vermi- liquid at constant EC for each crop under the study) on the yield and quality of tomato and strawberry under urban agriculture conditions. Physical and chemical properties of substrates, vegetative growth, quality characteristics, yield and N, P and K of plant contents and heavy metals contents of fruits in both strawberry and tomato were determined. The obtained results showed that the vegetative and yield characteristics, chemical quality properties, N, P and K leaves contents and heavy metals contents of tomato and strawberry fruits were affected strongly by vermicompost rate mixed with substrate. The highest vegetative growth and yield characteristics and N, P and K contents of tomato and strawberry were given by chemical followed by vermi-chemical nutrient solution combined with Mix.30% followed by Mix.20%. Vermicompost either its application or increasing rate had a positive impact on reducing the heavy metals contents of tomato and strawberry fruits. The use of vermi-liquid as a nutrient solution and vermicompost as a substrate amendment had a positive impact not just on tomato and strawberry production (food security) via urban agriculture but also on environmental issue and climate change adaptation.

Reaction of macromycetes fungi on anthropogenic disturbances

The paper deals with the influence of the anthropogenic press on different levels of macromycetes fungi biota organization: the Bank of spores and propagules of fungi, individual fungal organisms and their communities. It is assumed that anthropogenic disturbances of the environment decrease some fungi spores viability and change the ratio of different species spores. Environment disturbances affect fungi directly and indirectly, but indirect effects are more significant, since the destruction of fruit bodies does not affect the state of the mycelium. Indirect effects include violation of physical and chemical properties of substrates (soil, wood), increase of their toxicity, and changes in vegetation cover, causing changes in qualitative and quantitative characteristics of detritus and plants that can form mycorrhizae. The mechanisms of reducing the diversity and functioning of mycobiota in the conditions of technogenic pollution are discussed. Communities of fungi respond to anthropogenic disturbances by changing the structure, especially functional, which increase absolute and relative number of phytopathogenic fungi in communities. It is concluded that the current trend of regional mycobiota development is aimed at preserving the natural state and currently there are no clear signs of its degradation.

Fabrication of bio-inspired nitinol alloy surface with tunable anisotropic wetting and high adhesive ability

In this paper, micro/nano-scale structures were fabricated on nitinol alloy (NiTi) to realize tunable anisotropic wetting and high adhesive capability. Laser texturing and silanization process are utilized to change the morphological and chemical properties of substrates. It is noted that these treated substrates exhibit the joint characteristics of anisotropic wetting and high adhesive capability. In order to investigate the influences of laser-texturing and silanization processes on NiTi, these surfaces were evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), a white light confocal microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and goniometer. The relationship between water volume and anisotropic wetting was also established. From the experimental testing, we can obtain the following conclusions: (1) the anisotropic wetting characterized by the difference between the water contact angles (WCAs) in the vertical and parallel directions ranges from 0° to 20.3°, which is far more than the value of natural rice leaves. (2) the water sliding angles (WSAs) kept stable at 180°, successfully mimicking the adhesive ability of rose petals. (3) the silanization process could strengthen the hydrophobicity but weaken anisotropic wetting. These bio-inspired NiTi surfaces have a tremendous potential applications such as microfluidic devices, bio-mimetic materials fabrication and lab on chip.

Exploring the effects of earthworms on bacterial profiles during vermicomposting process of sewage sludge and cattle dung with high-throughput sequencing.

This study aims to reveal the effects of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on bacterial profiles during the vermicomposting process of sewage sludge and cattle dung with the high-throughput sequencing technology. The earthworms could accelerate organic degradation and improve the stabilization process. Moreover, the addition of earthworms not only affected the bacterial numbers, but also increased the bacterial community diversity. The activity of earthworms had significant effects on the bacterial community structure as the bacterial community was clearly different between the vermicomposting and the control treatment. Furthermore, the earthworms affected the physical and chemical properties of substrates, thus promoting the growth of some microorganisms, such as Flavobacteria, Acidbacteria, and Planctomycetes. Earthworms largely inhibited the growth of various human pathogenic bacteria. In summary, earthworms significantly affected the bacterial community in vermicomposting and it could be applied as an authentically effective technique for the stabilization of organic wastes.

Organic compost addition to raw rice husk substrate for tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) hybrid variety cultivation in a leach recirculating system

La adición de compost orgánico (CO) a la cáscara de arroz cruda (CAC) podría traer beneficios productivos al cultivo del tomate, al conferirle mayor poder buffer y capacidad de retención de agua al sustrato en sistemas con recirculación del lixiviado. Asimismo, es necesaria la elección de variedades que respondan positivamente a la tecnología propuesta. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar los efectos de la adición del CO a la CAC sobre las características físicas y químicas del sustrato [a través de la comparación entre la CAIN (100%) y la mezcla de CAC (80%) + CO (20%)] sobre el crecimiento y el comportamiento productivo de cuatro híbridos de tomate salado [Ivety, Sofhia-F3, Sheila Victoria y Lumi (Sakata® Seed)]. Se evaluaron las características químicas y físicas de los sustratos, la producción (tamaño, número, peso y rendimiento de frutos a lo largo de la cosecha), partición de la materia seca y la concentración de sólidos solubles totales (SST). La adición de CO mejoró las características físicas y químicas del sustrato, pero no afectó las principales variables del crecimiento y de la producción de la hortaliza. Las cuatro variedades presentaron similar crecimiento y rendimiento de frutos pero Sheila Victoria presentó la mayor concentración de SST. El rendimiento obtenido se considera alto, con rangos que van desde 6,3 kg/planta para las variedades Sophya-F3 y Sheila Victoria, 6,5 kg/planta para la variedad Lumi, y 7,6 kg/planta obtenido con la variedad Ivety. Los resultados indican que es innecesaria la adición de CO a la CAC y que las cuatro variedades se adaptan de forma similar al sistema propuesto.

HOW TO SUSTAINE ECOLOGICAL FOOD PRODUCTION UNDER URBAN CONDITIONS

Sustainable horticulture production, recycling organic wastes, mitigate climate change impacts and greenhouse gas emission and save natural resources under urban and rural areas are a serious issues need to create new strategies. Rooftop garden and vermicomposting technologies performed an integrated strategy to share in achieving resilience city. The study was conducted out during two successive winter seasons (2015 and 2016) under urban conditions at Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Giza, Egypt. The study investigated the use and the effect of vermicompost as an amendable substrate in different proportions (10 and 20% V/V) with sand: peat moss (1:1 V/V) and sand combined with two nutrient solution sources (chemical nutrient solution and vermi-liquid) with two EC levels (1 and 1.5 dS m-1) on lettuce yield under urban condition. Iceberg lettuce type cv. Robinson F1 hybrid was cultivated in split split plot design with three replicates. The study aimed to alternate or minimize the use of peat moss by vermicompost and chemical fertilizers by organic source via vermi-liquid to provide more sustainable production and mitigate climate change impacts via converting urban organic wastes through vermicomposting technology into vermicompost and vermi-liquid. Results revealed that using vermicompost as a substrate amendment combined with different substrates had a significant effect on lettuce yield through enhancing the physical and chemical properties of substrate and support plant nutrition. The use of chemical nutrient solution + EC level 1.5 dS m-1 + substrate sand: peat moss: vermicompost ((40: 40: 20% V/V) for producing the highest yield of lettuce under the investigation conditions. While for environmentally and safety, vermi-liquid + Ec level 1.5 dSm-1 + substrate sand: peat moss: vermicompost (40: 40: 20% V/V) was recommended. The study supported the micro and small scale urban farm to match the food security and safety needs via using vermicomposting outputs and simple substrate culture in top roof garden technique. Recycling urban organic wastes and mitigating greenhouse gases (GHG's) emission as well as sustainable food production need more efficient efforts and real contribution. Ecology food could be sustained under urban condition.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT VERMICOMPOST RATES AND POT VOLUME ON PRODUCING CELERY AND RED CABBAGE UNDER URBAN HORTICULTURE CONDITIONS

Urban horticulture has become one of the most important constitute actions to address poverty and fight against hunger, especially in the mega cities like Cairo, which suffering from limited availability of agricultural land as well as used in mitigating greenhouse gases (GHG's) and climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. The use of green roof technique via soilless culture systems and vermicomposting improve the efficiency of urban horticulture under the expected climate change conditions. The study was carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 under green roof system condition at the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt. The study aimed to optimize the use of local substrates (sand and rice husk) and provide vermicomposting technique for recycling the urban organic wastes through investigate different vermicompost rates (10, 20 and 30%) as a substrate amendment mixed with sand: rice husk (1:1 V/V) compared to peat moss : perlite (1:1 V/V) (control) combined with three different volume of pots (4, 6, and 8 L) on vegetative growth, yield and quality of celery and red cabbage. Physical and chemical properties of substrates, vegetative growth, yield characteristics and N, P and K contents of celery and red cabbage were determined. The physical and chemical properties of different substrate mixtures were affected by vermicompost implement rate. The obtained results indicated that increasing pot volume from 4 to 8 L of substrate led to increase the vegetative and yield of celery and red cabbage in reverse to the economic efficiency. The medium pot volume of substrate gave the highest economic yield of celery and red cabbage compared to the other volumes. Increasing the rate of vermicompost from 10 to 20% led to increase the vegetative and yield characteristics of celery and red cabbage while increasing up to 30% had a negative impact. Increasing the vermicompost rate from 10 to 30% led to increase the N, P and K contents of celery and red cabbage compared to the control treatment while increasing the pot volume from 4 to 8 L/plant decreased N, P and K contents of celery and red cabbage. The best vegetative growth and yield of celery were given by using sand + rice husk + vermicompost (40: 40: 20 V/V) in pot volume 8 L for producing more healthy, economically and environmentally food. The economic results had a different view point, pot volume 4 L/plant combined with vermicompost rate 10% followed in ascending order by 20% and pot volume 8 L/ plant combined with vermicompost rate 10% followed by 20% for celery and red cabbage, respectively. While the lowest economic use was given by 8 L/plant combined with peat + perlite substrate (control) in both of celery and red cabbage.

Application of Peanut Shells Composts in Replacement with Peat on Growth Indices and Physical and Chemical Properties of Violet Growth Media (<i>Viola</i> spp) in Outdoor

Peanut Shells as the waste left from peanut planting, which considerable amount of compost can be used as available resources to replace with peat in cultivation of Ornamental plant growth media. So, in this experiment, five treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications were conducted in outdoor in Lahijan ornamental plants Research Station. Treatments were included: 2 peat + 1 perlite + 0 Shells Peanut composts (control), 1.5 Peat + 1 perlite + 0.5 Shells peanut compost, 1 Peat + 1 perlite + 1 Shells Peanut composts, 0.5 Peat + 1 perlite + 1.5 peanut shells compost, 0 peat + 1 perlite + 2 peanut shells compost. In this experiment growth index of violets are included, number of flower, plant height, fresh and dry weight of canopy, root length, root fresh and dry weight, and physical and chemical properties of substrates were measured. The results showed that replacement of Shells Peanut compost has a significant effect on, number of flowers, plant height, Dry weight of canopy, root fresh and dry weight in comparison to control. Increasing levels of Peanut Shells compost caused to reduce in bulk density and an increase in total porosity, Water capacity and air fill porosity.

不同植物群落下铜尾矿废弃地生物结皮中真菌群落结构的比较

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同植物群落下铜尾矿废弃地生物结皮中真菌群落结构的比较 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201507181512 作者: 作者单位: 安徽大学资源与环境工程学院,安徽大学资源与环境工程学院,安徽大学资源与环境工程学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（41171418） Comparing the fungal community structure in biological soil crusts obtained under different plant communities in a copper mine tailings Author: Affiliation: School of Resources and Environmental Engineering,Anhui University,School of Resources and Environmental Engineering,Anhui University,School of Resources and Environmental Engineering,Anhui University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:分布于铜尾矿废弃地的裸地表面及维管植物群落中的生物土壤结皮在尾矿废弃地生态恢复过程中扮演重要角色。利用分子生物学技术探讨了不同维管植物下以及不同演替阶段的生物土壤结皮中真菌的多样性及其群落结构的变化。结果表明：生物土壤结皮中的真菌主要包括子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）和壶菌门（Chytridiomycota），其中子囊菌门占绝对优势，其相对丰度为55.12%-87.73%，其次为担子菌门相对丰度为12.27%-43.86%；不同样本真菌群落结构在门、纲、目以及属的水平存在显著差异；生物土壤结皮中真菌群落结构和多样性的差异与维管植物群落类型以及演替阶段不同的生物土壤结皮的类型有关，与基质化学性质之间无显著的相关性。 Abstract:Biological soil crusts (BSCs) found on the surface of bare wasteland and beneath the tracheophyte communities in mine tailing ponds, play an important role in the processes that are involved in natural ecological restoration of copper mine tailings. Fungi are an important part of BSCs, and they adhere to the surface soil and other components stably through their fungal hypha. It is important to enhance the resilience of mine tailings against wind erosion, as well as improve their moisture holding capacity that can be beneficial for the plant colonization on loose mine tailings' surfaces. However, the structure and diversity of microbial communities (especially fungal communities) of BSCs on the surface of mine tailings are poorly investigated. In this study, the changes in the fungal diversity and community structure of BSC samples at different successional stages, as well as tracheophyte species, were investigated using molecular biotechnologies. Moss-algal crusts beneath the Hippochaete ramosissimum (YM) had the lowest diversity index (including Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and Pielou index), among other significant differences of diversity and evenness that were observed in the fungal communities from the BSC samples and tracheophyte species. In addition, significant differences in basic soil chemical properties, such as loss-on-ignition, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus, were also found among the BSC samples. This indicates that the fungi in the BSC samples included the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota. The phylum Ascomycota was dominant in these samples, and displayed a higher relative abundance 55.12%-87.73%, followed by the phylum Basidiomycota with a relative abundance of 12.27%-43.86%. Significant differences in fungal community structure were found at the phylum, order, class, and genus level. In addition, a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis also showed that the fungal community structure is significantly influenced by tracheophyte species and the successional stage. However, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) indicated that this variation was not mainly caused by the substrate chemical properties of the mine tailings. In addition, Pearson correlations showed no significant correlation between fungal community structure and soil chemical properties. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献