Production Of Chemicals Research Articles

Dynamically Regulating Homologous Recombination Enables Precise Genome Editing in Ogataea polymorpha.

Methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha has become a promising cell factory due to its efficient utilization of methanol to produce high value-added chemicals. However, the low homologous recombination (HR) efficiency in O. polymorpha greatly hinders extensive metabolic engineering for industrial applications. Overexpression of HR-related genes successfully improved HR efficiency, which however brought cellular stress and reduced chemical production due to constitutive expression of the HR-related gene. Here, we engineered an HR repair pathway using the dynamically regulated gene ScRAD51 under the control of the l-rhamnose-induced promoter PLRA3 based on the previously constructed CRISPR-Cas9 system in O. polymorpha. Under the optimal inducible conditions, the appropriate expression level of ScRAD51 achieved up to 60% of HR rates without any detectable influence on cell growth in methanol, which was 10-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. While adopting as the chassis strain for bioproductions, the dynamically regulated recombination system had 50% higher titers of fatty alcohols than that static regulation system. Therefore, this study provided a feasible platform in O. polymorpha for convenient genetic manipulation without perturbing cellular fitness.

Techno-Economic Assessment of Sustainable H2 Production and Hydrogenation of Chemicals in a Coupled Photoelectrochemical Device

Techno-Economic Assessment of Sustainable H₂ Production and Hydrogenation of Chemicals in a Coupled Photoelectrochemical Device

Contextual Intelligence: An AI Approach to Manufacturing Skills’ Forecasting

The manufacturing industry is skill-intensive and plays a pivotal role in South Africa’s economy, reflecting the nation’s progress and development. The advent of technology has initiated a transformative era within the manufacturing sector. Workforce skills are at the heart of ensuring the sustained growth of the industry. This study delves into the skill-related aspects of the occupational landscape of the South African manufacturing sector, with a particular focus on two important manufacturing sectors: the food and beverage manufacturing (FoodBev) sector and the chemical manufacturing (CHIETA) sector. Leveraging the forecasting prowess of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), this paper outlines a sectorial occupational forecasting modeling exercise to reveal which job roles are poised for expansion and which are expected to decline. The approach predicted future skills’ demand 80% accuracy for 473 out of 713 (66%) occupations for FoodBev and 474 out of 522 (91%) for CHIETA. These insights are invaluable for industry stakeholders and educational institutions, providing guidance to support the sector’s growth in an era marked by technological advancement.

Bacillus subtilis and Rhizophagus intraradices Improve Vegetative Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Fragaria × ananassa var. San Andreas

Strawberry cultivation requires strategies that maintain or improve its yield within a scheme in which reducing fertilizers and other chemical products can make its consumption safer and more environmentally friendly. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Bacillus subtilis and Rhizophagus intraradices on strawberry growth, yield, and fruit quality. B. subtilis and R. intraradices were inoculated and co-inoculated under three fertilization levels of 225-100-250, 112-50-125, and 0-0-0 kg∙ha−1 of N, P2O5 and K2O. Vegetative growth was evaluated in plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), aerial fresh weight (g), aerial dry weight (g), and plant coverage (%) variables. Fruit quality parameters such as total acidity (g∙100 mL−1), soluble solids (Brix°), and firmness (kg) were also determined, as well as the number of fruits per m2 and yield (t∙ha−1). The results showed that the pre-treatment of root immersion in a nutrient solution with B. subtilis and the fractionation of 6 L B. subtilis inoculation per plant at a concentration of 107 CFU∙mL−1, in combination with 225-100-250 kg∙ha−1 of N, P2O5, and K2O, achieved the highest accumulation of dry matter (12.9 ± 1.9 g∙plant−1), the highest number of fruits (28.2 ± 4.5 fruits∙m−2), and the highest yield (7.2 ± 1.4 t∙ha−1). In addition, this treatment increased the soluble sugar content by 34.78% and fruit firmness by 26.54% compared to the control without inoculation. This study highlights the synergistic effect of mineral nutrition and microbial inoculation with B. subtilis in increasing strawberry yield and fruit quality.

Roles of Cocatalysts in Biomass Photo(electro)refining

AbstractPhotosynthesis converts solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water into biomass, offering a renewable energy and chemical source. Biomass photo(electro)refining (BPeR) emerges as a sustainable alternative to petrochemicals for fuel and chemical production. However, BPeR faces challenges due to photocatalyst limitations, necessitating the integration of cocatalysts. Cocatalysts significantly impact the efficiency, selectivity, and durability of BPeR reactions, yet their roles require systematic elucidation and understanding. This review explores how cocatalysts impact the carbon bond functionalization, cleavage, and formation in biomass and its derivatives. It discusses their crucial roles in charge carrier generation, separation, and transportation, particularly in catalyzing surface reactions such as hydrogen‐involved reactions, generation, and manipulation of oxygen or carbon radicals, and the C─C/O/H bond transformations. Additionally, it outlines challenges and prospects for developing cocatalysts to enhance BPeR efficiency and durability, boosting the viability of biomass as a sustainable source of energy and materials.

Zinc separation from brass dust by the Fenton process

AbstractBrass polishing facilities generate waste dust rich in zinc and copper, presenting both an economic opportunity for resource recovery and an environmental challenge. The Fenton process, a promising hydrometallurgical solution, offers a way to separate zinc from this waste dust. Researchers employed an experimental design method to identify optimal parameters for zinc dissolution, including pH, ferrous iron (Fe2+) content, stirring speed, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration. Kinetic modeling identified the optimal parameters for zinc dissolution: pH 1, 0.1 M Fe2+, 60 rpm stirring speed, 1.0% H2O2 concentration (flow rate 1 mL min−1), and a reaction time of 2 h. The kinetic data suggested a first‐order kinetic model, indicating a chemically controlled surface reaction mechanism. These findings demonstrate the Fenton process's effectiveness in zinc dissolution from brass dust. This paves the way for further research on zinc recovery methods, such as electrolysis for metallic zinc production or integration into chemical manufacturing processes.

Synthesis of MFI Zeolite-encapsulated Metal Nanoparticles by the Dry-gel Conversion Method and Ethane Dehydroaromatization for the Production of Valuable Chemicals

Synthesis of MFI Zeolite-encapsulated Metal Nanoparticles by the Dry-gel Conversion Method and Ethane Dehydroaromatization for the Production of Valuable Chemicals

Study on the efficient electrocatalytic depolymerization of α-O-4 bond in lignin assisted by simple electrolyte

Lignin is anticipated to serve as a replacement for dwindling fossil fuel resources owing to its abundant sources and renewable nature. The electrochemical oxidation technique for depolymerizing lignin has garnered significant interest for its environmentally friendly and mild operating conditions. Nevertheless, the current utilization of auxiliary electrolytes, predominantly organic bases, ionic liquids, and other specialized substances, poses a constraint on the widespread adoption of this approach. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of instances where electrochemical technology has been employed to depolymerize the α-O-4 bond in lignin for the production of highly selective acetals. In this study, a sodium chloride/methanol (NaCl/MeOH) system was utilized for the direct depolymerization of the α-O-4 bond in a lignin model molecule, specifically benzyl phenyl ether (BPE). The optimal conditions resulted in a 95.2 % conversion rate of the BPE substrate and a high yield of 94.5 % for the main product, benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal(Bda). This research offers a promising approach for the electrocatalytic depolymerization of α-O-4 bonds in lignin, leading to the selective production of acetal chemicals using a common auxiliary electrolyte at room temperature in just 2 h.

Determination of ten bisphenols and five parabens in urine by solid supported liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Bisphenols (BPs) and parabens (PBs) are of great concern for environmental pollution and human health because of their endocrine-disrupting effects and potential health hazards. Urinary biomonitoring of BPs and PBs can provide basic data for human internal exposure evaluation, which is a prerequisite for accurately assessing their health risks. In this study, we developed a new pretreatment procedure based on solid supported liquid-liquid extraction (SLE) for the simultaneous separation of ten BPs and five PBs in human urine, followed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis. In the instrumental analysis, the HPLC conditions and MS/MS parameters were comprehensively optimized. Accurate qualitative and quantitative determination of ten BPs and five PBs was achieved by introducing a ternary gradient elution system of water, methanol, and acetonitrile for LC separation. During sample pretreatment, the extraction solvent and elution volume were optimized. Specifically, urine samples were held at room temperature and centrifuged at 3000 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant (2 mL) was then transferred to a glass tube, and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 using HCl (0.5 mL; 0.1 mol/L) and NaAc-HAc buffer (1.5 mL). Thereafter, β-glucuronidase-arylsulfatase (20 μL) and surrogate standard solutions (10 ng;13C12-BPS,13C12-BPAF,13C6-MeP, and 13C6-BuP) were added, and the mixture was incubated in a shaker bath in the dark at 37 ℃ for 16 h. After incubation, the hydrolyzed sample (4 mL) was loaded onto an SLE cartridge and equilibrated for a minimum of 5 min to ensure the solution was completely absorbed by the packing material. Subsequently, the target chemicals were eluted with a mixed ethyl acetate/n-hexane solution (3∶7, v/v; 15 mL). Separation of the targets was performed on a ZORBAX SB-C18 reversed-phase column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) using an acetonitrile-methanol-water system as the mobile phase. The method was verified by spiking mixed urine samples at three levels (1, 5, and 50 μg/L), with the recoveries ranging from 84.3% to 119.8%. Except for bisphenols (BPS), whose matrix effect was calculated as -21.8%, the matrix effects of other analytes were lower than 20%, indicating low matrix interference. The linear ranges of the analytes varied from 0.1-500 μg/L to 1-500 μg/L, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.995. The method limits of quantification for target chemicals ranged from 0.03 to 0.30 μg/L, and the relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day experiments were 1.4%-8.4% and 5.7%-14.6%, respectively, suggesting high stability and reproducibility. The method was successfully applied to the determination of ten BPs and five PBs in 10 urine samples from a general population. The concentrations of target chemicals in the human urine samples varied. Methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were detected in all samples, with median mass concentrations of 1.10, 0.60, 0.21, and 0.55 μg/L, respectively. The detection rates of the other chemicals were less than 50%, which may be related to the production and use of specific chemicals, their bioavailability, and biological metabolism in humans.

Sustainable catalytic pathways for biofuel precursors: quantitative conversion of glucose to gluconic acid using Pt-Zn biochar catalyst

Achieving quantitative conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks under ambient environmental conditions (20°C, atmospheric air, 0.1 MPa) is a critical milestone for sustainability in chemical processes. Herein, the quantitative conversion of glucose to gluconic acid was accomplished under ambient environmental conditions without any additives using a Pt-Zn intermetallic nanoparticle-supported biochar catalyst prepared from raw rice straw (Pt-Zn/strawC) via a straightforward one-pot solvothermal reaction with ethylene glycol solvent. Spectroscopic analyses verified the formation of the Pt-Zn intermetallic alloy and confirmed strong electronic metal-support interactions. The Pt-Zn/strawC catalyst (Pt:Zn molar ratio of 1:6) was highly selective for the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid, whereas yields as high as 99.9% (98.9% gluconic acid, 1.0% glucaric acid) were reached at 20 oC under base-free and additive-free conditions. Isotope measurements and density functional theory revealed synergistic interactions in the Pt-Zn alloy, wherein the alloy tended to absorb glucose and active O2 into superoxide radical (O2·). This work demonstrates a chemocatalytic method that is practical for environmental conditions and provides a new avenue for sustainable conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to chemical products.

Mg-modified layered erbium hydroxides promoting glucose transformation to lactic acid

Layered rare earth hydroxides (LREHs) with unique layer structure and tunable properties have shown attractive potentials as heterogeneous catalyst, but is still challenging in biomass valorization towards valuable chemical production due to the poor catalytic activity. Herein, Mg-modified erbium hydroxides (Mg-LErHs) with well-constructed layered structure have been first fabricated, where the properties and structure of Mg-LErHs significantly depend on the proportion of Mg. The results of catalyst characterizations reveal that Mg introduction increases the interlayer spacing and the content of Er(III)-O. Mg modification also hinders the desorption of crystallized H2O and dehydroxylation, thereby increasing the degree of crystallinity and promoting the stability of the catalyst. The activity test indicate that Mg modification greatly promotes the production of lactic acid from monosaccharides, where Mg(5.8)-LErHs affords the highest lactic acid yield of 60.9%. Mg-LErHs also outperform other Mg-LREHs catalysts for the production of lactic acid. The highest catalytic activity of Mg(5.8)-LErHs are possibly attributed to its highest degree of crystallinity, and the increased layer spacing after Mg modification might have an advantage in facilitating the entry of substrate. The increased Er(III)-O content with high Lewis acidity might facilitate the combination with electronic-rich carbonyl oxygen in substrate. This research may provide a novel strategy to design the layered rare earth catalysts with tunable catalytic activity for biomass valorization.

Facile and scalable synthesis of N-doped carbon based Ni electrocatalyst for efficient CO2 reduction to CO

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 into valuable chemical products could be realized by reasonable design of effective electrocatalysts with atomically dispersed active sites, but the task presents challenges for chemistry because of the lack of facile and scalable synthetic route. Therefore nitrogen-doped porous carbon supported Ni electrocatalyst is presented via a facile synthetic method. In the first step, commercial carbon black was oxidized by HNO3 to generate organic group followed by absorption of Ni ions. Secondly, calcination under NH3 atmosphere led to N doped carbon based Ni catalyst which exhibited excellent catalytic performance with approximate 95 % Faradaic efficiency for CO, which is helpful for chemists to reasonable design and scalable preparation of economical and efficient catalysts.

Biopolymeric degradation of jute sticks under pyrolytic thermal stresses

For the first time pyrolytic degradation of biopolymers and multi-pseudo component of jute sticks (JS) was executed through thermogravimetric analysis. Gaussian deconvolution of first order derivative have been registered in the current manuscript to find individual signals related to each pseudo component (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) in biomaterial. The JS characteristics, pyrolysis reaction kinetics, reaction mechanism and nature of the volatile compounds released were examined by various analytical instruments and methods, such as elemental analyzer, FTIR, AAS, TGA, GC-MS and kinetics models. The average activation energy values for JS 243.77, 234.05, 246.61, 246.74 and 260.03kJ.mol-1 when OFW, KAS, STM, TANG and Friedman models, respectively, were used for analysis. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG) of different component of JS were also evaluated and discussed in the current context. Z(α) analysis has shown that the experimental curves have followed Avrami- Erofeyev (A2, A3, A4), power-law (P2), geometric (R2, R3), diffusional (D1, D2, D3) and reaction (F1) curves according to Criado’s master plots, indicating complex nature of pyrolysis process. Finally, it was confirmed that alcohols are major pyrolysates, followed by hydrocarbon and benzene among all other components released during pyrolysis action of JS. The finding of the study contributes to the potential of jute stick as a raw material for bioenergy and renewable chemical production. It also proves to be useful in the design and optimization of JS-based thermochemical degradation processes.

Physicochemical Principles of AC Electrosynthesis: Reversible Reactions.

Electrolysis integrates renewable energy into chemical manufacturing and is key to sustainable chemistry. Controlling the waveform beyond direct current (DC) addresses the long-standing obstacle of chemoselectivity, yet it also expands the parameter set to optimize, creating a demand for theoretical predictions. Here, we report the first analytical theory for predicting chemoselectivity in an alternating current (AC) electrosynthesis. The mechanism is a selective reversal of the unwanted redox reaction during periods of opposite polarity, reflected in the final reaction outcome as a time-averaged effect. In the ideal scenario of all redox reactions being reversible, square AC waveform biases the outcome toward more overoxidation/over-reduction, whereas sine AC waveform exhibits the opposite effect. However, in a more realistic scenario of some redox reactions being quasi-reversible, sine AC may behave mostly like square AC. These predictions are in numerical agreement with model experiments employing acetophenone and align qualitatively with the literature precedent. Collectively, this study provides theoretical proof for a growing trend that promotes changing waveforms to overcome limitations challenging to address by varying canonical electrochemical parameters.

Catalytic merits of Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4/f-MWCNTs-CS-Asp/Ni2+ for tailoring 1H-benzo[4,5] imidazo [1,2-b][1,2,4] triazepine motifs through green domino strategy

The magnetic nano catalyst mediated synthesis of heterocycles is one of the most fascinating fields of chemistry due to its proven applicability in high-efficiency, eco-friendly and recyclable heterogeneous catalytic system. In order to design a novel Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4/f-MWCNTs-CS-Asp/Ni2+ magnetic heterogeneous catalyst, Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4-decorated multi walled CNTs were modified with crosslinked chitosan with L-aspartic acid entrapped Ni2+ nanoparticles. This nano catalyst showed significant catalytic activity in the synthesis of biologically potent novel seven membered heterocycles embracing fused 1H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazepine skeleton. Owing to its interesting structure and being an important pharmacophore fragment, it was endeavored to exploit its synthesis. For the first time considering an exquisite and accomplishable access to construct [1,2,4]triazepine framework. In addition, the structures of synthesized heterocycles and morphology of nano catalyst were corroborated on the basis of various spectroscopical and microscopical techniques. Furthermore, employing ultrasonication as energy source in the synthesis of magnetic nano catalyst employing 3R’s (reduce, recycle and reuse), mild reaction conditions with appreciable yield along with no consumption and production of hazardous chemicals put it under the umbrella of green and sustainable approach.

Engineering high production of fatty alcohols from methanol by constructing coordinated dual biosynthetic pathways

Microbial cell factories provide an efficient approach for the green manufacturing of chemicals. However, the excessive use of sugars increases the potential risk of food crisis. Methanol, an abundant feedstock, holds promise in facilitating low-carbon production processes. However, the current methanol bioconversion is hindered by limited regulatory strategies and relatively low conversion efficiency. Here, a yeast biocatalyst was extensively engineered for efficient biosynthesis of fatty alcohols through reinforcement of precursor supply and methanol assimilation in Pichia pastoris. Furthermore, the dual cytoplasmic and peroxisomal biosynthetic pathways were constructed by mating and exhibited robust production of 5.6 g/L fatty alcohols by using methanol as the sole carbon source. This study provides a heterozygous diploid P. pastoris strain with dual cytoplasmic and peroxisomal biosynthetic pathways, which achieved the highest fatty alcohol production from one-carbon feedstocks to date.

Analysis of the Impact of Biomass/Water Ratio, Particle Size, Stirring, and Catalysts on the Production of Chemical Platforms and Biochar in the Hydrothermal Valorization of Coffee Cherry Waste

In Colombia alone, 12.6 million bags of green coffee are produced, but at the same time, 784,000 tons of waste biomass are dumped in open fields, of which only 5% is recovered or used, and 10 million tonnes of coffee emit 28.6 million tonnes of CO2 eq annually. This presents a worrying dilemma, and the need to develop a technology to transform the waste into usable products is increasing. As a response to this, the valorization of coffee waste was explored through the production of biochar and platform chemicals by implementing a set of hydrothermal experiments with different biomass/water ratios (1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40), particle sizes (0.5, 1, 2, 5 mm), stirring rates (5000 and 8000 rpm), and catalysts (H2SO4, NaHCO3 and CH3COOH) at 180, 220, and 260 °C in a batch reactor with autogenous pressure. Notably, the smaller B:W ratios of 1:20 and 1:40, as well as smaller particle sizes of 0.5 and 1 mm, yielded higher amounts of platform chemicals, while stirring showed minimal influence. CH3COOH significantly enhanced the process compared to other catalysts. The biochar was characterized as anthracite, and this obtaining of coal-like materials from biomass itself represents a remarkable feat. Said anthracite presented little to no variation in physical parameters, while catalysts induced functionalization. By optimizing factors like B:W ratio, particle size, and catalyst application, valuable insights have been gained into enhancing the yield of platform chemicals and quality of biochar from coffee waste. The findings not only contribute to sustainable waste management practices but also highlight the importance of exploring innovative solutions for utilizing agricultural by-products effectively.

Straw Tar Epoxy Resin for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic: A Review

The massive consumption of fossil fuels has led to the serious accumulation of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere and global warming. Bioconversion technologies that utilize biomass resources to produce chemical products are becoming widely accepted and highly recognized. The world is heavily dependent on petroleum-based products, which may raise serious concerns about future environmental security. Most commercially available epoxy resins (EPs) are synthesized by the condensation of bisphenol A (BPA), which not only affects the human endocrine system and metabolism, but is also costly to produce and environmentally polluting. In some cases, straw tar-based epoxy resins have been recognized as potential alternatives to bisphenol A-based epoxy resins, and are receiving increasing attention due to their important role in overcoming the above problems. Using straw tar and lignin as the main raw materials, phenol derivatives were extracted from the middle tar instead of bisphenol A. Bio-based epoxy resins were prepared by replacing epichlorohydrin with epoxylated lignin to press carbon fiber sheets, which is a kind of bio-based fine chemical product. This paper reviews the research progress of bio-based materials such as lignin modification, straw pyrolysis, lignin epoxidation, phenol derivative extraction, and synthesis of epoxy resin. It improves the performance of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) while taking into account the ecological and environmental protection, so that the epoxy resin is developed in the direction of non-toxic, harmless and high-performance characteristics, and it also provides a new idea for the development of bio-based carbon fibers.

Climate neutrality of the French energy system: overview and impacts of sustainable aviation fuel production

CO2 emission reduction of sectors such as aviation, maritime shipping, road haulage, and chemical production is challenging but necessary. Although these sectors will most likely continue to rely on carbonaceous energy carriers, they are expected to gradually shift away from fossil fuels. In order to do so, the prominent option is to utilize alternative carbon sources—like biomass and CO2 originating from carbon capture—for the production of non-fossil carbonaceous vectors (biofuels and e-fuels). However, the limited availability of biomass and the varying nature of other carbon sources necessitate a comprehensive evaluation of trade-offs between potential carbon uses and existing sources. Then, it is primordial to understand the origin of carbon used in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to understand the implications of defossilizing aviation for the energy system. Moreover, the production of SAF implies deep changes to the energy system that are quantified in this work. This study utilizes the linear programming cost optimization tool EnergyScope TD to analyze the holistic French energy system, encompassing transport, industry, electricity, and heat sectors while ensuring net greenhouse gas neutrality. A novel method to model and quantify carbon flows within the system is introduced, enabling a comprehensive assessment of greenhouse gas neutrality. This study highlights the significance of fulfilling clean energy requirements and implementing carbon dioxide removal measures as crucial steps toward achieving climate neutrality. Indeed, to reach climate neutrality, a production of 1,046 TWh of electricity by non-fossil sources is needed. Furthermore, the findings underscore the critical role of efficient carbon and energy valorization from biomass, providing evidence that producing fuels by combining biomass and hydrogen is optimal. The study also offers valuable insights into the future cost and impact of SAF production for air travel originating from France. That is, the European law ReFuelEU would increase the price of plane tickets by +33% and would require 126 TWh of hydrogen and 50 TWh of biomass to produce the necessary 91 TWh of jet fuel. Finally, the implications of the assumption behind the production of SAF are discussed.

Lignin-MOF hybrid polymetallic composites for selective hydrogenolysis of cellulose derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

The development of green, effective and inexpensive catalysts was important for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to prepare 5-methylfurfuryl alcohol (MFA). The assembly of sodium lignosulfonate (LS) with NiCo-MOFs through a simple hydrothermal method was reported, and a series of iron-containing polymetallic hybrid catalysts were investigated. The introduction of iron led to the increase of medium strong acid sites and Lewis acid sites in the catalyst and enhanced the adsorption of furan rings, thus improved the catalytic activity. The effects of calcination temperature, iron content, and reaction parameters (including reaction temperature, pressure, hydrogen donor solvent) were all studied in detail. It was found that HMF could be completely converted over Fe@Ni3Co-MOF-LS, with a MFA yield of 88.75 % under the optimal condition (240 ℃, 2 MPa N2 in 4 h) without the presence of hydrogen. This study provided a new perspective for the utilization of lignin resource as carbon-based catalysts for the production of biomass-derived platform chemicals.