Chemical Plant Research Articles

Oxide scale microstructure and failure mechanism of alloy 601 under varying metal dusting conditions

Chemical plants which process highly carbonaceous gases at elevated temperatures are prone to catastrophic corrosion by metal dusting. Typically, commercial alloys with high amounts of protective oxide scale formers (Cr, Al, and Si) are used in these environments. However, scale failure is still frequently observed after an incubation time initiating pits. In this study, the microstructure and subsequent metal dusting-induced failure of the oxide scale on the commercial Ni-based alloy 601 was analyzed. Samples were exposed in different aggressive metal dusting gases and characterized using metallographic cross sections, electron beam microanalysis (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A thin and protective chromia scale formed in some regions with a continuous silica layer below. Across most of the alloy 601 surfaces, internal oxidation of Al could be linked to metallic particles in the outer scale. Additionally, MnCr2O4 was observed in the outer scale. Together with pores in the chromia, the spinel and metallic particles in the outer scale combined to provide pathways for carbon ingress. After exposure in a gas with a higher driving force for carbon deposition, a higher amount of carbon was incorporated in the growing oxide scale, resulting in earlier scale failure and metal dusting pit initiation.Graphical

A Method for Assessing Threats for Critical Infrastructure Objects on the Example of an Enemy’s Attack on the Sludge Storage Facilities of the Avdiivka Coke Chemical Plant


 
 
 The difficult situation in eastern Ukraine has made the problem of assessing potential man-made threats more urgent. Among the many industrial enterprises that suffered damage as a result of hostilities, the most environmentally hazardous ones were identified, namely: Yasinivka, Avdiivka, and Yenakiieve coke-chemical plants; Yenakiieve, Makiiivka, and Donetsk metallurgical plants; Alchevsk metallurgical plant; Lysychansk oil refinery; Donetsk state chemical plant; Sloviansk, Luhansk, Vuhlehirsk, and Myronivka thermal power plants; chemical industry enterprises such as Severodonetsk Azot plant and Horlivka Styrol plant. The work proposes a method for assessing threats to critical infrastructure objects from enemy attacks. By applying graph theory and probability theory, the proposed method allows for obtaining quantitative assessments of threats and analyzing possible scenarios to develop cascading effects of emergencies. This helps determine the potential consequences of an attack and evaluate the risks associated with damaging critical infrastructure. The proposed model is based on a structural-logical approach that considers the inter- relationships between different components of the natural-technological geosystem. It will enable obtaining more objective and reliable results when assessing potential military-technological threats to CIOs and analyzing possible cascading effects in the event of damage to these objects. Developing such a model is essential in improving the approaches to assessing threats to CIOs, providing more accu- rate forecasts, and effective risk management. The results of this research can be useful for practical applications in developing strate- gies for the security of CIOs in the context of armed conflict. The results obtained in this work can be useful in developing models for assessing ecological and technological threats to critical infrastructure objects, particularly in the context of military operations. This method will improve the level of protection and help develop effective strategies to counter potential threats to critical infrastructure.
 
 

Calcium lignosulfonate-induced modification of soil chemical properties improves physiological traits and grain quality of maize (Zea mays) under salinity stress.

Salinity negatively affects maize productivity. However, calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) could improve soil properties and maize productivity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CLS application on soil chemical properties, plant physiology and grain quality of maize under salinity stress. Thus, this experiment was conducted using three CLS application rates, CLS0, CLS5, and CLS10, corresponding to 0%, 5%, and 10% of soil mass, for three irrigation water salinity (WS) levels WS0.5, WS2.5, and WS5.5 corresponding to 0.5 and 2.5 and 5.5 dS/m, respectively. Results show that the WS0.5 × CLS10 combination increased potassium (K 0.167 g/kg), and calcium (Ca, 0.39 g/kg) values while reducing the sodium (Na, 0.23 g/kg) content in soil. However, the treatment WS5.5 × CLS0 decreased K (0.120 g/kg), and Ca (0.15 g/kg) values while increasing Na (0.75 g/kg) content in soil. The root activity was larger in WS0.5 × CLS10 than in WS5.5 × CLS0, as the former combination enlarged K and Ca contents in the root while the latter decreased their values. The leaf glutamine synthetase (953.9 µmol/(g.h)) and nitrate reductase (40.39 µg/(g.h)) were higher in WS0.5 × CLS10 than in WS5.5 × CLS0 at 573.4 µmol/(g.h) and 20.76 µg/(g.h), leading to the improvement in cell progression cycle, as revealed by lower malonaldehyde level (6.57 µmol/g). The K and Ca contents in the leaf (881, 278 mg/plant), stem (1314, 731 mg/plant), and grains (1330, 1117 mg/plant) were greater in WS0.5 × CLS10 than in WS5.5 × CLS0 at (146, 21 mg/plant), (201, 159 mg/plant) and (206, 157 mg/plant), respectively. Therefore, the maize was more resistance to salt stress under the CLS10 level, as a 7.34% decline in yield was noticed when salinity surpassed the threshold value (5.96 dS/m). The protein (13.6 %) and starch (89.2 %) contents were greater in WS0.5 × CLS10 than in WS5.5 × CLS0 (6.1 %) and (67.0 %), respectively. This study reveals that CLS addition can alleviate the adverse impacts of salinity on soil quality and maize productivity. Thus, CLS application could be used as an effective soil amendment when irrigating with saline water for sustainable maize production.

Case Study on the Design Engineering of Deodorization System in Coal Chemical Wastewater Treatment Plants in the New Era

Case Study on the Design Engineering of Deodorization System in Coal Chemical Wastewater Treatment Plants in the New Era

РОЛЬ БДЖІЛЬНИЦТВА В ДОСЯГНЕННІ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТА СІЛЬСЬКИХ ТЕРИТОРІЙ

The improvement of the economic performance of agricultural enterprises should not be accompanied by the deterioration of the quality of the environment and cause social tension among the employees of the enterprise and the population living in the surrounding area. Therefore, the problem arose of finding such directions of development of agricultural enterprises that would simultaneously contribute to the improvement of financial and economic indicators of their activity, as well as ensure the sustainable development of both the enterprises themselves and the sustainable development of the surrounding rural areas. The article examines the positive value of the agricultural sector, in particular: production of products, creation of jobs, provision of foreign exchange revenues to the state budget, the possibility of providing services of unity with nature. However, it was noted that the agricultural industry has negative consequences of its activity, in particular: the deterioration of the quality of the soil, the increase in the level of plowing, the excessive use of chemical plant protection agents leads to an increase in the level of soil pollution, the death of representatives of the fauna, as well as an increase in the level of human illness. It is proposed to restore and develop the beekeeping industry in order to reorient the activities of the agrarian industry on the principles of sustainable development. Both existing agricultural enterprises and small peasant farms can be engaged in bee breeding. For agricultural enterprises, beekeeping is a direction of diversification that can bring additional income. For rural residents, beekeeping is a way to provide themselves with a workplace and to earn from the sale of beekeeping products and the provision of pollination services to agricultural enterprises, which will be able to sell their products as organic at higher prices. However, starting a beekeeping business requires significant investments, which are not at the disposal of small peasant farms. Therefore, they are suggested to join cooperatives. This will make it possible to carry out laboratory analysis, form large batches of honey and sell it at a higher price. The cooperative can also pack and process honey with possible independent export. In general, the development of the beekeeping industry will contribute to increasing the level of employment in rural areas and improving the ecological situation, which corresponds to the principles of sustainable development.

Optimisation of Irrigation and Fertigation Processes through Automated Control Systems: A Case of Maziwa Farm’s Low-yielding Boreholes in Murewa, Zimbabwe

The aim of this research was to design an automated irrigation and fertigation system in low yielding boreholes at Maziwa farm, Murewa, Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe. The study focused on designing an automated controlsystem of irrigation and fertigation using the PIC18F4550 microcontroller. The work entailed the designing of a fertilizer and herbicide chemical plant and the simulation of the developed control system. An irrigation and fertigation control system program was developed using Mikro C Pro software and simulated using Proteus software. Key considerations in the fertiliser and herbicide chemical plant design included a drip irrigation system for optimised water, fertiliser, and herbicide distribution, featuring chemical tanks and solenoid valves for controlled injection. Emitters, laterals and the mainline pipes, a medium for the irrigation water and fertilizer or herbicides to the plants were also selected. The automated irrigation system employs a microcontroller that utilizes Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology in facilitating operator communication. The system status updates were sent to the user via SMS (Short Message Service) with connection between the user and the system being possible also through text messages for action confirmation. The results of the research were validated using simulation with proteus software.

Mechanical and biological methods of plant protection against agrophages in the context of the European Green Deal strategy

The intensive development of agriculture in Europe has caused that all European Union member states are currently increasingly expe¬riencing negative consequences such as depletion of natural resources, increased erosion and loss of natural soil fertility, increased importance of new diseases and pests, water shortages, reduced biomass production and decreased biodiversity of organisms. In the context of the common agricultural policy, as well as the need to limit the use of chemical protection of agricultural crops, agrotechnical and also mechanical and biological methods are gaining in importance. Mechanical methods of protecting plants against pests main¬ly consist in mechanical destruction of threats or preventing them from reaching plants in the field or agricultural products stored in storage. Biological methods, on the other hand, use viruses, microorganisms and macroorganisms to combat pests as an alternative to chemical plant protection. This publication presents available mechanical and biological methods that allow for minimizing the use of chemicals in agriculture.

A performant PID autotuner based on a short relay test

Industrial applications encompass a wide range of fields, including chemical plants, biomedical engineering, vibration control, and mechanical systems, among others. Frequently, controller tuning is performed using a process model as a basis. Determining such a model can be a time-consuming and challenging task, requiring proper identification. Nonlinear processes often have a limited number of relevant operating points. Autotuning methods that collect pertinent process information at specific operating points and determine controller parameters automatically streamline the controller design process by eliminating the need for process modelling. This paper presents a novel relay based autotuning methodology for Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers highly suitable for Industry 5.0 applications that is easily implemented. The methodology is successfully validated on two numerical examples consisting of a highly oscillatory process and a process with large time delay. Additionally, two experimental validations are presented for a mass-spring-damper system and a 2-tank process.

Monitoring of pathogens of carrot (Dausis Carota) rot during storage in the territory of the Russian Federation

A study was conducted to determine the spectrum of pathogens that cause carrot rot when stored in storage conditions on 70 samples from 20 regions of the Russian Federation. Wet chamber method, microscopy, culture and molecular (PCR analysis) methods were used to identify pathogens. The most often dominant pathogens on carrot roots in storage conditions in all regions were fungi of the genus Penicillium, Fusarium, Mucor, Aspergillus, Pythium, Alternaria; Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum и Sclerotinia nivalis. As a result of a study of the effectiveness of LLC “Syngenta” chemical plant protection products against white rot in vitro Miravis®, SC (adepidyn 200 g/l) и Cidely Top, SL (diphenoconazole 125 g/l + cyflufenamide 15 g/l), it was concluded that the treatment based on adepidine has a biological efficacy equal to 100%, compared with the other -with a biological efficacy of 33.3%.

Protecting spring wheat plants using selenium and pesticides.

The research was carried out in order to find ways to optimize the system of protection of spring wheat crops. In the conducted studies, the effect of combinations of sodium selenite and various pesticides, differing in the specifics of action and biological activity, on the yield and quality of spring wheat of the Yubileinaya 80 variety was studied. Currently, there is a need to achieve a sufficient effect of the action of chemical plant protection products and to obtain a minimum impact on human health and the environment. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of various combinations of chemical plant protection products and methods of using sodium selenite on the yield and grain quality indicators of spring wheat variety Yubileinaya 80. The studies were carried out under the conditions of a vegetative experiment with spring wheat variety Yubileinaya 80. Two methods of using sodium selenite and chemical plant protection agents of different specifics of action were studied: fungicide, herbicide, and insecticide, which were applied in different combinations and at different times. As a result of the studies, the phytotoxicity of the studied preparations of chemical plant protection was revealed, which apparently manifests itself as a result of inhibition of the morphometric indicators of the growth of the root system and vegetative organs of wheat plants, resulting in a violation of the processes of accumulation of assimilates and their outflow to the reproductive organs. Optimal combinations of pesticides and sodium selenite have been established, allowing to obtain reliable changes in yield and quality indicators of wheat grain. It was revealed that the use of selenium treatment before sowing seeds contributed to a decrease in the phytotoxicity of the studied pesticides, as a result of stimulating the processes of absorption by plants and the redistribution of nitrogen to the reproductive organs of wheat, which had a positive effect not only on the yield and quality of spring wheat of the Yubileynaya 80 variety, but also on the external surface microstructure of the fruit shell of the grain. The noted features of the surface of the fruit shell of the grain will reduce losses during grain processing and obtain processed products from such grain of higher quality.

THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS ON THE SOWING QUALITIES AND FIELD GERMINATION OF ALFALFA SEEDS

Agriculture has been solving the problem of increasing yields through chemical plant protection products. Their intensive use has led to the need for the biologization of agriculture, which means the production of products using the maximum potential of environmental factors to increase yields without harming the environment. Using seeds with high sowing qualities is the key to obtaining sustainable yields. In this regard, this article presents the results of research on the effect of pre-sowing treatment of alfalfa seeds with Organit P, Organit N, Biodux, Systemica M biopreparations, OrganitN+ OrganitP+Bidux for sowing qualities and field germination. The experiments were carried out in 3-fold repetition, observations were made according to 6 variants of the experiment. Laboratory experiments were conducted according to the methodology for determining the growth strength of seeds of forage crops according to GOST 12038-84. The flow rate of the working fluid for seed treatment was taken at the rate of 1 ml per 100 g of seeds. Germination energy was determined on the 3rd day, and laboratory germination on the 7th day. The scheme of the experiment included a variant without treatment (control) with the treatment of seeds with biological preparations a day before sowing. It was revealed that the treatment of alfalfa seeds with biological preparations improves the indicators characterizing the initial stages of plant growth and development ontogenesis. Regarding germination energy, the highest result was shown by the preparations Systemica M–75,0% and Organit N+ Organit P+ Bidux – 68,5%. Using the Organit N+ Organit P+ Bidux complex of drugs increased laboratory germination to – 81,5% and field germination to – 41,5%.

인천 서구 탱크로리 폭발사고로 본 과산화수소 분해반응에 대한 위험성에 관한 연구

In 2020, a significant accident occurred at a chemical plant in Seo-gu, Incheon, involving a tank explosion during the recovery of a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide in a tank lorry. This accident caused multiple casualties and extensive property damage. This study investigated the cause of the chemical explosion through a reproduction experiment (reactivity and temperature change) and a component analysis of the field samples. The results revealed a runaway reaction approximately 17 minutes after mixing hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide, resulting in a temperature increase to 85 °C. Component analysis using NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and pH analysis confirmed the similarity between the components of the product after the chemical reaction and the sample collected on site. Mechanical and electrical inspections of the exploded tank lorry exhibited a typical brittle fracture shape in the broken steel plate, indicating a structural failure. Electrical assessment ruled out the possibility of explosion due to static electricity and electrical singularities. We infer that the tank lorry explosion occurred due to the accelerated decomposition reaction caused by the positive catalytic action of sodium hydroxide mixed with hydrogen peroxide, which rapidly increased pressure within the tank.

Experimental Study on the Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates with Copper Slag and Spent Fire Bricks with Addition of Coconut Fiber

Abstract: Nowadays, there's associate increasing curiosity within the development of eco-friendly materials. There are number of new by products and waste materials are generated by various industries on a large scale. Concrete prepared with such recycled materials showed enhancement in workability and durability compared to normal concrete and used in the construction of power plants, chemical plants and under-water structures. CS is manufacturing by-product substance formed from the process of manufacturing copper. Bricks come in a variety of varieties because they are a widely used material. Brick aggregate levels are relatively low, and concrete produces excellent results. So it will be better option to use it as substitute or as a recycled material to prevent environment and land degradation, overcoming problem is indeed a need of present time and future also. The extant of destruction can be reduced if sustainability criteria would be considered. The objective of the investigation is to study mechanical properties of concrete, using copper slag, spent fire bricks with addition of coconut fiber percentages compared with the conventional concrete, hence determined the compressive strength, spilt tensile strength and Flexural strength of concrete. All Destructive tests are performed on concrete to check the strength and durability of this concrete at respective as per specified IS Codes. The result shows that concrete workability is fine and within limits after replacing fine aggregates with copper slag, spent fire bricks with addition of coconut fiber. However, workability gets reduced at higher replacement of materials. The strength parameters such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength also increase and show an optimum value at 21&21% fine aggregates replacement and 1.5% Addition of coconut fibers respectively. Test results are satisfactory up to 21&21% and 1.5% replacement. After this, there is a decrease in the strength of concrete.

Reduction Method of Carbon Emission in Chemical Plants: Comparison of Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Korea

There are various methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the construction and operational processes of chemical plants; however, the greenhouse gas reduction effects, investment costs, and benefits of their application have not been evaluated. Therefore, this study proposes greenhouse gas reduction measures that can be applied to chemical plant projects, including photovoltaic power generation, power factor improvement, VSD (Variable Speed Drive) motors, LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting, and minimizing on-site business trips. Subsequently, the potential greenhouse gas reduction, estimated costs, and expected benefits for each measure were calculated by region. Among these measures, power factor improvement demonstrated the highest CO<sub>2</sub> reduction potential, with an estimated investment cost as low as 27 USD/tCO<sub>2</sub>, making it an effective greenhouse gas reduction strategy. Additionally, LED lighting and minimizing on-site business trips, which require little initial investment, should be implemented promptly. The proposed five measures, considering the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, estimated investment costs, and benefits, can be applied to identify ways to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in new chemical plants.

Scaling up machine learning-based chemical plant simulation: A method for fine-tuning a model to induce stable fixed points

Idealized first-principles models of chemical plants can be inaccurate. An alternative is to fit a Machine Learning (ML) model directly to plant sensor data. We use a structured approach: Each unit within the plant gets represented by one ML model. After fitting the models to the data, the models are connected into a flowsheet-like directed graph. We find that for smaller plants, this approach works well, but for larger plants, the complex dynamics arising from large and nested cycles in the flowsheet lead to instabilities in the solver during model initialization. We show that a high accuracy of the single-unit models is not enough: The gradient can point in unexpected directions, which prevents the solver from converging to the correct stationary state. To address this problem, we present a way to fine-tune ML models such that initialization, even with very simple solvers, becomes robust.

ДЕГРАДАЦІЯ ЗАЛІЗОБЕТОННИХ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ ЦЕХІВ НА ЗАВОДАХ ХІМІЧНОЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ

In this work, based on the analysis and synthesis of scientific and technical sources, the problem of degradation of concrete and reinforced concrete structures of workshops at chemical industry plants is formulated and its relevance is noted. A number of works on the specified problem are analyzed, in particular, the results of technical diagnostics of many buildings and structures, both newly built and in long-term operation, are described. The need for periodic technical diagnostics is noted and the appropriate proposals are formulated to restore (strengthen) the load-bearing capacity of such structures. Based on the completed full-scale studies of reinforced concrete structures in long-term operation of workshops in chemical industry plants, the main factors that significantly affect the reduction of the load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures in aggressive air conditions at chemical industry enterprises are summarized. In particular, the following reinforced concrete structures were examined: columns, beams, trusses, covering slabs and wall panels and other structures at the Caustic Soda and Chlorine Plant (KSiH) and other plants of V.O. "Chlorvinyl" in the city of Kalush, Ivano-Frankivsk region, which were installed in 1968-1973. The destruction of the paint coating due to the action of wet gases HCl and Cl2, the destruction of ribbed panels with a paint coating due to the action of dry chlorine in the calcium tetrachloride workshop, as well as the action of salt corrosion, and the destruction of pipeline supports due to the action of dry chlorine are noted. These destructions are presented in this paper and shown in fig. 1. They are concluded to the following: to mistakes made during design; to defects and shortcomings in construction; to shortcomings in the operation of concrete and reinforced concrete structures, in aggressive environments. Recommendations for protecting reinforced concrete structures in accordance with the aggressive environments, which they are operated in, are given.

Review on nanofluid preparation, stability analysis, and heat enhancement by nanofluids in pipe with passive elements

Heat enhancement applications such as heat exchangers, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems, nuclear and chemical plants, etc., help to increase the thermal rating and performance of the system in addition to decreasing the cost, and size of the system. The heat exchanger design is very complex compared to other designing procedures, which requires proper heat transfer value and consideration of pressure drop, performance of the system, reliability, and durability of the system. The major drawback of the conventional fluid is its low thermal conductivity, which creates a negative impact on heat transfer, the nanofluids need to overcome this limitation. This paper reviews the preparation of nanofluid, stability analysis of nanoparticles, typical nanoparticles, and base fluids in heat transfer augmentation. Passive element heat enhancement techniques like twisted tapes showed positive results in laminar flow compared to turbulent flow, and ribs on the geometry, conical nozzles, and rings are better for turbulent flows than laminar flows. This article highlighted the main gaps and challenges for future research.

Effect of Different Post-Harvest Treatments on Quality and Shelf Life of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Fruits During Storage

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is a widely consumed vegetable crop worldwide. The perishability of fruits increased due to the high level of moisture which reduces quality and shelf life. Thus, this study was conducted in Kanchanpur, Nepal from 11th July to 1st August 2022 to investigate the impact of postharvest application of various chemical substances and plant extracts on the post-harvest life of tomatoes throughout the storage. The pink stage of the Heemsohna variety of tomato fruit was harvested and dipped in various treatment solutions; 0.1 % Gibberellic acid (GA3), 1.5% calcium chloride (CaCl2), 10% Aloe vera gel, and 15% Neem leaf extract (NLE) or distilled water as control. After that, the fruits were air-dried and kept at ambient temperatures. The experiment was set up using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications and 5 treatments. At three-day intervals throughout storage, the physicochemical properties and shelf life of tomato fruit were examined. The different postharvest treatments caused the changes in total soluble solids, titratable acidity, decaying loss, and weight loss to be delayed compared to the control. With 0.1% GA3 and 1.5% CaCl2, fruit had the lowest decay percentage followed by aloe vera gel and NLE. Similarly, the fruits dipped in 1.5% CaCl2, had shown maximum shelf life of 21 days. Hence, it was determined that postharvest treatment with GA3, CaCl2, Aloe vera gel, and NLE possesses the capacity to keep quality, extend shelf life, and delay spoilage.

Ensuring the safety of citizens by rescuers/police officers in case of a chemical attack (accident at a chemical enterprise) in the conditions of marital law

The work deals with the urgent problem of ensuring the safety of life of the population in the conditions of martial law, introduced in Ukraine – providing premedical assistance to victims of a chemical attack (as a result of the action of dangerous factors of a man-made accident at a specialized chemical enterprise).
 The potential possibilities of means of defeating the units of the chemical forces of the aggressor state are analyzed, the cases of the use of chemical weapons by the occupiers in relation to both the units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the civilian population during the war in Ukraine, as well as the real situations of destroyed chemical plants in many regions of the country, are described and summarized.
 On the basis of the analysis of operational publications in the Internet and scientific works of a great number of scientists, the general algorithm of rescue actions during the evacuation of victims of a chemical attack/accident (workers/residents) was considered, modern approaches in the order of providing premedical aid both at chemical enterprises and at home conditions when people are injured by the most common chemical substances were clarified, recommendations concerning compliance by police officers with established rules of conduct at the scene of the incident are offered.
 The main signs that characterize the beginning of a chemical attack in the conditions of martial law and allow the population to identify it quickly are given: 1) chemical alarm signals; 2) features of air raids or enemy artillery fire; 3) simultaneous mass death of small animals, birds and insects.
 The peculiarities of the effect on the human body of such substances as chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid), nitrogen (nitrogen N), nitric acid, oxide (dioxin) of nitrogen, for each of which characteristic symptoms of damage for the victim are determined, the procedure for providing premedical aid to victims in case of damage by them, as well as under the influence of chemical weapons (sarin, phosgene) has been specified.
 Based on the analysis of special literature and the results of the conducted research, a generalization was made regarding the importance of training the population in effective (and therefore safe) actions in the event of a chemical attack by the military units of the aggressor state (a man-made accident at chemical enterprises), the need to observe the established rules of conduct and safety measures in the case of a missile/artillery attack by the occupiers, regardless of the region or territory of fighting actions in Ukraine

Qualitative Chemical Plant Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial potential of Rhododendron, a high Attitudinal Medicinal Plant in Uttarakhand, India

The objective of our study was to analyze and screen the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Rhododendron species (especially rawatii and arboreum using methanol as solvent system) in order to display potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. These Rhododendron species may be considered them as one of the immunobiological sources for future novel antioxidants (food and pharmaceutical formulations) and antimicrobial agent. In this study, we performed the antioxidant activity in methanolic leaves and flower extract of Rhododendron rawatii and Rhododendron arboretum using parameters i.e. DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content. In addition, antimicrobial activity was also performed against bacterial strains. The results of these studies showed that leaves of Rhododendron rawatii (10 mg/ml; 100 µl) showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activity followed by Rhododendron arboreum and flowers of both species of Rhododendron. In short, these studies may have revealed that Rhododendron rawatii act as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent due to its free radical scavenging and inhibition in the growth of bacterial colonies.