Chemical Parameters Of Groundwater Research Articles

Assessment of water quality around coal-fired thermal power plant, Bathinda (Punjab), India

In the present study, both the underground and surface water samples around Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant Bathinda, Punjab, having total installed capacity of 440MW, were analyzed for the physico-chemical parameters viz. pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Total Alkalinity (TA), Carbonate (CO32-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Chloride (Cl-), Phosphate (PO43-), Nitrate (NO3-), Fluoride (F-) and heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead(Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn). The correlation coefficients (r) among various water quality parameters of studied underground water samples were calculated. The physical and chemical parameters of groundwater are compared with the drinking water quality standards recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (2012) and World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). On the basis of results obtained in the present study, concentration of Chloride (Cl-), Magnesium (Mg2+), Fluoride (F-) and Total dissolved solids (TDS) observed in ground water of Bathinda varied from 30 to 284 mg/l, 120 to 280 mg/l, 2.66-3.99 mg/l and 620-1439 mg/l, respectively which are exceeding the acceptable limits prescribed by WHO (2017) as well as BIS (2012). Also, the concentration of heavy metals viz. cadmium (0.366 to 0.437 mg/l), and lead (0.193 to 0.353 mg/l) have higher levels than prescribed by WHO and BIS for drinking purpose. Thus, groundwater is not suitable for drinking purposes with prior treatment.

Earthquake - Science in Himalayas: Ground Water Quality Change and its Implications

In this paper, we discuss the pre-earthquake and post-earthquake groundwater scenario in context of Nepal. Nepal being one of the most earthquake vulnerable countries, the implications of earthquake in Nepal is considerable. Study requires not so only above the earth surface, but also in sub-surface conditions. Of various geo-physical and geo-chemical, subsurface conditions, this particular study concerns with groundwater chemical parameters. Before the occurrence of earthquake, groundwater chemistry has been found to change in numerous instances as promising precursor of earthquake. On the other hand, the chemical changes in groundwater have been found to continue beyond the occurrence of earthquake. Some of these changes, due to their toxic nature, are likely to cause health hazards to people who directly consume groundwater. In this premise, we deduce that constant observation of groundwater chemistry before and after earthquake is crucial for both earthquake prediction science and for monitoring health risks that may arise from consuming chemically altered groundwater due to tectonic activity.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 201-205

Seasonal Variation in Physico Chemical Parameters of Ground Water of Merta City, Nagaur

Seasonal Variation in Physico Chemical Parameters of Ground Water of Merta City, Nagaur

Mechanisms on the Impacts of Alkalinity, pH, and Chloride on Persulfate-Based Groundwater Remediation.

Persulfate (S2O82-)-based in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has gained more attention in recent years due to the generation of highly reactive and selective sulfate radical (SO4•-). This study examined the effects of important groundwater chemical parameters, i.e., alkalinity, pH, and chloride on benzene degradation via heterogeneous persulfate activation by three Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-containing aquifer minerals: ferrihydrite, goethite, and pyrolusite. A comprehensive kinetic model was established to elucidate the mechanisms of radical generation and mineral surface complexation. Results showed that an increase of alkalinity up to 10 meq/L decreased the rates of persulfate decomposition and benzene degradation, which was associated with the formation of unreactive surface carbonato complexes. An increase in pH generally accelerated persulfate decomposition due to enhanced formation of reactive surface hydroxo complexation. A change in the chloride level up to 5 mM had a negligibly effect on the reaction kinetics. Kinetics modeling also suggested that SO4•- was transformed to hydroxyl radical (HO•) and carbonate radical (CO3•-) at higher pHs. Furthermore, the yields of two major products of benzene oxidation, i.e., phenol and aldehyde, were positively correlated with the branching ratio of SO4•- reacting with benzene, but inversely correlated with that of HO• or CO3•-, indicating that SO4•- preferentially oxidized benzene via pathways involving fewer hydroxylation steps compared to HO• or CO3•-.

Impact of Calcium and Magnesium in Groundwater and Drinking Water on the Health of Inhabitants of the Slovak Republic.

This work aims to evaluate the impact of the chemical composition of groundwater/drinking water on the health of inhabitants of the Slovak Republic. Primary data consists of 20,339 chemical analyses of groundwater (34 chemical elements and compounds) and data on the health of the Slovak population expressed in the form of health indicators (HI). Fourteen HIs were evaluated including life expectancy, potential years of lost life, relative/standardized mortality for cardiovascular and oncological diseases, and diseases of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. The chemical and health data were expressed as the mean values for each of the 2883 Slovak municipalities. Artificial neural network (ANN) was the method used for environmental and health data analysis. The most significant relationship between HI and chemical composition of groundwater was documented as Ca + Mg (mmol·L−1), Ca and Mg. The following limit values were set for these most significant groundwater chemical parameters: Ca + Mg 2.9–6.1 mmol·L−1, Ca 78–155 mg·L−1 and Mg 28–54 mg·L−1. At these concentration ranges, the health of the Slovak population is the most favorable and the life expectancy is the highest. These limit values are about twice as high in comparison to the current Slovak valid guideline values for drinking water.

Analysis of Physical and Chemical Parameters in Ground Water Used for Drinking around Konso Area, Southwestern Ethiopia

To improve water quality, there should be a mechanism of keeping safe water source from chemical contaminants in an effective and protective way through the application of regular check up and with interventions by taking exact measure periodically before it is supplied for usage. The intention of this research work is to determine the level of common cations, anions, heavy metals and physical parameters in drinking water supply system in konso and its surrounding area, Southwestern of Ethiopia. Water samples were collected from 23 different locations in the area where there is hand pump or motorized supply system that are used for drinking purpose. Collected samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters including total alkalinity, Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Total hardness and Total suspended solid. Common cations (Li+, K+, Na+,Ca2+ and Mg2+), Common anions (NO3−, SO42−, PO42−, F− and Cl−) and Heavy metals (Pd, Ni, Mn, Pb, Co, Zn, Cu) were analyzed. The obtained results were compared with some national and international standards or guidelines for drinking water. Accordingly, the results obtained show that most of the physical and some common ions and heavy metals were within the accepted range of the guideline recommended by WHO. In addition to this, some parameters are at alarming state as compared to the WHO standards for drinking purposes, thereby suggesting the need for treatment and precautionary measures for use of the particular ground water.

Contrasting regional and national mechanisms for predicting elevated arsenic in private wells across the United States using classification and regression trees

Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a public health and environmental concern in the United States (U.S.) particularly where monitoring is not required under the Safe Water Drinking Act. Previous studies suggest the influence of regional mechanisms for arsenic mobilization into groundwater; however, no study has examined how influencing parameters change at a continental scale spanning multiple regions. We herein examine covariates for groundwater in the western, central and eastern U.S. regions representing mechanisms associated with arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contamination level (MCL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb). Statistically significant covariates were identified via classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, and included hydrometeorological and groundwater chemical parameters. The CART analyses were performed at two scales: national and regional; for which three physiographic regions located in the western (Payette Section and the Snake River Plain), central (Osage Plains of the Central Lowlands), and eastern (Embayed Section of the Coastal Plains) U.S. were examined. Validity of each of the three regional CART models was indicated by values >85% for the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. Aridity (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) was identified as the primary covariate associated with elevated arsenic at the national scale. At the regional scale, aridity and pH were the major covariates in the arid to semi-arid (western) region; whereas dissolved iron (taken to represent chemically reducing conditions) and pH were major covariates in the temperate (eastern) region, although additional important covariates emerged, including elevated phosphate. Analysis in the central U.S. region indicated that elevated arsenic concentrations were driven by a mixture of those observed in the western and eastern regions.

Exploration of Ionic Contamination for Groundwater in Some Irrigated Sites of Rajshahi Area

Groundwater samples collected from 15 tube wells of six unions under Puthia upazila of Rajshahidistrict was evaluated their quality for irrigation usage in relation to soil properties and crop growth. Groundwater samples under test were slightly alkaline (pH = 7.10-7.34) in nature and were not problematic for crop production. As regards to TDS, allwater samples were classified as fresh water (TDS<1,000 mg L-1) in quality. EC and SAR values reflected that water samples were medium salinity (C2) and low alkalinity (S1) hazard classes expressed as C2S1. Regarding EC, all collected water samples could be safely used for crops growing on soils with moderate level of permeability and leaching. Groundwater samples were excellent in quality as per SAR and SSP. All water samples were free from RSC and belonged to suitable in category. All groundwater sampleswere hard in quality. The status ofHCO3,Fe, Mn, BO3, SO4, PO4 and Cl ions were recorded below the permissible limit for irrigation and these ions might not create hazardous impact on soil ecosystem. The relationships between chemical parameters of groundwater like EC, TDS, SAR, SSP, RSC and hardness (HT) were established. Significant correlations existed between EC-TDS, EC-RSC, EC-HT, TDS-RSC, TDS-HT, SAR-SSP and RSC-HT.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2.22201 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 7(2): 37-41 2014

Hydro-environmental assessment of a regional ground water aquifer: Hirakud command area (India)

A hydro-environmental assessment has been performed for Hirakud command area (India) in terms of quantity and physicochemical quality analysis of groundwater. Quantity analysis has been performed in terms of water level variation and groundwater potential zone identification. Groundwater table fluctuation analysis reveals that water level is declining rapidly due to insufficient recharge owing to frequent recession of monsoon and excessive pumping of groundwater. Inefficient distribution of canal water especially in the tail end of the Hirakud command is accentuating the high dependency on ground water. The groundwater potential zone index map is generated using analytic hierarchy process along with different influencing features, e.g., land use/cover, soil type, geology. Three zones have been identified for Hirakud command area (poor: 21.15 %, moderate: 46.32 %, and good: 32.53 %). Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater, e.g., electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, nitrate, iron, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, bicarbonate and fluoride are analyzed for the study area. Piper analysis is used to identify dominant hydrochemical facies. United States Salinity Laboratory and Wilcox Diagram are used to determine the irrigation water quality. Principal component analysis is utilized to find out key groundwater quality parameters. The chemical analysis shows that values of all parameters are within permissible limit. However, nitrate, iron and fluoride are found above permissible limit in some areas. The assessment reveals the state of the aquifer in terms of quantity and quality.

Does irrigation with reclaimed water significantly pollute shallow aquifer with nitrate and salinity? An assay in a perurban area in North Tunisia

In Tunisia, reclaimed water is increasingly used for irrigation in order to mitigate water shortage. However, few studies have addressed the effect of such practice on the environment. Thus, we attempted in this paper to assess the impact of irrigation with reclaimed water on the nitrate content and salinity in the Nabeul shallow aquifer on the basis of satellite images and data from 53 sampled wells. Ordinary and indicator kriging were used to map the spatial variability of these groundwater chemical parameters and to locate the areas where water is suitable for drinking and irrigation. The results of this study have shown that reclaimed water is not an influential factor on groundwater contamination by nitrate and salinity. Cropping density is the main factor contributing to nitrate groundwater pollution, whereas salinity pollution is affected by a conjunction of factors such as seawater interaction and lithology. The predictive maps show that nitrate content in the groundwater ranges from 9.2 to 206mg/L while the electric conductivity ranges from 2.2 to 8.5dS/m. The high-nitrate concentration areas underlie sites with high annual crop density, whereas salinity decreases gradually moving away from the coastline. The probability maps reveal that almost the entire study area is unsuitable for drinking with regard to nitrate and salinity levels. Appropriate measures, such as the elaboration of codes of good agricultural practices and action programs, should be undertaken in order to prevent and/or remediate the contamination of the Nabeul shallow aquifer.

Geostatistical analysis using GIS for mapping groundwater quality: case study in the recharge area of Wadi Usfan, western Saudi Arabia

The scarcity of water is one of the main issues in Saudi Arabia. In particular, the extreme climate in the form of less frequent rainfall affects the groundwater availability. Moreover, groundwater has been depleted by the increase in population. In this research, the spatial distribution of groundwater quality has been developed, and the prediction of groundwater chemical parameters has been made using geostatistical analysis in geographic information system (GIS) software. The study area is Madrakah village as the recharge area of Wadi Usfan located in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Ordinary kriging method was applied to map the spatial distribution of the groundwater chemistry. Most of the groundwater is not suitable for drinking purposes. Groundwater chemical parameters are decreasing toward the eastern part of Madrakah village. In predicting groundwater chemistry distribution maps, data transformation has been executed to reduce the skewness on most of the chemical parameters. The best semivariogram model for every parameter varies based on the root mean square error (RMSE) criterion. The groundwater chemical parameters, i.e., Na+, Mg2+, Cl−, conductivity, salinity, and total dissolved solid (TDS), have a strong spatial dependence, while, NO3− and temperature have a moderate and weak spatial dependence, respectively.

Evaluation of hydrogeochemical parameters of groundwater for suitability of domestic and irrigational purposes: a case study from central Ganga Plain, India

The study area is one of the most productive part of central Ganga Plain and fertile tract for sugarcane cultivation. Hydrogeochemical parameters of groundwater of the study area was evaluated to know the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigational purposes. Fifty-five groundwater samples from hand pumps in pre-monsoon 2007 were analyzed for physical and chemical groundwater parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solid, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl, SO4, and NO3). Three major groups of groundwater with distinct chemical compositions had been identified on L–L diagram, i.e., Ca+Mg-HCO3 type, mixed type, and alkali bicarbonate type. All possible species, such as Na-Cl, K-Cl, Na-HCO3, Na-SO4, Ca-HCO3, Mg-HCO3, Ca-SO4, and Mg-SO4 occur in the groundwater system. Groundwater comes under the category of moderately hard to very hard, mildly acidic to slightly alkaline in nature. Majority of the sample are within the permissible limit when compared with drinking water standards in terms of electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solid, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl, SO4, and NO3. According to Gibb’s ratio, most of groundwater samples fall in the rock dominance field. Assessing the domestic uses, all the samples are considered fit, as they are neither acidic nor strongly alkaline. Based on analytical results, irrigational quality parameters like sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, and permeability index were calculated which indicate that the groundwater is also suitable for irrigational uses.

Spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Sri Lanka

Fluoride ions in drinking water is well known for both beneficial and detrimental effects on health. Millions of inhabitants in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka are vulnerable to fluorosis due to consumption of high fluoride groundwater. The objective of this study is to upgrade the spatial distribution map of groundwater fluoride levels in Sri Lanka. The map was prepared using nearly 14000 groundwater fluoride data that were collected from primary and secondary sources. The fluoride map of Sri Lanka indicates that the climate and hydrological conditions appear to play a major role in the geochemical distribution of fluoride in groundwater. In some cases, over 25 % of wells have more than 2 mg/L of fluoride, which is much higher than the recommended level for tropical countries. As shown in the map, even within the Dry Zone region, some low fluoride regions can be observed. This may probably be due to the effect of surface water, which contains fairly low levels of fluoride. In general, from among the chemical parameters in groundwater, fluoride stands out as an ion that appears to seriously affect the water quality of the Dry Zone. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v40i4.5044 J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 2012 40 (4):303-309

Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Dwarakeswar Watershed Area, India

The Hydrochemical study was carried out in Dwarakeswar watershed area, Bankura and Purulia districts, West Bengal, India, with an objective of understanding the suitability of local groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes. Groundwater samples have been collected from different villages within Dwarakeswar watershed area. The samples have been analysed to determine physical parameters like pH, EC, TDS and Hardness, the chemical parameters like Na, K, Ca, Fe, HCO3, SO4 and Cl. From the analysed data, some parameters like Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Total Hardness (TH), Magnesium Absorption Ration (MAR) and Kelly’s Ratio (KR) have also been determined. The distribution pattern of TDS and chlorides, which are the general indicators of groundwater quality reveals that on an average the ground water is fresh and potable except the ground water in and around Teghari, Gara and Satyatan Primary school where the groundwater is not potable and may affect the health of local population because concentration of TDS exceeds the desirable limits of 500 mg/L. The aerial distribution of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) reveals that highest concentration is recorded at Gara and Teghri and the lowest concentrations is noted in Suburdih and Kalabani. SAR values were ranged between 0.09 - 0.54 meq/L in pre monsoon and 0.01 - 0.24 meq/L in post-monsoon. It is evident from the whole sample set that the SAR value is excellent in all the samples. Hence, our findings strongly suggest that all the abstracted groundwater samples from the study area were suitable for irrigation. Results of analyses for physical and chemical parameters of groundwater in this area was found to be within the desirable Bureau of Indian Standards and World Health Organisation limits for drinking water.

Correlation Between Some Groundwater Chemical Parameters and Soil Texture Index of Different Soils Irrigated with Treated Domestic Wastewater

Correlation Between Some Groundwater Chemical Parameters and Soil Texture Index of Different Soils Irrigated with Treated Domestic Wastewater

Water quality assessment of resources of Bijapur, Karnataka

The evaluation of physico chemical parameters of ground water of Bijapur city was carried out seasonally to study the quality of water and suitability for domestic purpose. Talabs (Lakes), Bowdis (Wells) (constructed by Adil Shahi Sultans in 16th &17th century ) and bore wells are water resources of the city. Ten samples were collected from different sources at different locations during summer, rainy season and winter season of 2009. The parameters studied were pH, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Fluoride, Sulphate, Chloride, Nitrate and Total hardness. The present investigation revealed that the quality of water varies from season to season. Some of the samples are unfit for drinking and utility purpose and requires the proper treatment before use.

Groundwater fluxes into a submerged sinkhole area, Central Italy, using radon and water chemistry

The groundwater contribution into Green Lake and Black Lake (Vescovo Lakes Group), two cover collapse sinkholes in Pontina Plain (Central Italy), was estimated using water chemistry and a 222Rn budget. These data can constrain the interactions between sinkholes and deep seated fluid circulation, with a special focus on the possibility of the bedrock karst aquifer feeding the lake. The Rn budget accounted for all quantifiable surface and subsurface input and output fluxes including the flux across the sediment–water interface. The total value of groundwater discharge into Green Lake and Black Lake (∼540 ± 160 L s −1) obtained from the Rn budget is lower than, but comparable with historical data on the springs group discharge estimated in the same period of the year (800 ± 90 L s −1). Besides being an indirect test for the reliability of the Rn-budget “tool”, it confirms that both Green and Black Lake are effectively springs and not simply “water filled” sinkholes. New data on the water chemistry and the groundwater fluxes into the sinkhole area of Vescovo Lakes allows the assessment of the mechanism responsible for sinkhole formation in Pontina Plain and suggests the necessity of monitoring the changes of physical and chemical parameters of groundwater below the plain in order to mitigate the associated risk.

Influence of seismic activity on chemical parameters in ground water of Japan and thermal water of Slovenia

Influence of seismic activity on chemical parameters in ground water of Japan and thermal water of Slovenia

Disturbances in groundwater chemical parameters related to seismic and volcanic activity in Kamchatka (Russia)

Abstract. Starting from 1992 geochemical data are being collected with a mean sampling frequency of three days in the form of the pH value and of the most common ions and gases in the groundwater in one deep well located in Petropavlovsk, the capital city of Kamchatka (Russia). On 1 January 1996 a strong eruption started from the Karymsky volcano, that is located about 100km far from the well, in the north-northeastern direction. At the same time, a large earthquake (M=6.9) occurred in the Karymsky area. On 5 December 1997 a very large earthquake (M=7.7) occurred offshore, at a distance of 350km from the well and towards the same direction. The analysis of the geochemical data shows clear variations in the raw temporal trends on both cases. For the first event, a clear premonitory phase appeared; for the second one, some pre-seismic variations could be revealed but permanent modifications of the chemistry of the water subsequent to the earthquake are very clear. In both cases the feature of the geochemical variations is consistent with an afflux of new water in the aquifer connected with the well and with an escape of the Carbon dioxide gas from the ground in different directions. A schematic model able to justify such a phenomenology and the connections of the geochemical variations with the previous tectonic activities is proposed.

Factor analysis as a tool in groundwater quality management: two southern African case studies

Although developed as a tool in the social sciences, R-mode factor analysis, a multivariate statistical tool, has proven highly effective in studies of groundwater quality. The technique examines the relationships between variables (such as chemical parameters in groundwater), which are shown by a number of cases (such as sampling points). In this study, two examples are presented. The first is of groundwater around a southern African iron ore mine and the second is of groundwater in the vicinity of a southern African municipal sewage disposal works. Groundwater samples were collected, their chemistry analysed and factor analysis was performed on each of the chemical datasets. In the first case study, factor analysis successfully separated signatures due to uncontaminated groundwater (calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate), agricultural activities (potassium and ammonium) and mining activities (sodium, chloride and sulphate). In the second case study, factor analysis did identify a chemical signature (nitrate and phosphate; minor iron) related to the sewage works—but since this signature involved parameters that were within regulated limits, the finding was of limited value for management purposes. Thus although R-mode factor analysis can be a valuable tool studies of groundwater quality, this is not always the case. Multivariate statistical techniques like factor analysis should thus be used as supplementary to, but not in replacement of, conventional groundwater quality data treatment methods.