Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Research Articles

Preparation of Polycarbazole and Polyaniline Conducting Thin Films and Coating on Indium Tin Oxide by Spin Coating, Dip Coating and Drop Casting

Conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), polycarbazole (PC) and polythiophene (PT) have gained attraction among researchers owing to their outstanding electrical and optical properties. In present study, polyaniline (PANI), polycarbazole (PC) and polythiophene (PT) were prepared by oxidative chemical polymerization followed by their characterization using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Raman spectroscopy. The synthesized polymers were further coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) using three different methods viz. spin coating, dip coating and drop casting. The thickness of the films was measured using a Stylus Profilometer and found to be 400 nm for PC and 500 nm for PANI and PT. Therefore, it can be concluded that using suitable process parameters, thin films can be easily obtained from conducting polymers, thus opening new avenues in their application towards sensors, supercapacitors and optoelectronic devices.

Polyaniline as a dual flame retardant and electrostatic dissipative additive in polyethylene nanocomposites

AbstractPolyolefins, such as polyethylene (PE), are highly flammable and electrically insulative, limiting their applicability. The study explored the flame‐retardancy and electrical conductivity of PE/polyaniline (PE/PANI) nanocomposites containing undoped PANI, PANI doped, and co‐doped with various acids and PANI modified with a double layered hydroxide or ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The nanocomposites were synthesized through in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline and compression molding. Flame retardancy was evaluated using UL 94 tests and cone calorimetry. All nanocomposites, except the de‐doped PANI nanocomposite, attained a UL 94 V2 rating. Cone calorimeter results showed that PANI doped with H3PO4 reduced the peak heat release rate by 20% compared to neat PE, whereas co‐doping PANI with H3PO4 and phytic acid reduced it by 31%. The nanocomposites exhibited volume resistivity for suitable for electrotactic dissipation applications but showed marginally reduced mechanical properties. This study demonstrates the potential to develop electrostatic dissipative and flame‐retardant PE nanocomposites incorporating PANI.Highlights PE/PANI nanocomposites were synthesized. PANI doped with H3PO4 reduced the peak HRR by 20%. Co‐doping PANI with H3PO4 and phytic acid further reduced peak HRR. Nanocomposites attained a UL 94 V2 rating. PE/PANI nanocomposites were electrostatic dissipative.

Development and Performance of a PANI@NiMnO3 Nanocomposite for Enhanced Supercapacitors and Photocatalytic Applications.

Conductive polymers are gaining considerable attention as a potential material for supercapacitor electrodes due to their favorable properties. Among these, polyaniline (PANI) stands out as a cost-effective and easy to synthesize, making it a promising candidate for improving energy storage applications. This study presents the synthesis of a hybrid composite consisting of PANI and NiMnO3 (NMO) perovskite using the chemical oxidative polymerization method. The morphology and structure of the composite were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. XRD results showed that the addition of NMO transformed the amorphous structure of PANI into a semicrystalline form, leading to enhanced conductivity. SEM images revealed a more uniform and compact structure, with NMO distributed unevenly within the polymer matrix. Optical analysis indicated that a reduction in the band gap of PANI@NMO reached 2.5 eV. N2 adsorption-desorption measurements confirmed an increase in the surface area and pore volume. The photocatalytic activity of the PANI@NMO nanocomposite was tested by degrading methylene blue (MB) dye under UV/visible light. The nanocomposite showed high efficiency, degrading 87.75% of MB dye after 125 min of irradiation as compared to their counter parts. Additionally, electrochemical tests demonstrated an improved electrochemical performance of the composite due to enhanced crystallinity, increased surface area, and reduced electron-hole recombination rate. These results suggest that the PANI@NMO nanocomposite has great potential for use in supercapacitors and photocatalysis.

Murexide retention and antibacterial performance of semiconductor copolymer/magnetic iron oxide hybrid nanocomposites synthesized via one pot in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization

Herein, semiconductor-magnetic hybrid nanocomposites, poly(vanillin-co-thiophene)/magnetic iron oxide (PVTO-Fe3O4), were successfully synthesized via single-step in situ chemical oxidative polymerization in the presence of different weight percentages of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles Fe3O4 NPs (3, 6, and 9 wt%). Whereas the Fe3O4 NPs were prepared via an environmentally friendly, modified co-precipitation method, and their physicochemical characteristics were comprehensively analyzed using various analytical techniques. The adsorption behavior of the resulting samples towards murexide dye in aqueous solutions was investigated, along with their antibacterial efficacy against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The adsorption study revealed that the nanocomposite containing 9 wt% Fe3O4 NPs achieved the highest removal efficiency for MX (approximately 87.41 %) and exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of approximately 100.7 mg/g, surpassing many adsorbents reported in the literature. Optimization experiments identified the optimal conditions as 40 mg of adsorbent dose, 40 mL of MX solution (125 mg/L), pH 5, and 160 min contact time. The adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the adsorption isotherm fitted well with the Freundlich model. Moreover, the nanocomposite was efficiently recovered from the solution using an external magnet, highlighting its potential for practical applications. Antibacterial testing revealed significant antibacterial effectiveness of PVTO and its nanocomposites against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with a minimum inhibition zone of 20 mm.

Stearic Acid as Polymerization Medium, Dopant and Hydrophobizer: Chemical Oxidative Polymerization of Pyrrole.

In recent years, fatty acids have garnered significant attention as a natural phase-change material and a hydrophobizer due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, the utilization of fatty acid is proposed as a polymerization medium for the first time. As a specific reaction, chemical oxidative polymerizations of pyrrole is conducted using ferric chloride as an oxidant in a stearic acid medium. The polymerizations resulted in the production of micrometer-sized polypyrrole (PPy) grains, which are aggregates of atypical primary particles with submicrometer size. The PPy grains are doped with stearic acid, suggesting that the stearic acid functioned as a dopant and a hydrophobizing agent as well as a polymerization medium. The dried PPy grains can adsorb at the air-water interface and function as a liquid marble stabilizer with light-to-heat photothermal properties. The liquid marble can move on a planar air-water interface by Marangoni flow induced by NIR laser light irradiation.

Bifunctional PAni@Bi/Ce metal organic framework-Chitosan composite for electrochemical sensing and energy storage applications

Tailoring pristine metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offered a great opportunity in exploring electrochemical sensing and energy storage applications. This study presents a novel Polyaniline@Bi/Ce MOF-Chitosan composite synthesized via a solvothermal method and chemical oxidative polymerization. PXRD, FTIR, SEM, EDAX, and TEM characterization confirmed its structural and morphological properties. Electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electrochemical surface area (ECSA) analysis. The composite exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for detecting azithromycin and toluene with low detection limits and broad concentration ranges, demonstrated by voltammetry and amperometry. It showed significant stability for long term applications. Additionally, the material's energy storage capabilities were assessed through CV and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) studies, revealing a specific capacitance of 415.32 F/g at 1.0 A g-1 and 90.48 % capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 6 A g-1. These findings highlight the Polyaniline@Bi/Ce MOF-Chitosan composite as a promising candidate for electrochemical sensing and energy storage applications.

Novel Ag-Doped- Poly (aniline-co-pyrrole)/Titanium-Dioxide Nanocomposite Sensor Material for Ammonia Detection in Spoiled Meat

Silver-doped poly(aniline-co-pyrrole)/titanium dioxide (Ag-doped PANI-PPy/TiO2) conducting copolymer-based nanocomposite ammonia gas sensor was synthesized through in situ chemical oxidative polymerization by taking different amounts (4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, and 8%) of Ag-TiO2 (1:1 ratio) nanoparticles. Zetasizer; dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, transmit ion electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and cyclic voltammetry characterization techniques were used to confirm the real formation of nanocomposites and to evaluate the detection performance of the sensor. The interaction sensitivity of the synthesized nanocomposite sensor with ammonia (NH3) was determined by changing the amounts of nanoparticles. Spectroscopic determination exhibited excellent porosity and a better shift in the absorption bands having band gaps (1.87 eV) for the Ag-doped PANI-PPy/TiO2 nanocomposite sensor than the PANI-PPy copolymer (3.17 eV). Morphological (10 μm) and nanoparticle arrangement studies (20 μm) have shown the uniform allocation of nanoparticles in the copolymer matrix when 6% of Ag-TiO2 (1:1 ratio) was added, while agglomeration occurred when <6% or >6% of Ag-TiO2 was added to the copolymer. A decrease in the amorphous domain of the copolymer with an increase in nanoparticles was observed from the X-ray diffraction and other results.

Magnetic Nanocomposites Revolutionize Heavy Metal Adsorption for Environmental Cleanup

General background: Magnetic nanocomposites have garnered significant attention due to their multifunctional properties, particularly in environmental remediation, where they can be used for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Specific background: Polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(p-hydroxyaniline) (P(p-OH An)) are conductive polymers known for their adsorption capabilities, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit magnetic properties, facilitating separation and recovery. Knowledge gap: Despite the potential of Fe3O4-based composites, few studies have systematically explored the synergistic adsorption properties of PPy and P(p-OH An) in Fe3O4-based nanocomposites under varying environmental conditions. Aims: This study aimed to synthesize and characterize Fe3O4/PPy/P(p-OH An) magnetic nanocomposites and evaluate their adsorption performance under different temperatures and isotherm models. Results: The nanocomposite was synthesized through chemical oxidation polymerization and characterized using FTIR, TEM, AFM, and TGA, confirming its successful formation and nanoscale structure. Adsorption studies indicated an exothermic process, with a decrease in adsorption capacity at higher temperatures. The adsorption data fit the Freundlich isotherm better than the Langmuir model, suggesting heterogeneous surface adsorption. Novelty: This study demonstrates a novel Fe3O4/PPy/P(p-OH An) nanocomposite with superior adsorption properties, showing its potential in heavy metal ion removal and offering an improved understanding of temperature effects on adsorption performance. Implications: The findings underscore the composite's promise for environmental remediation applications, particularly in water treatment, and suggest further optimization of the adsorption conditions and evaluation of the composite's reusability for industrial-scale applications. Highlights: Enhanced Adsorption: Fe3O4/PPy nanocomposites offer combined magnetic and polymer adsorption properties. Temperature Sensitivity: Adsorption decreases as temperature rises, indicating exothermic behavior. Surface Interaction: Freundlich isotherm shows adsorption occurs on heterogeneous surfaces. Keywords: Magnetic nanocomposite, Fe3O4, Polypyrrole, Adsorption, Environmental remediation.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene and Polypyrrole

Polythiophene and polypyrrole are two well-known conducting polymers with diverse properties and several potential applications in sectors such as electronics, sensors, and energy storage. This paper delves further into the synthesis and analysis of polythiophene and polypyrrole. Polypyrrole and polythiophene were synthesized using chemical oxidative polymerization with suitable oxidizing agents. The methods employed to analyze these polymers included spectroscopy (UV-Vis, FTIR), thermal analysis (TGA, DSC), microscopy (SEM, TEM), and electrochemical analysis (cyclic voltammetry). Several features of polypyrrole and polythiophene production were investigated and linked to their electrochemical, thermal, morphological, and structural properties. We also discuss how these conducting polymers may be employed in electrical devices, sensors, and energy storage systems due to the unique properties revealed by their characterization. Polythiophene and polypyrrole may now be employed in a wide range of high-tech applications since their synthesis and properties are better known.

Effective move of Polypyrrole/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites on removal of methylene blue dye by photocatalytic activity

Polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized effectively by chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials PPy-TiO2 with different PPy weight percents were prepared by mechanical mixing, by using titanium oxide nanoparticles. The characterizations of PPy-TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites were analyzed by FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, TGA & DSC and SEM & EDAX. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to distinguish the structure of the attained PPy-TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites. UV–vis techniques are proved the polymerization of pyrrole monomer and the strong interaction between PPy and TiO2 nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA-DSC) curves revealed that TiO2 can decrease the weight loss of nanocomposite and increase the thermal stability of synthesized nanocomposites. The residual mass of the pure Pyy-36.51 %, PPy-TiO2 (25 %)-64.82 %, PPy-TiO2 (50 %)-60.82 %, PPy-TiO2 (75 %)-70.50 % and pure TiO2- 96.69 % nanocomposites at the residual temperature 497.80 °C. The morphology and molecular structure of the hybrid nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscope & Energy dispersive X-ray analysis spectroscopy (SEM & EDAX). These characterization results confirmed the polymerization of pyrrole and the strong interaction between PPy and TiO2. The material with outstanding absorption capability that meet in optical application is the challenging way, thus the photocatalytic analysis of PPy-TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites is merely a admissible results. It is notably the favorable degradation efficiency of pure PPy, the PPy+TiO2 (25 % 50 % & 75 %) nanocomposites are 82 %, 66 %, 67 % and 53 % respectively.

Synthesis of graphene-MnO2-poly (2,2’-dithiodianiline) composite for high performance electrochemical electrode materials

Abstract In this study, a hybrid graphene/manganese dioxide/poly(2,2’-dithiodianiline) (graphene/MnO2/PDTDA) composite material was in-situ prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization of PDTDA in graphene/MnO2 and applied as supercapacitor electrode materials in alkaline electrolyte. The morphology, structure, and particularly the electrochemical performances of such graphene/MnO2/PDTDA composite was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and electrochemical tests. The results showed that the graphene/MnO2/PDTDA ternary composite possessed the advantages of both double-layer capacitance and Faraday’s pseudocapacitance behaviours, thus leading to the highest specific capacitance of 96.35 F·g−1 as compared to the binary MnO2/PDTDA electrode material (35.26 F·g−1) at a current density of 10 mA·cm−1, implying potential candidate in future supercapacitor electrode materials.

Improving H2 gas sensing with ZnMn2O4/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite

Here we report the operation of p-p heterojunction for improving the H2 gas sensing performance of ZnMn2O4/Polypyrrole nanocomposite (PZ) at room temperature. ZnMn2O4 (ZM) with a unique cubic morphology and porous architecture was synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method. Polypyrrole (PPy) fibers and PZs were prepared through chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole monomers in the absence and presence of different weight percentages (wt%) of ZM, respectively. Our findings show that the PZs consisted of microcubic ZMs with dimensions of approximately 8 μm, covered with wire-like PPy fibers. The partial protonated PPy and different wt% of microcubic ZM have a significant effect on H2 gas sensing. The response of our hand-made sensor increased with increasing wt% of ZM and gas level. The PZ samples exhibited the highest response of 1.23 (the lowest tres value of 21.6 s) at a concentration of 15000 (2500) ppm H2 gas. Furthermore, the PZ sample contains 10 wt% of ZM demonstrated excellent long-term stability in response after six months, which indicates the accuracy and reliability of the sensor. H2 gas mechanism of the PZ sensor was studied in details. The advantage of p-p heterojunction could provide a new perspective for H2 gas sensing applications.

Trimethylamine N-oxide detection by electrochemical sensor based on screen printed electrode modified with molecularly imprinted polypyrrole-molybdenum(III) sulfide nanosheets

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut metabolite produced by dietary L-carnitine and choline metabolism. Its altered level in the serum has been implicated in human health and diseases such as colorectal cancer, chronic kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Early detection of TMAO in body fluids has been presumed to be significant in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of many diseases. Hence, developing reliable and rapid technologies for its detection may augment our understanding of pathogenesis and diagnosis of diseases. Hence, in the present work, polypyrrole (Ppy)@molybdenum(III)sulfide (Mo2S3) nanosheets (NS) composite molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) (Ppy@Mo2S3-MIP) based electrochemical sensor has been fabricated for the detection of TMAO. Polypyrrole (Ppy) and Mo2S3 NS have been synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization and hydrothermal techniques, respectively. The synthesized nanocomposite has been validated using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fabricated Ppy@Mo2S3-MIP sensor showed a linear detection range from 30 µM to 210 µM, a sensitivity of 1.21 μA μM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection as 1.4 μM for the detection of TMAO and found more robust and improved when compared with Ppy-MIP using identical parameters. The fabricated sensor is also highly selective towards TMAO. It can be further used to detect TMAO in human samples such as urine quickly.

Synthesis and characterization of enhanced azo-azomethine doped PANI/HCl conducting polymers for electrochemical applications

In this study, conducting polymers composed of polyaniline hydrochloric acid (PANI/HCl) with varying concentrations of a newly synthesized azo-azomethine dye (4-(((Z)-2-hydroxy-5-((Z)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)benzoic acid) were synthesized using a chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The synthesized azo-azomethine was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS. The effects of varying the concentration of the dopant azo-azomethine in PANI/HCl on its optical, structural, thermal, and electrical properties were examined using FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, FESEM, TEM, cyclic voltammetry, and electrical impedance spectra. The results indicate that the optical, direct, and indirect band gaps of the doped polymers decreased from 4.48 and 3.96 eV to 3.91 and 2.49 eV, respectively. The crystalline structure and phase transitions in the doped polymers were examined using X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the doped polymers exhibited higher electrochemical conductivity compared to the pure polymer, with the specific capacitance increasing from 161.17 to 816.9 F/g. The electrical impedance spectra revealed the bulk resistance and conductivity of the material. Among all the doped polymers, PANI/HCl with an azo-azomethine concentration of 5 × 10−5 M exhibited lower bulk resistance (10 Ω) and higher electrical conductivity (σ = 50.09 × 10−3 S cm−1).

Detecting low-concentration ammonia with a surface acoustic wave sensor using a silver nanoparticles–graphene–polypyrrole hybrid nanocomposite film

In this study, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator coated with graphene/polypyrrole hybrid nanocomposite films decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-G/PPy) is proposed for detecting ammonia (NH3) in parts-per-billion concentrations. The AgNPs-G/PPy hybrid nanocomposite film was synthesized via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the AgNPs-G/PPy hybrid nanocomposite film, confirming its successful synthesis and identifying a wrinkled multilayered structure. The AgNPs-G/PPy hybrid nanocomposite film was spin-coated onto the surface of a stress-compensated temperature-cut quartz SAW resonator having an operating frequency of 98.5 MHz to create an NH3 gas sensor. NH3 adsorption by the AgNPs-G/PPy hybrid nanocomposite film modulated the acoustic wave velocity, and the corresponding frequency shift served as a sensing signal. The synergistic interaction between the three constituent materials (AgNPs, graphene, and polypyrrole) enhanced the sensitivity, selectivity, and response speed of the sensor for NH3 detection. At room temperature, the proposed sensor exhibited a positive frequency shift of 568 Hz when exposed to 50 ppb of NH3 gas and a rapid response time of less than 60 s. In addition, the SAW sensor exhibited excellent selectivity.

Super capacitive electrode performance analysis of facile synthesized α-Fe2O3 aerogel and its nanocomposite with in-situ formed polyaniline (α-Fe2O3/PANI)

This paper presents the synthesis of an α-Fe2O3-assisted polyaniline (α-Fe2O3/PANI) nanocomposite using a straightforward two-step process. Initially, α-Fe2O3 aerogels with cratered nanohexagon structures are synthesized through a solution combustion method assisted by noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extract. In the second step, these nanohexagons facilitate the preparation of α-Fe2O3/PANI via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of anilinium chloride. The structural, optical, and morphological properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDAX). Electrical conductivity, wettability, and electrochemical properties of the prepared materials were assessed. The results indicate that the 2D cratered α-Fe2O3 aerogel is effectively embedded within PANI, forming a modified nano α-Fe2O3/PANI composite. The composite exhibited altered DC conductivity and electrolyte wettability. After 200 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV), the specific capacitance of the nano α-Fe2O3/PANI was determined to be 153 Fg⁻¹ at a scan rate of 10 mVs⁻¹, retaining approximately 90 % of its cycle stability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed significantly lower charge transfer and equivalent series resistance values for the nano α-Fe2O3/PANI electrode compared to the pure α-Fe2O3-based electrode. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests further demonstrated the superior electrochemical performance of the α-Fe2O3/PANI nanocomposite electrode. Therefore, this α-Fe2O3/PANI is an advanced conducting polymeric electrode for electrochemical applications.

High‐performance supercapacitors using nanostructured polyaniline‐based carbon: Effect of electrolytes

AbstractDeveloping high‐performance materials for electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries, and supercapacitors is a significant topic in material chemistry‐based research. The high consumption and limited availability of numerous materials used in energy devices lead to the development of alternative, effective, and cost‐effective materials exhibiting superior electrochemical chemical performance. A porous activated carbon, derived from polyaniline (PANI) synthesized through chemical oxidative polymerization, can be considered a viable solution in this context. In this study, the electrochemical window of the nitrogen‐doped porous activated carbon was enhanced through a combined synthesis process involving the carbonization and activation of PANI nanotubes with KOH. Moreover, alternations in surface area and porosity were evaluated using BET analysis for the samples having PANI to KOH ratios 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2. The results revealed a significant improvement in surface area and pore volume, increasing from 18 to 3535 m2/g from pure PANI to chemically treated samples. Among those materials, the PANI to KOH ratio of 1:1 exhibited the highest surface area of 3535 m2/g and the highest pore volume of 0.7131 cm3/g. Subsequently, the electrochemical performance of all materials was evaluated using a three‐electrode cell system and a symmetrical coin‐cell device. Electrodes fabricated with PANI to KOH ratio of 1:1 by weight showed better electrochemical performance in an aqueous electrolyte (6 M KOH) in both systems. This material exhibited the highest capacitance of 378 F/g (at 0.5 A/g) in the three‐electrode system and 143 F/g (at 0.5 A/g) in the SCCD. The SCCD achieved a maximum energy density of 23 Wh/kg with a power density of 544 W/kg. Additionally, these supercapacitors provided a good Coulombic efficiency of about 99% with capacitance retention of 97% at 7 A/g current density after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles. Further, this study expanded by investigating variations of electrochemical performance across various electrolytes, including aqueous, organic, and ionic liquids in coin‐cell supercapacitors. The findings reveal promising results, suggesting potential commercial applications for this facile approach to synthesize nitrogen‐doped activated carbon, especially for supercapacitors with aqueous electrolytes.

In situ polymerization of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(sodium–styrennesulfonate) conductive layer for electro-assisted ultrafiltration and fouling mitigation

Electrification can enhance the antifouling performance of ultrafiltration membranes and improve the sustainability of membrane technologies. The design of high-performance conductive membrane materials remains one of the core technologies in electro-assisted ultrafiltration. Here, conductive PVDF/PEDOT:PSS composite membranes were prepared via in situ chemical oxidation polymerization on a PVDF surface. The PVDF/PEDOT:PSS membranes were subsequently used for electro-filtration to study the effect of the applied potential on humic acid fouling. When a voltage of 3 V was applied, the PVDF/PEDOT:PSS20 membrane was continuously polluted for 5 cycles. The results showed that after simple hydraulic cleaning, the membrane flux recovery rate reached 91 %. Compared with that of the PVDF membrane, the irreversible fouling of the PVDF/PEDOT:PSS20 membrane decreased by 65 %. The modified Poisson Boltzmann equation indicates that applying cathodic potential on the surface of PEDOT:PSS conductive layer increases the cumulative concentration of counter ions on the membrane surface and the thickness of the charged layer, thereby promoting the migration of peak forces on the membrane surface to the bulk solution, changing the fouling behaviour of HA from cake filtration to standard blocking.

A Versatile Electrochemical Sensor Polyaniline−Polypyrrole Co-Polymer for the Ultra-Sensitive Quercetin Detection

Quercetin has been shown to enhance inflammation, blood pressure, and blood sugar control. It may also have brain-protective, anti-allergy, and anticancer effects. In this work, a chemical oxidative polymerization approach is employed to synthesis of PANI-PPy copolymer for electrochemical biosensing of quercetin molecule. Unique, sustainable, low-cost, and simple to use, a synthesis of PANI-pPY copolymer has been achieved. The prepared PANI-PPy copolymer characterized with different technique like XRD, FT-IR, Raman, XPS, FESEM with EDAX and HR-TEM for identifying crystalline nature, functional group band gap, chemical composition, and morphology respectively. The surface morphology of the synthesized copolymers were in homogenous sphere like architecture. Synthesized copolymer is modified on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to senses the biomolecule (Quercetin) by electrochemical method. PANI-PPy copolymer will greatly enhance the electrocatalytic oxidation of Quercetin (QR). The detection limit and quantification limit have been worked out to be 11.2 and 37.34 µM µA-1, respectively at neutral pH. All of the findings suggest that the PANI-PPy modified GCE is more sensitive to the oxidation of Quercetin. Eventually, the synthesized PANI-PPy hybrid may be used in catalysis research in addition to analytical laboratories due to its advantageous properties of enhanced catalytic activity and electrochemical sensitivity.

Impact of varying magnetite nanoparticle concentrations on the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of polyaniline-based magnetic nanocomposites

We report the synthesis of polyaniline/magnetite nanocomposites (PMNCs) via in situ chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline with magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) at 5, 12, and 25 wt%. The objective was to evaluate how the MNPs’ proportion affects the electrical, magnetic, and structural properties, which were investigated using XRD, EDXRF, TEM, EIS, ESR spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and VSM. EDXRF confirmed the formation of MNPs, while XRD revealed the crystalline nature of MNPs and the semicrystalline structure of PANI, with a decrease crystallinity index as the MNPs percentage increased. TEM showed PANI encapsulating MNPs with average diameters of 9.7 ± 2, 9.9 ± 2, and 13.1 ± 3 nm for PMNC25, PMNC12, and PMNC5, respectively. Conductivity values of PANI, PMNC25, PMNC12 and PMNC5 were 7.96 ×10⁻⁴, 1.38 ×10⁻⁴, 2.19 ×10⁻⁴ and 2.31 ×10⁻⁴ S/cm, respectively. ESR indicated cationic radicals responsible for conductivity. Saturation magnetization (Ms) for MNPs, PMNC25, PMNC12 and PMNC5 were 93.4, 24.6, 11.8 and 5.6 emu/g, respectively, with superparamagnetic behavior observed. Our findings show that incorporating MNPs into the PANI matrix modulates electrical conductivity and magnetic properties while maintaining the nanocomposite’s structure, highlighting the multifunctional potential of these composites.