Chemical Preparations Research Articles

Recyclable All‐in‐One Organo‐Photo‐Auxiliaries Enabling (sp3)C−(sp3)C Coupling Reactions with Diverse Functionalities

AbstractPhotochemical C−C coupling reactions can be tailored to industrial chemical processes and preparations of pharmaceuticals. Recent approaches in this area are limited to using precious transition metal coordination complexes that facilitate light absorption and redox processes with benchtop chemicals. Herein, we propose a paradigm that involves all‐in‐one organo‐photo‐auxiliaries, thio‐heteroarenes, which exhibit unique photophysical properties. These thio‐heteroarenes were employed to prepare several all‐in‐one ionic photo‐salts from commercially available alkyl/benzyl and heterocyclic halides via aromaticity‐mediated nucleophilic substitution reactions. From the library of >30 salts, we performed on‐demand photochemical C−C coupling reactions to isolate numerous symmetrical and unsymmetrical diary/alkyl‐ethanes with yields up to 84% and mass balance as high as 96%. We also investigated the influence of structural features/properties on the outcomes of the photochemical C−C coupling reactions. The current photochemical C−C method was successful in the isolation of >30 photoproducts, including the natural product Brittonin A, a precursor of Imipramine, and derivatives of the bioactive Honokiol Analogues. Furthermore, transient absorption spectroscopy and time‐dependent density functional theory calculations were used to decipher the nature of light‐promoted electronic transitions.

Black rot of grapes (Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz) in the area of the city of Burgas under the conditions of integrated plant protection

Abstract The study of the disease Black rot of grapes was carried out in the village of Galabets, Pomorie municipality. The study was carried out in the period of 2022 - 2023. The vine varieties that were monitored were Dimyat, Pamid, Misquet red, Chardonnay, Misquet Ottonel, Naslada, June Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon. In the village of Galabets, the Misquet Ottonel variety is 2.5/1.4 m apart and the other varieties at distances of 3.2/1.4 m. The vines are grafted onto Berlandieri x Riparia SO4 rootstock. The preplanting preparation of the area includes stock fertilization with 40 kg of P2O5, 50 kg of K2O (active substance) and 3 t of stable manure per decare, harrowing, discing and leveling. The vines are planted in pits of 60/60/70 cm. According to McKinney's classification (1923), slightly sensitive /class 1/ are June Blanc and Naslada (0.1-25%), moderately sensitive is the variety Pamid (25-50%). Misquet Otonel, Misquet Red, in fourth variant compared to the other variants and the lowest, are sensitive. This is due to the application of green pruning operations combined with the use of chemical preparations with a proven effect against black rot.

РАЗРАБОТКА ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СХЕМЫ И ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ОЧИСТКИ СЕМЯН ЛЮЦЕРНЫ

Despite the high effectiveness of chemical preparations against weeds, this fight begins with the preparation of seed material on seed cleaning lines. An urgent problem in cleaning crop seeds is the isolation of dodder seeds in the preparation of alfalfa seeds. Alfalfa cleaning is a time-consuming process in itself, due to the complex structure of the combine heap. In this regard, it is important to develop a technological scheme for cleaning the alfalfa heap, which will allow you to effectively separate dodder seeds on a par with other impurities. When developing the technological scheme for alfalfa purification, the parameters of the initial heap and its components were determined. When determining the composition of the alfalfa heap, it was found that the alfalfa heap consists of 40-60% of organic impurities, 10% of puny seeds, and up to 10% of the heap consists of unthreshed beans, and the alfalfa seeds themselves in the initial heap are usually no more than 30% of the total weight, it was also determined that weed seeds make up less than 1% of the original weight, nevertheless, the heap contained 0.02% of dodder seeds. On laboratory screens with slotted notches and round holes, the dimensional characteristics of the components are determined. On the sail classifier, the distributions of the components according to the critical speed of vinow were established. The data obtained made it possible to develop a technological scheme for cleaning alfalfa seeds, which allows you to effectively remove dodder seeds with minimal losses. Using the same equipment in laboratory conditions, the proposed alfalfa cleaning scheme was tested, which showed that by combining aspiration and sieve cleaning, it is possible to achieve 99.45% purity of seeds, with losses of no more than 1%, dodder was not found in the final material.

Chitosan as an Antimicrobial, Anti-Insect, and Growth-Promoting Agent for Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Plants.

A growing trend in plant protection is replacing chemical preparations with environmentally friendly biological compositions. Chitosan, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity, is an effective agent against plant diseases. The purpose of the study was to evaluate chitosan as a potential biopesticide for potato plants. Three variants of chitosan were tested: high (310-375 kDa, >75% deacetylated), medium (190-310 kDa, 75-85% deacetylated), and low (50-190 kDa, 75-85% deacetylated) molecular weight. The chitosan variants were dissolved in lactic and succinic acids and tested for antibacterial and antifungal properties against eight strains of mould and two strains of bacteria responsible for potato diseases. The possible cytotoxicity of chitosan was evaluated against different cell lines: insect Sf-9, human keratinocyte HaCaT, and human colon carcinoma Caco-2. The bioprotective activities of the chitosan were also evaluated in situ on potato tubers. Chitosan inhibited the growth of almost all the selected phytopathogens. The most active was medium molecular chitosan in lactic acid. This formula was characterized by low toxicity towards human cells and high toxicity towards Sf-9 cells. It was also found to have positive effects on the growth of stems and roots, gas exchange, and chlorophyll index in potato plants. Selected chitosan formulation was proposed as a functional biopesticide for potato protection against phytopathogens.

Xanthohumol and echinocystic acid induces PSTVd tolerance in tomato.

Tomato is a popular vegetable worldwide; its production is highly threatened by infection with the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). We obtained the full-length genome sequence of previously conserved PSTVd and inoculated it on four genotypes of semi-cultivated tomatoes selected from a local tomato germplasm resource. SC-5, which is a PSTVd-resistant genotype, and SC-96, which is a PSTVd-sensitive genotype, were identified by detecting the fruit yield, plant growth, biomass accumulation, physiological indices, and PSTVd genome titer after PSTVd inoculation. A non-target metabolomics study was conducted on PSTVd-infected and control SC-5 to identify potential anti-PSTVd metabolites. The platform of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 158 or 123 differential regulated metabolites in modes of positive ion or negative ion. Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation of the global metabolite profile between PSTVd-infected leaves and control regardless of the detection mode. The potential anti-PSTVd compounds, xanthohumol, oxalicine B, indole-3-carbinol, and rosmarinic acid were significantly upregulated in positive ion mode, whereas echinocystic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 5-acetylsalicylic acid were upregulated in negative ion mode. Xanthohumol and echinocystic acid were detected as the most upregulated metabolites and were exogenously applied on PSTVd-diseased SC-96 seedlings. Both xanthohumol and echinocystic acid had instant and long-term inhibition effect on PSTVd titer. The highest reduction of disease symptom was induced by 2.6mg/L of xanthohumol and 2.0mg/L of echinocystic acid after 10days of leaf spraying, respectively. A superior effect was seen on echinocystic acid than on xanthohumol. Our study provides a statistical basis for breeding anti-viroid tomato genotypes and creating plant-originating chemical preparations to prevent viroid disease.

Ecological and economic evaluation of modern systems for apple tree protection from codling moth

This work substantiates the transition to biorational systems of plantation protection using low-toxic preparations to ensure high-quality yields. Regularities in the development of codling moth in Krasnodar Krai are revealed. During the period of 2021–2023, a 30% increase in the expenditures on protective measures in horticultural organizations of Krasnodar Krai was established. As a result, the production costs grew by an average of 17%, decreasing the entire efficiency of fruit production. This explains the need to develop modern protection systems for perennial plantations. Differentiated approaches to apple-tree protection from pests (on the example of codling moth), which are based on application of low-toxic chemical and biorational preparations according to phytophage development stages, are reviewed. An integrated system for protection of industrial fruit plantations in the Krasnodar Krai against coddling moth is proposed. The advantages of the proposed system over the existing approaches that apply highly toxic chemicals are described. These relate to the possibility of introducing flexible changes in protective measures in accordance with phytosanitary characteristics of orchards, including activation of local apple varieties and use of agrotechnical and biological methods based on toxicological monitoring. An ecological and economic evaluation of the integrated system of fruit plantation protection from codling moth is provided. This system enables a reduction in the background pesticide content in food chains (a 2-fold and 5-fold decrease in soils and fruits, respectively), a 1.3-fold reduction in pesticide load, the preservation of yield by more than 98% while complying with the regulations of ecological agrocenosis safety regulations, a 1.5-fold reduction in production costs, and a 10.5% increase in the product profitability.

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ МЕТОДОВ БИООР-ГАНИЧЕСКОГО ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ ДЛЯ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ КОНКУ-РЕНТНЫХ ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

The article provides a justification for the introduction of adaptive biotechnologies to ensure the competitive advantages of SIRIUS M LLC in Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The effectiveness of soil fertility management is shown by improving the plant nutrition system by replacing chemical fertilizers with microbiological ones. Comparative characteristics of various types of biofertilizers are presented, the scope of which extends to vegetable crops, and, above all, to tomatoes grown by SIRIUS M LLC. The effect of each fertilizer is considered. Recommendations on the use of microbial fertilizers are given. The costs of pur-chasing fertilizers and the effect of their use in comparison with chemical fertilizers are calculated. The possibility of replacing chemical plant protection products with insect entomophages is considered. Entomophages that destroy the most dangerous insect pests of tomatoes have been monitored. The effectiveness of the use of biological plant protection products has been determined. The cost of advertising is calculated, reflecting the competitive advantages of SIRIUS M due to the production of environmentally friendly products due to the replacement of chemi-cal preparations with biological ones. Various types of the resulting effect are con-sidered, depending on the proposed measures.

Effectiveness of the combined application of disinfectants and fertilizers against soybean diseases

To establish the most common soybean diseases, to determine their species composition conditions of Western Polissia. To develop ecologically safe elements of the technology for protecting soybean crops from diseases when using a mixture of chemical preparations with a probiotic fertilizer. Methods. Laboratory (carrying out a phytophatological examination of soybean seeds to establish the colonization of the culture by pathogenic and saprophytic mycoflora); field (for monitoring the phytosanitary condition of soybean crops). Results. As a result of the phytosanitary inspection the soybean sowing, the most common diseases were fusarium root rot, ascochitosis and bacteriosis. During the phytoexpertise, it was established that soybean seeds in the control variant were colonized by fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. – 4,7 %, Alternaria spp., and Mucor mucedo – 15,4 %. When treated with Maxim XL 035 FS, t.k.s 1 l/t, the seed infection was not detected. The cumulative population of microorganisms, when using organic fertilizer-probiotic Lianum, r., 2 l/t, decreased by 7.1%, and in combination with Maxim XL 035 FS, t. k.s., 1 l/t – by 15,2 %, with Sferiko, TN, 0.8 l/t – by 10,7 % compared to the control variant. In the conditions of a natural infectious background in the phase of ВВСН 70–79 the development of fusarium root rot was 13,2 %, ascochitosis – 14,3 %, bacteriosis – 22 %. Under the simultaneous use of Maxim XL 035 FS, t.k.s 0,8 l/t+ Lianum, p., 2 l/t, the soybean plants were without visible symptoms of ascochitosis, and the evelopment of root rot decreased by 11,3 % compared to the control variant, the technical efficiency was 100% and 83.1 %, and when using Sfepico TH, 0.8 l/t Lianum, p., 2 l/t, the technical efficiency against root rot was 65.2%, against ascochitosis 100%. Conclusions. Seed treatment is a necessary and strategically important method of soybean protection against Fusarium root rot and ascochitosis. Treating seeds with mixtures of preparations Maxim XL 035 FS, t.k.s 0,8 l/t+ Lianum, p., 2 l/t,and Sfepico, TH, 0.8 l/t Lianum, p., 2 l/t allows to obtain additional yield increase at the level of 0.86 t/ha and 0.66 t/ha. In addition, the composition of the preparations significantly reduces the population of the pathogens fusarium spp. by 3.8 and 3.3 % compared to a control variant and show high technical efficiency, both in laboratory and field conditions.

The effect of biological and chemical preparations on limiting the development of rhynchosporiosis on winter barley

The effect of biological and chemical preparations on limiting the development of rhynchosporiosis on winter barley

APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL GROWTH STIMULATOR IZABION AND INSECTICIDE LUX MAXI IN ADAPTIVE TECHNOLOGY OF GROWING AND PROTECTING TOBACCO

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop the elements of the adaptive technology of cultivation and protection of new varieties of tobacco of Ukrainian selection and to carry out the economic substantiation of the obtained results. Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods were used in the work: bibliographic and method of theoretical analysis of scientific literary sources – for studying and processing of scientific works related to the technology of tobacco cultivation; agronomic, field and biometric – to study the norms of introduction of experimental drugs, measurement of biometric indicators of tobacco plants in experimental plots; computational and constructive, mathematical and statistical, method of comparative analysis and economic method – when processing the results of scientific research for 2021-2023 and for evaluating the economic effectiveness of elements of adaptive technology of tobacco cultivation. Findings. An economic evaluation of the adaptive technology of growing and protecting tobacco from diseases and pests with elements of the use of new chemical preparations has been developed and carried out: Izabion growth biostimulator and Lux Maxi insecticide, as effective preparations for increasing the yield and quality of tobacco raw materials of the new variety of Ukrainian selection tobacco Berley 46 in the agro-climatic conditions of Transnistria of Ukraine. Their use significantly increases the level of profitability of the process of growing tobacco raw materials by improving the resistance of plants to adverse environmental factors and contributes to the growth of the competitiveness of the tobacco industry of our country on the world market. Originality. New elements of the adaptive technology of growing and protecting tobacco from diseases and pests have been developed using new environmentally safe drugs – the growth stimulator Izabion and the insecticide Lux Maxi on tobacco fields of the Berley 46 variety in the Transnistrian region of Ukraine. Indicators of economic efficiency of new elements of technology are substantiated. Practical value. The scope of application – agricultural enterprises of Transnistria of Ukraine of all organizational and legal forms, engaged in tobacco cultivation. Key words: tobacco, sort, technology, immunity, diseases, pests, growth stimulants, insecticides, cost, price, profit, profitability level, economic efficiency.

Circulating tumor RNA and exosomes as disease prognosis and therapy effectivity novel markers in case of malignant gliomas in adults

Malignant gliomas of CNS are the most wide-spread variant of primary brain tumors characteristic of invasive growth, fast evolution, high resistance to therapy and consequently quick recurrence that causes death of the patients. Taking into consideration peculiar features of these neoplasms an acute need has sprung in neurooncologic community for a search of novel low-invasive methods for the assessment of treatment effectivity and determining the progression rate of the disease. During the last decade a great number of studies exploring various circulating tumor ribonucleic acids in case of astrocytoma have been accomplished. The tumor nucleic acids as well as vesicles expressed by glioma may be discovered in blood and spine fluid. Thus these biomarkers are the most perspective targets for realizing these goals. The review presents tumor ribonucleic acids and exosomes, regulatory signaling pathways within tumor glioma cell causing resistance towards alkalizing chemical preparations and directly participating in recurrence. The most prospective nucleic acids as prognosis biomarkers and response to specific antitumor therapy predictors were determined and the most informative methods of their assessment have been depicted. Possibilities of alkalizing agents effectivity rise by means of nucleic acids expression correction have been discussed.

Healthy behavior between traditional and modern medicine

In our time, the scope for healthy behavior has expanded due to the rich heritage and inheritance of traditional medicine, which reaches into spirituality and what is not perceptible to the sensitivity on the one hand, On the other hand, there is modern contemporary medicine that relies on advanced machines and detectors, complex chemical preparations, microscopic stem cells, and serums whose future outcomes are unknown. With this enormous expansion, social reality indicates many dissonances and contradictions between them, as the matter worsened with the absence of a hyphen that attempts to unite them, especially with regard to the moral and social dimension of the disease and its organic and vital dimension, and if healthy behavior is based on beliefs and perceptions that aspire to many health and physical benefits in the first place, then it is supposed to be more framing and directing them at the present time, as all this progress is being made. However, social reality emphasizes the increasing severity of health alienation and the emergence of irrational health behaviors.

Improvement of the modeling system of mineral fertilizer use efficiency in agriculture

Chemical preparations used in agriculture and their effects are studied in the article. Also, the effect and composition of mineral fertilizers on the growth of food production was analyzed. At the same time, the interdependence of all the factors used in the production process was determined and evaluated in the evaluation of the additional productivity obtained due to the use of mineral fertilizers. At the same time, the impact of mineral fertilizers used in agriculture on climate change has been scientifically evaluated. It is necessary to take into account that the productivity of agricultural crops is influenced not only by mineral fertilizers, but also by the type of crops, soil fertility, geographical location, and the knowledge and experience of farmers.

Efficiency of chemical preparations in mulberry nurseries cultivation

Efficiency of chemical preparations in mulberry nurseries cultivation

Study of technological properties of aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide and fcl-1 with different concentrations

The quality and preparation methods of cotton seeds play a crucial role in increasing crop yield. Seed swelling capacity, germination energy, and laboratory germination are essential characteristics for precision sowing. The excessive fibrous covering on cotton seeds necessitates linting and delinting processes to ensure uniform distribution during sowing. However, existing methods have drawbacks, and none can be considered perfect. The results of a study on the structures, compositions, and physicochemical properties of polyacrylamide and other ingredients are presented. The potential utilization of these substances in the development of composite chemical preparations for cotton seed treatment is demonstrated. Based on the research findings, it is evident that the concentration of PAA significantly affects the viscosity, density, and water retention of the solutions. Choosing the right PAA concentration allows for the targeted regulation of the technological parameters of the solutions.

Efficient Enzymatic Enrichment of High-purity Nervonic Acid from Malania oleifera Seed Oil.

Nervonic acid (NA) is a monounsaturated fatty acid vital for brain health and is of emerging importance in various industrial applications, including therapeutics, food, and cosmetics. Given the growing demands of the food and pharmaceutical industries, there's a pressing need for high-purity NA. Previously, NA constituents in plant seed oils were chemically transformed into nervonic acid ethyl ester (NAEE) to facilitate extraction from seed oils. In this study, we present an enzymatic approach to convert NA constituents in Malania oleifera seed oil to NAEE. Combined with the utilization of the semi-preparative chromatography, we achieved a remarkable purity of 97.52% NAEE. Compared to conventional chemical preparations characterized by multiple steps, prolonged processing times, and low yields and purities, our enzymatic method stands out as a more efficient and advantageous alternative. On top of that, this innovative approach is environmentally friendly and circumvents health and safety issues associated with chemical processes.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree) Oil Mouthwash on Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans: In Vitro Pilot Study

Statement of the problem: Herbal mouthwashes have attracted attention recently due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects and fewer side effects than chemical preparations. To choose the most suitable mouthwash component among these herbal preparations, in vivo and, in vitro research should be done, respectively. Objective: The effects of the mouthwashes containing Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil, TTO) on the infectious agents Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans were evaluated. The results were compared with the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX), the accepted gold standard. Material-Method: A 2% concentration of TTO was prepared, and suspensions of microorganisms Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans by Mc Farland 0.5 standard were obtained. The macrodilution tube method was used to determine the lowest concentration inhibiting growth, and the disk diffusion method was used to determine the growth inhibition zones. Each method was applied for both TTO and CHX. Results: It was determined that TTO did not inhibit the growth of S. mutans and C.albicans at 2% concentration and MIC value could not be obtained. On the other hand, it was observed that after the treatment with CHX, in C.albicans and,S.mutans samples inhibition zones with the diameters of 10 and 20 mm were formed, respectively. Conclusion: TTO cannot be a successful alternative to CHX for its 2% concentration; It has been concluded that it can increase its antimicrobial effect with different concentrations and other essential oil combinations.

Influence of the technology elements on the soybean georgia’s variety yield in the Ryazan region

The article presents the results of two-year tests and gives a comparative assessment of the bacterial preparation and chemical disinfectants on the productivity of soybeans of the George variety. In the scheme of the experiment, the inoculant Nitragine KM was studied, SP - 0.08 kg / 1 ha seed rate and chemical preparations Tirada, SC - 2.0 l / t + Tabu, HSK - 1.0 l / t + Nitragin KM, SP - 0.08 kg / 1 ha seed rate. The studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the experimental field of the institute. Soil: dark gray forest heavy loam, humus content 3.8%, mobile potassium 153 mg / kg, mobile phosphorus 226 mg / kg, pH - 4.88, exchange calcium. The predecessor is winter wheat. Determination of germination of soybean seeds showed that laboratory and field germination when using an inoculant (option 2) and chemical disinfectants + an inoculant (option 3) practically did not differ from the control variant and were at the level of 86% - 91.4%. The safety of plants for harvesting was 6.5% - 14.1% more than in the control. Two-year testing of technology elements in the cultivation of soybeans using the inoculant Nitragin KM, SP and chemical disinfectants had a positive effect on the productivity of the crop. The safety of plants for harvesting was 84.5 - 92.1%, the yield of the crop increased by 113.6 - 125.8%.

Influence of fungicides usage on the growth, development and yield of potatoes

The article assesses the effect of protective preparations of chemical and biological origin in the treatment of potato tubers and plants during the growing season in the climatic conditions of the Republic of Mari El. The results of the action of fungicides on the formation of potato yields are presented and the effect of the studied preparations on the leaf surface area during the growing season, as well as the effect of chemical preparations in the fight against diseases in the treatment of tubers before planting and plants during the growing season. The use of the fungicide Celest Top and the treatment of plants during vegetation with chemicals increased the leaf surface area during the flowering phase to 40 thousand m2/ ha. In this variant, thanks to chemical fungicides, there were the highest indicators of germination density, phytometric indicators of resistance to the most common diseases, which made it possible to increase and maintain the maximum leaf surface area, thanks to which the yield of potato tuber increased by 4.2%. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of various disease protection systems on potato yield in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El.

Application of a fungicide system on tomato in open ground conditions in Primorsky Krai

Relevance. Tomato is one of the most beloved and popular vegetables among Primorye residents. But in the monsoon climate, the Far Eastern Primorye has the most intense infectious background in Russia. The yield losses of tomato fruits from alternariosis annually amount to 30% or more. Losses from late blight on the background of epiphytotics in years with wet and cold summers, as observed in 2019, depending on the stability of the variety, can reach from 17 to 100%. Despite the fact that the development and use of biological means of control has recently been a priority, it is still too early to abandon chemical protection measures. High efficiency and versatility of the correctly selected scheme of application of fungicides, short processing time – all this gives a quick and reliable result in protecting tomato crops and reducing the harmfulness of the complex of diseases.Methodology. The research was carried out in 2019-2021 at the Primorsky Vegetable Experimental Station (PVES) – a branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in the monsoon climate of the coastal zone of Primorsky Krai. We studied the effect of chemical preparations Signum, Orvego and their tank mixture with igum + Orvego on the development of diseases, yield indicators and the structure of the tomato crop varieties Odyssey, and Fitilek. Agrotechnics of cultivation are generally accepted in Primorsky Krai for tomato culture.Results. Testing of chemical fungicides in the conditions of Primorsky Krai showed that the development of alternariasis, starting with the appearance of the first signs of damage in the first half of the growing season, effectively restrains the fungicide Signum, contributing to the preservation of the working leaf surface. It is advisable to use the tank mixture With igum + Orvego starting from the first or second decade of August, when a complex of phytopathogens develops on the leaf surface. The introduction of these two fungicides into the tank mixture leads to an increase in the biological and economic effectiveness of protective measures in the fight against alternariasis and late blight of tomatoes, compared with the standard fungicide Acrobat MC. Joint Signum Processing+Orvego, by reducing the intensity of disease development and the share of the non-commodity part of the crop, has a beneficial effect on the mass of commercial fruit and contributes to a more complete realization of the productive potential of Odyssey and Fitilek varieties.