Chemical Manufacturers Association Research Articles

Environmental fate and aquatic toxicology studies on phthalate esters.

A comprehensive environmental fate and effects testing program, sponsored by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) Phthalate Esters Program Panel, has been completed. Based on the results, a preliminary safety assessment has shown that all of the 14 commercially important phthalates tested have sufficiently high safety factors to demonstrate low potential for adverse environmental effects. This program comprised acute toxicity studies on nine representative species of aquatic life, chronic reproduction studies on Daphnia magna, biodegradation (fate) testing, and physicochemical property (mobility) determinations on 14 phthalate esters. The objectives of this program were to determine for each test compound: The concentration at which effects on aquatic life might occur, the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic life, and the relative persistence in the environment. These data would provide the basis for an environmental safety assessment and would identify potential effects that might require further investigation. A total of 195 individual studies were carried out. Tests on a wide variety of aquatic organisms representing different food chain levels in both fresh and salt water environments showed that no single test species was unusually sensitive to the test materials. The higher molecular weight (longer side-chain) phthalates exhibited no toxic effects up to their limits of water solubility in the test systems. Even though the lower molecular weight, more water-soluble phthalates produced toxic effects below their limits of water solubility, no product exhibited unusually severe effects of concern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Hazardous waste generation hard to quantify

In the past decade, hazardous waste, how it is generated and how it is disposed of, has become one of the most emotional environmental issues to grip the U.S. Two laws—the Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act, more commonly called Superfund—have been enacted to deal strictly with such wastes. The results of these laws have been controversial. One difficult problem is just keeping track of the waste. Quantification has been nearly impossible, and different definitions and calculation methods used by various groups have led to widely disparate numbers. Two new reports on the chemical industry's handling of hazardous wastes have just been issued that demonstrate this problem. The Chemical Manufacturers Association has been conducting hazardous waste surveys of its members since 1981, collecting information from hundreds of chemical plants on their waste practices. The continuity of the surveys has allowed CMA to observe trends ...

U.S. Chemical Industry Moving To Assure No More Bhopals

Bhopal placed chemical industry under an intense microscope of and Congressional scrutiny, Edwin C. Holmer, president of Exxon Chemical, noted at Chemical Manufacturers Association annual meeting last June. That an accident of that magnitude could occur was particularly disturbing to us as members of safest manufacturing industry in U.S. Yet it did happen. And in face of tragedy, began asking two very important questions: Could something like that happen in U.S.? And what is chemical industry going to do differently because of Bhopal? That's what Holmer said in June. In August, the public started phrasing those questions even more sharply after accidental release of an estimated 2800 lb of aldicarb oxime, 700 lb of methylene chloride, and 300 lb of residues from Union Carbide's plant at Institute, in West Virginia's Kanawha Valley (C&EN, Aug. 19, 1985, page 4). The chemicals spread beyond plant ...

Judicial Review of an Agency's Statutory Construction: Chemical Manufacturers Association v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.; What's the Deference

Judicial Review of an Agency's Statutory Construction: Chemical Manufacturers Association v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.; What's the Deference

Chemical industry emergency response mutual aid in America

The chemical industry has found mutual aid networks to provide emergency response to incidents involving their products to be very useful to provide quick and effective response. They have used this mechanism to provide emergency response along product lines and in selected geographical areas. They have also found it a cost-effective way to provide specialized equipment and supplies for emergency response. The mutual aid system does increase the liability of the members, but this is more than offset by the benefits of having a qualified team to go to the scene quickly. To expand the benefits of mutual aid, the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) set up a new program called CHEMNET that provides emergency response advice and assistance to a wide variety of products. The program includes membership from companies too small to justify their own emergency response capabilities because they can use the service of other members or contractors.

Chemical Industry Hones Policy For Upcoming Trade Negotiations

It now appears certain that U.S. trade officials will be cramming for a new round of multilateral trade negotiations scheduled to be held next year under the General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (C&EN, Oct. 7, page 12). It also appears certain that the close-knit cadre of trade experts that mold chemical industry trade policy will find their schedules busier than ever. In the major trade associations, such as the Chemical Manufacturers Association and the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association, members of the international trade committees are busy formulating a trade policy for their respective boards to approve. Approved trade policy statements probably won't be long in coming. The industry's trade experts haven't been sitting on their hands waiting for GATT delegates to make their move in Geneva. Out of their preparatory work, one thing comes through loud and clear. The focal point of an emerging chemical industry trade policy is—and has been—multilateral trade negotiations, ...

Chemical Industry Prepares for New Round of Trade Negotiations

Now that the elections are over and President will be returning to the White House for another four years, trade officials in the chemical industry are wondering if they will have to start preparing for a Reagan of multilateral trade negotiations. Such a possibility is already being actively considered in several chemical industry forums—among them the Chemical Manufacturers Association, Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association, and Office of the Chemical Industry Trade Advisor. It's no secret that the Administration is pushing for a new round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) that would be held under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT). The last major round of GATT trade discussions—the Tokyo round—ended five years ago. Results of the Tokyo round, which dragged on from 1973 to 1979, are still being implemented. Administration trade officials, nevertheless, think it's time to start looking ahead to a new round of trade ...

Brief Report: Summary of CMA Glycol Ether Research Activities

The Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) rep? resents the chemical industry in America. Membership in the Association is open to manufacturers of chemicals who sell a substantial portion of the chemicals they produce to others. The Association includes about 200 member companies, most of whom operate in the United States, with a few based in Canada. The size of CMAs member companies and the products they make are as varied as chemistry itself. Together, they repre? sent a major portion of the productive capacity of the industry. The Association administers special research and advocacy efforts frequently involving only a single product line. The projects probe for potential hazards from chemicals, providing information essential for protecting employees and the public. Some 23 projects are currently underway, funded by voluntary subscrip? tion from member companies. Eight manufacturers of glycol ethers established the Glycol Ethers Program Panel under the auspices of the CMA in 1980. The companies participating in the program are Dow Chemical USA, ICI Americas Inc, Olin Corporation, PPG Industries, Shell Chemical Company, Tennessee Eastman Company, Texaco Chemi-

U.S., Canada Weigh Possibility of Petrochemical Free Trade

Like Lazarus of biblical fame, the idea of freer, if not completely free, trade between the U.S. and Canada has been raised from the dead. In both countries, influential political and business leaders are now solidly in favor of negotiating duty-free trade in several industrial sectors. If the idea becomes a reality—and there is an excellent chance that it will-petrochemicals will be in the forefront of the strongest assault toward bilateral free trade between the two countries since they signed the duty-free automotive trade agreement in 1965. Certainly chemical industry leaders on both sides of the border are taking the possibility very seriously. Already, two lengthy meetings on the subject have been held between the Chemical Manufacturers Association and its Canadian counterpart, the Canadian Chemical Producers Association (CCPA). Officials of both organizations emphasize that their meetings were preliminary and exploratory. 'They absolutely were not negotiations.” says one official; only govern...

Measurement of CF2Cl2 at memanbetsu over the period between October 1980 and March 1983.

In order to obtain the atmospheric lifetime of CF2Cl2 (τ), the measurements of CF2Cl2 were performed from October 1980 to March 1983 at Memanbetsu, Hokkaido. The trend of monthly mean volume mixing ratios of CF2Cl2 when the wind directions were between NW and N was considered to represent the trend of the background mixing ratios. In this case, the mean increase rate from October 1980 to March 1983 was 15 ppt/year (ppt=10-12). From the increase rate obtained in this study and the release rate reported by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (1983), τ was calculated to be 24 (5∼∞) years. Such a short lifetime seems to be due to the overestimation of the release rate in 1980 and 1981.

Industry Examines EPA's Risk Approach to Regulating Chemicals

Environmental Protection Agency Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus has committed the agency to the risk assessment /risk management method in regulating existing chemicals, and chemical companies are anxious to find out just where they stand. Thus the Chemical Manufacturers Association convened a seminar on risk management early this month to help industry representatives form a better understanding of how the agency is using this technique in regulatory actions. What they heard was not the most encouraging news. An EPA representive said that the agency is getting more involved in reviewing existing chemicals, that is, the substances on the chemical inventory required by the Toxic Substances Control Act. An environmental spokesman warned that risk assessment cannot be purely scientific, that it must be recognized as being at least partially subjective. There also were discussions of problems that have arisen over proper TSCA jurisdiction and public participation in solving toxic chemical control issues....

Superfund Will Need More Money to Continue Cleanup Work

The Environmental Protection Agency's authority to clean up abandoned and inactive hazardous waste sites won't expire until 1985. But the House Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation & Tourism already has begun gathering information on how well the law—best known as Superfund—has been working. One major concern is whether there will be enough money in Superfund to finance all of the cleanup work it is supposed to do. The consensus is that there won't. Even the chemical industry agrees. As Louis Fernandez, board chairman of both Monsanto and the Chemical Manufacturers Association, told the subcommittee, had originally hoped that the five-year, $1.6 billion fund would be adequate [but] great uncertainties remain. We don't know how many sites ultimately will need attention, the average cost of cleaning up such sites, or the average percentage of Superfund participation necessary at each site. Our review at least indicates that more funding will be needed beyond 1985 to continue an ...

A two‐dimensional photochemical model of the atmosphere: 2. The tropospheric budgets of the anthropogenic chlorocarbons CO, CH4, CH3Cl and the effect of various NOx sources on tropospheric ozone

This paper presents two‐dimensional photochemical model simulations that show the influence of the various NOx sources from industry, lightning, the stratosphere, and aircraft on the tropospheric distributions of NOx, HNO3, and O3. We found that, by far, the best agreement with the global observations is obtained if the industrial sources are included in the calculations. Industrial activities have led to substantial increases of ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere of the northern hemisphere. Emissions of NOx by high‐flying aircraft have only a small effect on ozone concentrations in the troposphere. The ability of the model to simulate the global distributions of the long‐lived chlorocarbons CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 indicates that the interhemispheric exchange is rather well described. The model confirms an earlier finding by Rowland et al. (1982) that the CF2Cl2 emission rates estimated by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) may be 35–40% lower for the period 1976 through 1980. The model also supports the earlier finding of Hyson et al. (1980) that CFCl3 is apparently increasing roughly 10% faster than the CMA emission rates can account for during the period 1976 through 1980. Although this disparity could be explained by assuming 10% higher emission rates for CFCl3 during the period, the behavior of the interhemispheric gradient indicates that errors in the determination of the absolute concentrations could also be an explanation. The ability of the model to simultaneously simulate measured distributions of the shorter‐lived chlorocarbons CH3CCl3, CH2Cl2, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4 indicates that its average OH concentrations are also about correct. Based on these OH concentrations, the model tropospheric budgets of CO, CH4, and CH3Cl are calculated. The computed losses of CO, CH4, and CH3Cl by reaction with OH are 2.1×1015 g CO yr−1, 3.2×1014 g CH4 yr−1, and 1.9× 012 g CH3Cl yr−1, respectively.

Industry Says Proposed Victim Compensation Bills Are Premature

Several weeks ago, the Chemical Manufacturers Association announced a $1 million research effort that it hopes will better illuminate what is known and what needs to be known about public health problems linked to hazardous waste disposal sites. The effort is entirely altruistic. The chemical industry faces the potential of paying out millions, perhaps billions, of dollars in damages to people who in court claim they were harmed by chemicals leaking from landfill sites. Or, the industry may be taxed to support an administrative fund set up to pay such claims. Several so-called victim compensation bills containing one or both of these provisions have been introduced in Congress. The chemical industry argues that enactment of pending proposals would be precipitious. Testifying in June before the House Energy & Commerce Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation & Tourism, Du Pont's medical official Bruce W. Karrh said the industry had not seen evidence of a significant health problem ...

Flare efficiency studies. In a comprehensive study, funded by government and industry, emissions from steam‐ and air‐assisted flares were tested. 99% combustion efficiencies were achieved

Flares are used to control both emergency and low-level continuous releases of combustible gases. Information on the effectiveness of flares to completely combust these gases, the combustion efficiency, is limited because of the difficulty and expense involved in measuring flare emissions. As a result, various regulatory initiatives have been based on limited knowledge. Recent environmental concerns by both industry and government have recognized the need to better quantify flare combustion efficiencies. Recognizing this need, the Chemical Manufacturers Association, jointly with EPA, structured, funded, and executed a test to better quantify flare efficiencies. The objectives of the test program included determination of hydrocarbon combustion and destruction efficiencies for an air-assisted and a steam-assisted flare burning propylene. The primary-flare operating variables studied in this flare test program were flow rate of the flare gas, heating value of the flare gas, steam-to-flare gas ratio (steam flare only), and smoking and non-smoking conditions. 13 references.

PSD and Nonattainment Regulation: Implications of a Settlement Agreement

The EPA recently issued an internal memorandum and a settlement agreement in the case of Chemical Manufacturers Association et al. vs. EPA. The agreement reflects potential changes to the PSD regulations and the Emissions Offset Interpretive Ruling for nonattainment areas. The information presented in this paper is a summary of the significant aspects of the agreement, as it will affect future industrial sources. This paper also discusses other recent changes to the PSD and nonattainment regulations. The changes to the regulations provide for significant relaxation of some aspects of PSD and the nonattainment regulations. The most significant aspect is the proposed change in the method of tabulating net increases of emissions due to source modifications. The change would allow offset credit for decreases in emissions due to shutdown of equipment based on the potential emission rate rather than the actual.

Trends in stratospheric concentrations of trace gases in the Northern Hemisphere during the years 1974–1979

During the years 1974‐1979 the CCl3F concentration in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere increased by a factor of 2. The annual rates of increase were directly related to annual rates of emissions at the surface of the earth. The production data for fluorocarbons, published by the Chemical Manufacturers Association, show a decline in the yearly rate of emission of CCl3F during the last decade. The yearly percent increase in the mean stratospheric concentration in the Northern Hemisphere has shown a similar decline. Data for CCl4, CCl2F2 and SF6 also show a slowing in the annual rate of increase in the stratospheric mean concentration. The calculated globally averaged concentration of N2O in the Northern Hemisphere remained constant at 249±7 n1/1 during the years 1976‐1979.

Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2, in the Earth's atmosphere

Atmospheric observations of CCl2F2 concentrations from 1976‐1980 (Rasmussen et al., 1981) have been compared with atmospheric models containing stratospheric destruction alone, and with various added hypothetical tropospheric sinks ranging from 10‐100 year lifetimes. Comparisons are made using (a) absolute atmospheric burdens of CCl2F2; (b) the time trend of relative concentrations; and (c) the ratio of concentrations measured in the northern and southern hemispheres. The atmospheric emissions of CCl2F2 estimated by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) fail to fit the observations with stratospheric loss alone in all three tests. The inclusion of tropospheric loss processes appreciably worsens the agreement. Three other hypothetical emissions estimates are given which satisfactorily simulate the atmospheric observations by all three tests. The emissions in these models maximize in 1978 or later at more than 500 kilotons/year, in contrast to the CMA maximum of 420 kilotons during 1974. The total emissions of CCl2F2 during 1976 through 1979 in these other models are about 35% greater than in the CMA estimates.

THE PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF CHANGE IN ORGANIZATIONS1

Journal of Management StudiesVolume 2, Issue 2 p. 218-227 THE PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF CHANGE IN ORGANIZATIONS1 Tom Lupton, Tom LuptonSearch for more papers by this author Tom Lupton, Tom LuptonSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1965 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1965.tb00138.xCitations: 4 1 Based on a paper read at the 1964 conference of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume2, Issue2May 1965Pages 218-227 RelatedInformation

Work Study Volume 14 Issue 1

WORK study owes much to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers for the series of notes on the subject which it produces, a debt just increased by the fifth booklet which is a general guide to managers in the industry who may be considering the introduction of an incentive scheme.