Chemical Profile Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Influence of geography, seasons and pedology on chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from Lippia multiflora Mold leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLippia multiflora is a plant with nutritional and pharmaco-therapeutic properties that is native to central and occidental Africa. The potential effects of plants on health are associated with their chemical composition. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify chemical variations in essential oils of Lippia multiflora as a function of geographic origin and time of annual harvest to determine optimal chemical profiles for ethno-pharmacotherapeutic applications. Materials and methodsExperimental plants were cultivated at Abidjan (LPA), Toumodi (LPT) and Bondoukou (LPB). Natural Lippia multiflora seeds were sourced to produce standardized plants over a period of six months. Standard plants (n=40) were re-introduced into natural plots, cultivated for 12 months and leaves were sampled monthly in a standardized fashion. Essentials oils (n=36) were then extracted from these samples by hydro-distillation according to the European Pharmacopoeia and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. These data were then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Anti-inflammatory properties were also assessed against activated macrophages in vitro. ResultsThe results indicated that chemical profiles and essential oil yields vary according to the location where the plants were cultivated. One essential oil chemotype corresponded to the LPA and LPT sites and one corresponded to the LPB site. Statistical analysis of the chemical profiles and monthly evolution of the three sites over a period of one year allowed assessment of variations in composition and the subsequent choice of the optimal harvest time for ethnopharmacological applications. Anti-inflammatory activity apparently correlated with chemical profiles of essential oils and the geographic origins of the plants. ConclusionThe optimal harvest time was associated with the maximum yield of pharmacological compounds with the most potential interest for health.

English

Periodontal disease has multifactorial etiology. The immune response to the microbial challenge leads to osteoclast activation and resorption of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss. Compounds isolated from Ocimum americanum and Ocimum basilicum were analyzed for apoptotic activity towards osteoclast in this study. Steam distillation was used for the extraction of essential oils (EOs) from dry leaves and flowers. The assessment of apoptosis in osteoclasts was carried out through the TUNEL assay and immunocytochemistry for the Fas receptor. The chemical profile of EOs, characterized through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, revealed methyl cinnamate (O. americanum), linalool, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole (O. basilicum) as major components. The results showed that essential oils were not able to induce apoptosis in osteoclast; however, linalool (50 to 300 μg.ml-1) induced 75% of apoptotic osteoclasts at non-toxic concentrations and the apoptotic activity was confirmed by the increasing levels of Fas receptor on osteoclasts treated with this compound. This study suggests that linalool could be used to control osteoclast activity. Key words: Essential oil, linalool, Ocimum, osteoclast, periodontal disease.

Chemical Profile of Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Drug Resistance-modifying Activity by Gaseous Contact Method

Chemical Profile of Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Drug Resistance-modifying Activity by Gaseous Contact Method

Metabolic and biological prospecting of Aphyllocladus spartioides

Aphyllocladus spartioides known as “tojra tola” is a native shrub distributed in southern Bolivia and the northwest of Argentina, being used medicinally by indigenous people for the treatment of digestive infections and to treat rheumatic diseases. In order to improve the knowledge on its metabolite profile and biological properties, two different leaf extracts (hydroethanolic and decoction) were studied. 18 phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC-DAD. The phenolic content of the hydroethanolic extract was higher, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside being the main constituent. 8 Organic acids were identified by HPLC-UV, malic acid was the compound present in the highest amount in both extracts. The chemical profile of essential oil of A. spartioides leaves was also characterized by HS-SPME/GC-FID, and 67 volatiles were identified. δ-Cadinene was the most abundant constituent. The inhibitory effects against cholinesterases, the antioxidant potential (DPPH·, O 2 ·- and ·NO) and the antibacterial activity were checked by in vitro assays. Decoction was the most active against the first two radicals (IC 50= 79 and 28 µg/mL, respectively). Thet hydroethanolic extract proved to be the most active on nitric oxide (IC 50= 206 µg/mL), acetylcholinesterase (IC 50= 926 µg/mL), butyrylcholinesterase (IC 50= 917 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC 50= 181 µg/mL). Additionally, antibacterial activity was also investigated here against a set of pathogenic bacteria. The bioactivities observed may be due, at least partially, to the presence of organic and phenolic acids, flavonoids and volatiles determined in this work. Furthermore, A. spartioides can be used in food industry as food additive, or can be applied in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries providing protections against several diseases.

Effects of mycorrhiza on growth and essential oil production in selected aromatic plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is widely investigated in aromatic herbs. Several studies have shown different effects on secondary metabolites, biomass production, as well as oil quantitative and qualitative aspects. The seeking to increase the yield of plants and their oils is an interesting topic in the world of medicinal and aromatic plant production. In tune with that, this study evaluated the effectiveness of two mycorrhiza fungi, Funneliformis mosseae (syn. Glomus mosseae) and Septoglomus viscosum (syn. Glomus viscosum), on three species from Lamiaceae family: Salvia officinalis L., Origanum vulgare L., and Thymus vulgaris L. besides untreated control. It was found that the effect of symbiosis on growth was more favourable with S. viscosum than other AM fungus. The S. viscosum inoculation raised the yield of essential oil in oregano. Analysis of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed that manool obtained the highest abundance in leaf essential oil of inoculated sage; thymol was the major component whatever the treatment in thyme and lower relative content of carvacrol was reported with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in oregano. The results suggest the mycorrhizal inoculation as a promising technology in sustainable agricultural system to improve the plant productivity performance. Specific inocula are strategic to enhance the chemical profile of essential oils.

Chemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Thyme and Oregano Essential Oils, Thymol and Carvacrol and Their Possible Synergism

In this study, chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of thyme and oregano essential oils, thymol and carvacrol, as well as their possible synergism were investigated. For chemical profiling of essential oils, GC-MS analysis was performed. Antioxidant capacity was assessed throughout neutralisation of DPPH and OH radicals. For determination of antibacterial activity against selected gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Infantis, Escherichia coli O157:H7) broth micro-dilution method was used. Finally, the combination testing for potential synergy of thyme and oregano essential oils, thymol and carvacrol was performed using checkerboard method and evaluated with fractional inhibitory concentration. Thymol and carvacrol were found to be dominant components of investigated essential oils. All studied samples expressed strong antioxidant and antibacterial potential. In synergy testing, both combinations (thyme/oregano essential oils and thymol/carvacrol) were found to have additive effect (FIC=0.75). These results confirm thyme and oregano essential oils, thymol and carvacrol as well as their combinations for possible application as natural additives in different products (food, cosmetics and nutriceuticals).

Chemical composition of essential oils from the vegetative and reproductive structures of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.

GC/FID and GC–MS analysis revealed germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, α-cadinol and cubenol as major compounds from aril. Germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, trans-caryophyllene and δ-elemene are major compounds in fruits. Germacrene D, spathulenol, trans-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide are major compounds in leaves. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed distinct groups between the composition of essential oils from aril and fruit, when compared with terpene production found in leaves. Lipid composition found in arils could be protected by the presence of non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes, as germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene. Chemical profiles of essential oils from the fruits, arils and leaves of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. revealed different compositions, which could be related to environmental pressures. Thereby, non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes can also work against herbivory, pathogens and predator's attack, emphasising the importance of further studies among terpenes, ecology interactions and plant physiology.

Chemical variations, trichome structure and antifungal activities of essential oils of Helichrysum splendidum from South Africa

The chemical profiles of essential oils isolated from nine populations of Helichrysum splendidum were obtained by gas chromatography. Plants were harvested in both summer and winter seasons in two provinces of South Africa. Essential oils originating from Limpopo Province were characterized by high levels of β-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, δ-cadinene, α-cadinol, τ-cadinol, and β-pinene. These could be clearly distinguished through multivariate analysis from those collected in Mpumalanga Province. The Mpumalanga oils contained germacrene D, spathulenol and bicyclogermacrene as major constituents. Seasonal variations in the volatile compositions and yields were observed. A prediction model obtained through orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis was used to compare the essential oil profiles to that of a commercial H. splendidum sample, in addition to those reported for Zimbabwean specimens. One of the specimens from Zimbabwe differed substantially from all the others, indicating the existence of more chemotypes. The structures of the oil-bearing trichomes, as observed on the leaf surfaces using scanning electron microscopy, were investigated and are described for the first time. Since this investigation forms part of an ongoing screening of plants to identify natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides, the essential oils were tested in vitro against several economically important pathogens of fruit. Essential oils from Mpumalanga specimens totally inhibited the growth of Alternaria alternata from avocado and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from mango at a concentration of 500μL/L in a toxic medium assay. The presence of high concentrations of germacrene D, spathulenol and bicyclogermacrene probably contributed to the antifungal properties of these essential oils.

Antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic activity of essential oil of dry leaves from Guatteria blepharophylla (Mart.) R. E. Fries (Annonaceae)

Guatteria blepharophylla popularly known as “envieira” belongs to an Annonaceae family [1]. Many species of Guatteria gender are used in traditional medicine for different purposes but more detailed biological studies are necessary [2]. Some studies have already shown antiproliferative activity of Annonaceae species essentials oils [3]. The purpose of this study was analyzed the antioxidant potential and their correlation with cytotoxic activities of the volatile constituents from the dry leaves of G. blepharophylla. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from dry leaves of Guatteria blepharophylla (Annonaceae) and was analyzed by GC/MS. Forty two components were identified, representing around 97.55% of total oil. The major components were caryophyllene oxide (48.07%) and sphatulenol (8.36%). The oil showed DPPH radical-scavenging activity by TLC autographic assay (clear yellow spot) and by ORAC-FL assay with antioxidant capacity of 750µmol Trolox equivalents/g of oil [4]. The cytotoxicity of the oil was investigated in-vitro against U251 (glioma), UACC-62 (melanoma), MCF-7 (breast), NC1-ADR/RES (ovarian-resistant), 786.0 (kidney), NCI-H460 (lung), PC-3 (prostate), OVCAR-3 (ovarian) and HT-29 (colon). The oil exhibited antiproliferative activity against all cell lines (TGI < 100 µg/mL). The highest activity of the oil was observed against UACC-62 (TGI 40.58 µg/mL), HT-29 (TGI 41.13 µg/mL) and NCI-ADR/RES (TGI 47.02 µg/mL) cell lines. The chemical profile of essential oil from dry leaves showed the presence of caryophyllene oxide and sphatulenol as major compounds. The significant antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of dry leaves of G. blepharophylla confirm that the Annonaceae species are natural source of biologically active compounds.

Antimicrobial profile of essential oils extracted from wild versus cultivated Origanum ehrenberjii against enteric bacteria.

The role of Origanum ehrenberjii against bacteria that cause enteric diseases is well known. Salmonella and Enterococcus cause high rates of enteric infections around the world. The aim of this study was to extract essential oils from cultivated and naturally growing O. ehrenberjii, compare the chemical profiles of the extracts and estimate their antimicrobial efficacy against enteric pathogens. Sixteen compounds were recovered consistently from essential oils extracted from O. ehrenberjii of wild and cultivated origin. The chemical profiles were determined using GC-MS. Safety of the essential oils was determined by observing mortality of chicks after intramuscular administration of the oils. The antimicrobial efficacy of the oils against the enteric pathogens was determined by the Kirby-Bauer Single Disk Diffusion assay. The levels of thymol, carvacrol, para cymene and γ-terpinene were significantly different in the two oils. A significant difference in in vitro antimicrobial activity of the two oils against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was observed. Intramuscular administration of the two oils in one day-old chicks resulted in significant differences in mortality of 60% vs. 5% (p < 0.05) for wild and cultivated herbs respectively, reflecting the higher safety of the cultivated herb due to the differences in the levels of certain active ingredients. The chemical profile of essential oil of wild vs. cultivated O. ehrenberjii differ significantly at compound level, suggesting the reason for their significant difference in efficacy against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and also significant differences in the toxicity of the two oils.

Chemical constituents of essential oils from the leaves and stem barks of four Vietnamese species of Fissistigma (Annonaceae)

Chemical profiles of essential oils from four Fissistigma species: Fissistigma bracteolatum Chatt., Fissistigma villosissimum Merr., Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merr. and Fissistigma glaucescens (Hance) Merr. were analysed by gas chromatography–flame ionisation detector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fissistigma essential oils consist mainly of sesquiterpenes (48.7–83.8%), monoterpenes (3.2–30.9%) and fatty acids (0.5–33.4%). Data on the essential oil composition of F. villosissimum, F. latifolium and F. glaucescens are reported for the first time.

Chemical Profiles of Essential Oils of Bauhinia Species from South India

Chemical Profiles of Essential Oils of Bauhinia Species from South India

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Two Fern Species ofAnemia

Although several species of ferns possess a characteristic odor, only a few published studies have described their volatile constituents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oils from two chemically unexplored fern species, Anemia hirsuta and Anemia raddiana. These species were collected during the day in ravine banks of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Fresh leaves of the ferns were individually turbolized with distilled water and submitted to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours. The essential oils obtained were subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for identification. Nine compounds were identified in Anemia raddiana essential oil, accounting for 81.3% of the total oil, where the sesquiterpene β-selinene (46.8%) was the major compound. Thirteen compounds were identified in Anemia hirsuta (92.3% of the total oil) and the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene was the major compound (48.7%). No similarity was observed between the chemical profile of essential oils obtained from A. hirsuta and A. raddiana. Likewise, extremely low similarities (≤6.2%) were observed between these species and three previously published profiles of Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia.

Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil of &lt;em&gt;Lantana camara&lt;/em&gt; Linn. Leaves

The determination of the chemical profile of essential oil of the leaves of <em>Lantana camara</em> Linn. was undertaken in this study. Essential oil was extracted from the dried leaf sample using hydro distillation method. Gas Chromatograph coupled with Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for chemical analysis of the extracted essential oil. Eighteen constituents were identified, representing 100% composition of the oil. The constituents were mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The major constituents were found to be caryophllene oxide (21.75%), (-) -spathulenol (14.95%), D-nerolidol (10.39%) and (-) -&beta-caryophyllene (9.90%). The yield of essential oil obtained was 0.19%. Some of the identified constituents of the essential oil have proven pharmacological activities, uses in food, drink and cosmetic industries. The essential oil of <em>L. camara</em> leaves is worth exploiting for use by relevant industries.

Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from Alpinia galanga Willd. (L.) and A. officinarum Hance rhizomes from North East India

Chemical profiles of essential oils isolated from the rhizomes of two Alpinia species, Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. and Alpinia officinarum Hance from North East India, were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Major compounds identified in the oils of A. galanga and A. officinarum were 1,8-cineole (63.4 and 44.2%), α-terpineol (2.8 and 6.3%), α-pinene (1.9 and 2.0%), β-pinene (0.8 and 5.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (2.8 and 4.5%), respectively. Some additional compounds identified in A. officinarum oil were camphor (4.0%) and α-fenchyl acetate (8.9%), while chavicol (0.9%), (E)-β-farnesene (8.4%), β-sesquiphellandrene (2.6%), β-bisabolene (0.3%), and eugenol acetate (3.3%) were present in A. galanga oil. 1,8-Cineole is an important aromatic chemical reported to possess expectorant, antiseptic, and anesthetic properties and is used widely in pharmaceutical preparations. Therefore, there is a promising possibility to utilize these plant species for industrial purpose.

Efficacy of Acorus calamus L. essential oil as a safe plant‐based antioxidant, Aflatoxin B1 suppressor and broad spectrum antimicrobial against food‐infesting fungi

SummaryThe study explores the efficacy of Acorus calamus L. essential oil (EO) as a safe plant‐based broad spectrum antifungal, antiaflatoxin, antioxidant food additive. The oil completely inhibited the growth and toxin production of the toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus at 0.4 and 0.25 μL mL−1, respectively. EO exhibited pronounced antifungal activity against sixteen food‐infesting fungal species at 0.5 μL mL−1. The EO showed strong antioxidant efficacy (IC50 1.06 μL mL−1) and nonphytotoxic nature on germination of chickpea seeds. The EO was found nonmammalian toxic showing high LD50 (4877.4 μL kg−1) for mice (oral, acute). The chemical profile of EO was determined through GC and GC–MS analysis. The findings strengthen the possibility of A. calamus EO as a plant‐based food additive in view of its favourable safety profile, antioxidant and antiaflatoxigenic efficacy and broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against food‐infesting fungi.

The influence of essential oil of aniseed (Pimpinella anisum, L.) on drug effects on the central nervous system

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.; Apiaceae) and its essential oil have been widely used in folk medicine, pharmacy and food industry. Since there are some data about the impact of anise on functions of central nervous system (CNS), the issue of possible interactions with drugs acting in CNS should be considered. This survey aimed to examine the influence of aniseed essential oil (EO) intake on the effects of drugs that act in CNS.The chemical profile of essential oil determined by GC-MS revealed as the main components: trans-anethole (88.49%), γ-himachalene (3.13%), cis-isoeugenol (1.99%), and linalool (1.79%). The effects of codeine, diazepam, midazolam, pentobarbital, imipramine and fluoxetine were tested in mice after 5days of peroral pretreatment with human equivalent dose of aniseed EO (0.3mg/kg). The intake of EO led to significant increase of analgesic effect of codeine. The motor impairment caused by midazolam was enhanced in the group treated by EO. The application of diazepam decreased the number and percentage of entries in open arm in elevated maze plus test in the group pretreated with EO indicating augmented effect of drug on motor activity. EO pretreatment caused significant shortage of pentobarbital induced sleeping time when compared to control. The decrease in antidepressant effect of imipramine and fluoxetine was diminished by the pretreatment with aniseed EO. Based on the results of this study we conclude that concomitant intake of aniseed EO preparations and drugs that act on CNS should be avoided due to potential herb–drug interactions, which also need further clinical confirmation.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GINGER, EUCALYPTUS AND SWEET ORANGE PEEL ESSENTIAL OILS ON FISH-BORNE BACTERIA

ABSTRACT The antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) was evaluated against fish spoilage and fish-borne pathogenic bacteria by agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution method. Chemical profiles of EOs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer revealed that zingiberene, α-phellandrene and limonene were the major components of ginger, eucalyptus, and sweet orange EOs, respectively. Among the three EOs evaluated, ginger oil had the best antibacterial activity against all the bacteria tested. Bacillus subtilis was found as the most sensitive bacterium against ginger EO. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila were the most resistant to all the EOs. Antibiotic resistant Yersinia enterocolitica was found as the most sensitive bacteria among gram-negative bacteria tested. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The results of the present study reveal the scope of the plant essential oils (EOs) in the shelf life extension of fish. The fresh fish after catching need to be ice-preserved before undergoing further processing. In addition, the preservation during the postharvest handling and transportation of fish is important, during which there are chances for microbial contamination from the food contact surfaces, containers and transport vehicles. The use of plant EOs will definitely help in reducing the level of microbial contamination, preserving the fish and extending their shelf life. They are cheaper in economical terms as well and easy to use by dip or spray treatment. The fishermen can use the plant EOs onboard to preserve the fish. The retailers and vendors can use it for the quality maintenance of fish.

Correlation between maturity of tree and GC × GC–qMS chemical profiles of essential oil from leaves of Aniba rosaeodora Ducke

The Amazonian tree Aniba rosaeodora Ducke, which provides a valued essential oil for perfume industry, is at risk of extinction. An alternative source of this product would be the oil obtained by steam distillation of the leaves of the same plant—which does not involve sacrifice of the tree. However, there is still not a technical criterion to ensure that determined oil is result of a sustainable production process. One step towards defining to know the differences in the oil compositions of trees of different stages of growth to establish the age from which the tree can be commercially explored and to differentiate products obtained from cultivated young plants and from native trees. In this paper, the characterization an differentiation of the essential oil extracted from the leaves collected from trees with different ages (4, 10 and 20years old) was performed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Mass Spectrometric detection (GC×GC–qMS). GC×GC–qMS allowed the identification of ca. three times more chemical compounds on these samples, when compared to conventional gas chromatography. Depending on the age of the tree used to produce the oil, few differences in minor constituents of the oil samples were found; the amounts of the major compounds are similar all samples. Reliable differentiation of the essential oils according to the age of the source was only possible by GC×GC–qMS.

Safety assessment of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. essential oil, its antifungal, antiaflatoxin, antioxidant activity and efficacy as antimicrobial in preservation of Piper nigrum L. fruits

The investigation deals with antifungal, antiaflatoxin and antioxidant efficacy of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. essential oil (EO), its two major constituents and their comparison with five commonly used organic acid preservatives. The chemical profile of EO, characterized through GC and GC-MS analysis, revealed linalool (56.10%) and methyl cinnamate (19.73%) as major components. The EO, linalool and methyl cinnamate completely inhibited the growth of a toxigenic strain of A. flavus (LHP-10) as well as aflatoxin B(1) secretion at different concentrations. Methyl cinnamate was found to be more efficacious than EO, linalool and five organic acid preservatives, showing antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic efficacy at a low concentration (0.6 μl/ml) and the nature of its toxicity was fungicidal. However, EO showed strong antioxidant activity with an IC(50) value at 5.6 μl/ml. Moreover, EO was found to have negligible mammalian toxicity as its LD(50) value, determined through oral administration on mice, was calculated to be 6124μl/kg body weight during safety profile assessment. During in vivo investigation on fruit systems, the Zanthoxylum EO, when tested as fumigant, provided 66.27% and 86.33% protection respectively at 1.25 μl/ml and 2.5 μl/ml against fungi infesting Piper nigrum L. fruits demonstrating its practical efficacy as a plant based antimicrobial for post harvest application.