Chemical Composition Of Glass Research Articles

Molecular-Composition Analysis of Glass Chemical Composition Based on Time-Series and Clustering Methods.

The weathering of ancient glass relics has long been a concerned. Therefore, a systematic and more comprehensive mathematical model with which to correctly judge the category of ancient glass products whose chemical composition changes due to weathering should be established. This paper systematically analyzes and studies the changes in the composition of ancient glass products as a result of weathering of. We first analyze the surface weathering of glass relics and its correlation with three properties and establish a multivariable time-series model to predict the chemical-composition content before weathering. Next, we use one-way analysis of variance for subclassification and, finally, we use a principal component analysis of the rationality, and change the significance level to determine its sensitivity, for the reasonable prediction of the chemical-composition content and classification to provide a theoretical basis for improving the model. This allows the model to provide reference values, which can be used in the protection of cultural relics, historical research, and other fields.

A study of the problem of compositional analysis of ancient glassware based on grey models

In ancient times, glass was a valuable object of trade between China and the West, with potassium glass and lead-barium glass being common. In order to classify and identify ancient glass objects, this paper establishes a relevant classification model based on the chemical composition of glass, which is of some significance for the classification and analysis of glass. In this paper, the frequency distribution of each component is plotted as non-standard normal distribution, and then Spearman correlation coefficient is selected to describe its correlation, and it is found that SiO₂ has a more active relationship with other components, so it is chosen as the reference column for grey correlation analysis, and it is concluded that SiO₂ is closely related to the flux component of its glass type.

Reinforcing civil infrastructure with waste glass-enhanced concrete: A comprehensive review of properties, performance and applications

Millions of tons of waste are produced globally each year, the bulk of which cannot be recycled. Furthermore, recycling waste also consumes energy and harms the environment. Additionally, suburban garbage disposal and accumulation pose a serious threat to the environment. Using waste products during the production of concrete allows for the removal of waste as well as the addition of advantageous properties to concrete. Due to their substantial amounts of released greenhouse gases, substantial consumption of energy, and heavy use of the environment's resources, the cement and glass sectors face a variety of challenges. Because waste glass is non-biodegradable, the current practise of discarding of it in landfills fails to provide an environmentally suitable disposal for the waste glass. Waste glass's chemical composition and pozzolanic properties promote its use in the mortar and concrete companies as an ecologically acceptable choice for the glass and concrete sectors. This study examines various findings brought to light by several research groups and offers fresh viewpoints based on an examination of underlying mechanisms and various glass trash types. The fresh characteristics, durability, compressive strength, electrical, thermal and microstructure of concrete are among the contents that have been evaluated. This review is projected to increase information of consuming recycled glass in concrete production, recognize areas in need of further study, and examine how glass qualities affect the durability and performance of concrete and cement products.

A new perspective: the “WINDOWGLASSMED” project

Despite an apparent contraction of long-distant trade suggested by Pirenne,1 recent analytical studies suggest that glass was still traded to Europe from Egypt and the Levant where it was originally produced during the Early Medieval period.2 The overall picture that emerges from these data though is far from clear. In addition, there is no doubt that Early Medieval glass chemical composition has been heavily influenced by recycling and mixing recycling practices over the years,3 but at the same time, “contemporary” produced compositions (such as Levantine – Apollonia type, Foy 2, or plant ash) were also circulating at the time together with this highly recycled glass.4 There is no doubt therefore that our understanding of glass production is still partial to this day and that more works needs to be done, especially that e a broader range. The idea for the WINDOGLASSMED project stems from these premises. By analysing glass samples from different part of Western Europe for LA-ICP-MS and isotopic analysis (Sr and Nd), this project will be the first detailed multidisciplinary study focused on well-dated 7th–10th century to create a detailed, chronologically-resolved map of Early Medieval glass in Western Europe, reflecting both trade patterns and practices such as recycling.

БИОИНДИКАЦИОННЫЕ ПРИЗНАКИ АТМОСФЕРНЫХ АНОМАЛИЙ В РАЗРЕЗАХ ТОРФЯНИКОВ НА ВОСТОЧНОМ МАКРОСКЛОНЕ СИХОТЭ-АЛИНЯ В ПОЗДНЕМ ГОЛОЦЕНЕ

Studies of peat stratigraphy in the upper reaches of the Milogradovka River made it possible to restore changes in humidity as a source of moisture in the middle Sikhote-Alin over the last 3400 years. High-resolution reconstructions were based on the data from biostratigraphic analyses (botanical and diatom); the ash content of peat was also studied. Radiocarbon dating of the events was performed using an age-depth model. In the upper part of the section, the B-Tm cryptotephra of the Baitoushan caldera-forming volcano was found, which was identified by the volcanic glass chemical composition. Prolonged rains are assumed to cause a massive landslide with the formation of a dam and a shallow reservoir turning the river valley into a swamp. Bioindicators of changes in humidity in the river valley and the occurrence of floods were identified. Events were correlated with the data for the main watershed of the Sikhote-Alin, mountainous plateaus, lakes on the slopes of the ancient Solontsovsky volcano and the eastern Primorye coast. The peat section in the valley is shown to record in more detail the hydrological changes associated with the nature of cyclogenesis. A relationship was revealed between paleoevents and anomalies of large-scale atmospheric circulation. Long dry phases occurred during global cooling and were accompanied by aridization in East Asia, caused by a decrease in the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon. Studies show that floods occurred in the summer to autumn season even in dry phases. The phases of flooding were associated with the activation of the summer monsoon, as well as more intense cyclogenesis. The most complex climate rhythm was established for the last 1340 years.

Preparation and performance of durable waterproof adhesive layer for steel bridge deck based on self-stratification effect

In view of the shortcomings of the existing steel bridge deck waterproof adhesive layer (WAL), such as poor durability, high construction cost and long construction period, a new preparation method of waterproof coating with self-stratification effect is proposed. In this paper, poly butyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate–styrene block copolymer with lower glass transition temperature was synthesized by free radical solution polymerization, and 5 kinds of self-stratification coatings were obtained by mixing it with epoxy resin at different mass ratios. The glass transition temperature, thermal stability and chemical composition of acrylic resin were characterized by DSC, TGA, and FT-IR. The self-stratification behavior of the coatings was confirmed by FT-IR, SEM, and water contact angle test. The basic performance and road performance of above self-stratifying waterproof coatings were tested according to specific standards. The results show that these coatings exhibit excellent heat resistance, low temperature flexibility and mechanical properties, namely, average tensile strength can reach 6 MPa, the elongation at break can reach 108 %. Furthermore, the coatings also present extraordinary pull-out strength of 9.51 MPa and excellent water impermeability. Moreover, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the self-stratifying waterproof coatings after UV aging test decreased by 7.3 % and 5.2 %, respectively, indicating that above coating have excellent durability. Therefore, the performance of the coating prepared in this paper fully meets the requirements of the road and bridge waterproof coating standards. The optimum mixing ratio of acrylic resin and epoxy resin is recommended as 3:7 based on their performance. Finally, self-stratifying mechanism of coatings was proposed based on the surface energy theory, which provides theoretical support for the design and preparation of the steel bridge deck WAL.

Composition Analysis and Identification of Ancient Glass Products

This paper mainly studies the statistical analysis of chemical composition of ancient glass products, classification and prediction of types, and other issues. It is necessary to complete the analysis of the surface weathering of glass relics, the physical characteristics and chemical composition of glass, as well as the analysis of the classification rules of high-potassium glass and lead-barium glass. Through the analysis of chemical composition, the types of cultural relics are predicted and the correlation between different types of glass chemical composition is analyzed, which is decomposed into seven small problems to be solved. In order to solve these problems, this paper adopts several models such as stochastic decision forest and principal component analysis.

On the Formation of Nanogratings in Commercial Oxide Glasses by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing.

Nanogratings (NGs) are self-assembled subwavelength and birefringent nanostructures created by femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) in glass, which are of high interest for photonics, sensing, five-dimensional (5D) optical data storage, or microfluidics applications. In this work, NG formation windows were investigated in nine commercial glasses and as a function of glass viscosity and chemical composition. The NG windows were studied in an energy—frequency laser parameter landscape and characterized by polarizing optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pure silica glass (Suprasil) exhibits the largest NG window, whereas alkali borosilicate glasses (7059 and BK7) present the smallest one. Moreover, the NG formation windows progressively reduced in the following order: ULE, GeO2, B33, AF32, and Eagle XG. The NG formation window in glasses was found to decrease with the increase of alkali and alkaline earth content and was correlated to the temperature dependence of the viscosity in these glasses. This work provides guidelines to the formation of NGs in commercial oxide glasses by FLDW.

Spectroscopic properties and crystal-field effects in Er3+-doped tellurite and phosphate glass-ceramics

A series of Er3+-doped 40NaPO3–40KH2PO4-10ZnCl2-10Al2O3 (Er:NKZACl, 2Er:NKZACl) and 65TeO2-20ZnO-10BaO-3La2O3 (Er:TZBO) glasses were prepared by conventional melt quenching method, in order to compare and select the best chemical composition of glasses which exhibit opimal spectroscopic properties for broadband 1.54 µm laser emission and optical amplification. The samples were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis with wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (EPMA/WDS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and optical spectroscopy. Judd-Ofelt analysis was performed from the absorption spectra. The line strengths (Sexp and Scal) of different transitions between the 4I15/2 ground state and 11 excited states, as well as the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters (Ω2,Ω4,Ω6) were calculated and compared to those of other glasses. Using these parameters, transition probabilities A, branching ratios β, radiative lifetimes τrad were determined. The experimental crystal-field energy sublevels of Er3+ cations were identified from the emission spectra at 77 K and the corresponding crystal-field parameters were refined for the 1Er:NKZACl and 2Er:TZBO glasses, by means of a crystal-field Hamiltonian endowed with C2 symmetry. In our study, the composition TZBO:Er3+ (2 mol%) exhibits optimal values of 4I15/2multiplet crystal-field splitting (383.7 cm−1), high Er3+ emission cross section at 1.54 µm (σem≃7.80 ×10−21 cm2), average experimental lifetime (2.97 ms) and high quantum efficiency (η≃85.6%) of the 4I13/2→4I15/2 emission. The obtained results make this glass a promising candidate for laser application and optical amplification in the infrared spectral range.

Thermal and Electron Plasma Effects on Phase Separation Dynamics Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses

During ultrafast laser-induced crystallization from glass with a non-congruent composition, a phase separation occurs. The morphology of the crystallized area, inside the heat-affected zone (HAZ), is spectacular showing a bouquet-like structure, under some specific conditions related to glass chemical composition and laser parameters. In this work, we investigate this HAZ along a written line through a set of high-resolution electron microscopy techniques to probe both the morphology and the chemical distribution at the nanoscale. Based on these findings, we demonstrate that the bouquet-like structure arises from poorly textured nanocrystals between two regions that have probably accumulated elastic strain. From that analysis, we also provide insights into the chemical separation process during this complex light-matter transformation in which the induced plasma structure guides the spatial distribution of SiO2 and LiNbO3. We suggest a model based on an electric field modulation produced by the inhomogeneous plasma electron trapping, that modifies the electrochemical potentials of the constituents.

Joining transparent spinel ceramics using refractive index–matched glass

Ceramic joining by glass is a promising method of the preparation of large transparent ceramics from small blocks. The chemical composition of glass was optimised to match the coefficient of thermal expansion and refractive index of transparent magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) ceramics. A two-step joining method was developed to join MgAl2O4 ceramics with a reduced number of bubbles in the joint, and the thermal properties of the optimised glass were evaluated to determine the joining temperature. Two transparent MgAl2O4 blocks were joined by a glass layer that was approximately 20 µm thick. The joint area could not be distinguished with a naked eye. The transmittance of the joined body vertical to or parallel through the glass layer was approximately the same as that of the ceramics. The average three-point bending strength of the joint reached 202 ± 33 MPa, which was 64% that of the ceramic body.

Effect of transition oxides on thermal and magnetic properties of phosphate materials

Low melting point glass are attractive industrial materials due to their high thermal and chemical resistance compared to conventional glass. our study aimed to study the influence of transition oxides such as Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 on the thermal and the magnetic properties of glass. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have provided a lot of essential information on the correlation between the chemical composition of glass and their characteristic parameters, such as glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, melting temperature. We have performed the measurement of X-ray diffraction, IR and RAMAN, Mössbauer spectroscopy, as well as the measurements of density, dissolution rate and activation energy of dissolution. The proportion on transition oxides in the sudied glass ensure the glass thermal stability, the relatively low melting temperature, and a high chemical durabilité, with application potential in nuclear waste immobilization.

A model for compositional analysis of ancient glass products based on correlation analysis

In response to question 1, the key lies in the need to study the relationship between weathering and type, ornamentation and color on the surface of glass products, as well as the relationship and law between each glass type and chemical composition content. By establishing decision trees, chi-square tests, and multiple linear regression models, after eliminating two sets of invalid data from samples 15 and 17, it was concluded that the type and ornamentation of glass products have a greater influence on weathering, and the color of glass products has a smaller relationship with weathering The relationship between glass type and weathering is smaller, and the variation of chemical composition content with and without weathering is more obvious for different glass types, and the statistical pattern of these data is used to predict the chemical composition content of each glass type before weathering. For problem 2, different categories of glass need to be subclassified according to chemical composition. By establishing a decision tree model, the classification rules of glass types were found out, such as lead oxide content higher than 5.46 for lead-barium glass and lower than 5.46 for high-potassium glass, and the entropy weighting method was used to determine the weights of various chemical components for high-potassium glass with or without weathering and lead-barium glass with or without weathering, so that the chemical components with higher weights were selected to classify four types of glass: high-potassium weathered, high-potassium unweathered, lead-barium weathered, and lead-barium unweathered, respectively. The classification results were obtained by using the systematic hierarchical clustering algorithm, and the classification results of different types of glass differed, and then the results were analyzed for reasonableness and sensitivity.

Synthesis, physical, optical, structural and radiation shielding characterization of borate glasses: A focus on the role of SrO/Al2O3 substitution

In a bid to expand the amount of information available on glass systems and their potential applications for radiation shielding design, glass samples with the compositions (30-x)SrO-xAl 2 O 3 –68B 2 O 3 –2V 2 O 5 (x = 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5&15 mol %) coded as SABV0 - 4 were prepared by the melt-quenching technique and analyzed for their optical, structural, physical, and radiation shielding features. The glassy (amorphous) nature of the SABV glass samples was affirmed by broad peaks of X-ray diffraction spectra. Calculated values of density and molar volume shown opposite behavior and the variation of these values were discussed as structural modifications in the glass matrix. From recorded optical absorption spectra optical band gap energy (Eg)-indirect transition, Urbach energy and optical basicity were estimated. FTIR spectra were recorded for all the samples in the range 400 cm −1 to 4000 cm −1 . The FTIR absorbance spectra unveiled the SABV network structure mainly incorporating of BO 3 and BO 4 units. Raman spectroscopy is achieved to detect the structural changes and at higher wavenumber, B–O stretching modes in [BO 3 ] observed with one or two NBO's. The results of ESR spectra of glasses have indicated the highly covalent environment of vanadium ions. Analysis of the photon shielding parameters of the glasses which were obtained primarily from FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations and XCOM computations revealed photon energy and glass chemical composition dependence. The mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number ranged from 0.2668 to 0.3385 cm 2 g -1 and 12.98–15.93 accordingly as the weight fraction of Sr increased from 16.06 to 26.72% in the glasses. Generally, photon shielding ability of the SABV glasses follows the trend: SABV0 > SABV1 > SABV2 > SABV3 > SABV4. The thermal neutron total cross section follows the same trend with values fluctuating between 71.9553 and 80.6268 cm −1 . However, SABV1 showed superior fast neutron moderating capacity among the glasses. The present SABV glasses showed outstanding photon shielding ability compared to common shields. The prepared glasses are thus suitable candidates for radiation protection applications.

Береговые дюны острова Уруп (Курильские острова, северо-западная Пацифика): архив изменений палеоклимата и природной среды

The Late Holocene phases of aeolian processes have been reconstructed on the basis of dune fields construction. The palaeoenvironmental studies were targeted to following problems: 1) to determine the periods of higher and lower activity of aeolian processes; 2) to establish the age of aeolian deposits and buried soils; 3) to retrace the deve­lopment of coastal landscapes. The age was determined by radiocarbon dating of paleosols and tephrostratigraphy. The correlation of tephra was performed using data on the volcanic glass chemical composition. The dunes formed during the cooling accompanied by a minor regression. Six buried soils found in the dunes reflect stabilization and overgrowing of dune fields. The longest period of dune stabilization began after a cold event 2800–2600 cal yr BP and lasted until the Little Ice Age. Paleosols contain the tephra of large volcanic eruptions on Urup (Kolokol volcano), Simushir (Zavaritsky volcano) and Iturup (tephra). Pollen analysis allows us to retrace the development of coastal landscapes. Thickets of dwarf pine developed during cooling, birch forests spread in the Medieval Warm Period, and herb meadows were widely represented on the dunes. Human impact on the coastal palaeovegetation was found. Aeolian sedimentation was high during the Little Ice Age. One of the factors of dune reactivation during the Little Ice Age was increased winter storminess associated with the East Asian winter monsoon. Evidence of active cyclogenesis is the increasing proportion of allochthonous pollen. The modern reactivation of aeolian processes is associated with human activity and storm erosion of dunes.

Trends in Colouring Blue Glass in Central Europe in Relation to Changes in Chemical Composition of Glass from the Middle Ages to Modern Age

The study deals with the development of the chemical composition of blue glass from the 13th to the 19th century in the region of Bohemia (Central Europe). Nearly 100 glass samples (colourless, greenish, and blue) were evaluated by an XRF method to distinguish the colouring components of blue glass. As early as in the 13th century, blue glass based on ash containing colouring ions of Co and Cu was produced here. To achieve the blue colour of glass, a copper-rich raw material was most likely applied. This information significantly complements the existing knowledge about glass colouring in the Middle Ages, as the glass of later periods was typically coloured with raw materials containing cobalt.

Inorganic Composites Luminophors in Lithium-Borate Glasses with Rare-Earth Elements for White-Emitting Diodes

The paper describes the synthesis of novel luminescent composite system, based on lithium-borate glass matrix with addition of rare-earth elements and yttrium-aluminum garnet finely divided powder. The new chemical composition of glass has been selected, composite’s fabrication technology was developed, the temperature conditions of glass and luminophore sintering as well. The spectral characteristics of the obtained luminescent composites are measured, and chromaticity diagrams are considered. The radiation spectra showed a maximum of about 560 nm, the maximum spectral intensity of the radiation is about 90 μw/cm2/nm. Powerful energy saving source of white light was produced.

Accelerated bioactive behavior of Nagelschmidtite bioceramics: Mimicking the nano and microstructural aspects of biological mineralization

The ability of the Nagelschmidtite (Nagel) phase to promote osteogenesis, cementogenesis, and angiogenesis increased the interest in using this calcium silicophosphate bioceramic for tissue regeneration and vascularization applications. Nagel phase is a solid solution with the general formula Ca7-xNax(PO4)2+x(SiO4)2-x, which allows several substitutions being Ca7(PO4)2(SiO4)2 the most reported stoichiometry. Inspired by the well-known 45S5 bioactive glass chemical composition, we developed a synthesis route to obtain a Na-rich Nagel single phase. The effect of this bioceramic chemical and structural properties on apatite formation and crystallization mechanism is reported. The structural aspects at the nano and microscale of the mechanism of apatite growth and crystallization from the Nagel phase were compared to the formation process of Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM) deposits in biological systems, revealing a biomimetic behavior during the apatite biomineralization process from the bioceramic.

Tailor made barium borate doped Bi2O3 glass system for radiological protection

The study presents a ternary glass series fabricated as a mixture of 60B2O3-(40-x)BaO-xBi2O3, x = 0, 2.5, and 5 wt%. The glass density was measured using the Archimedes method with Xylene as an immerse liquid. The fabricated glass samples' mechanical features and elastic moduli were evaluated utilizing the Makishima-Makenzie (M-M) model based on the fabricated glass chemical composition and density. The elastic moduli were varied in the range between 92.862 and 99.734, 71.142–81.750, 36.208–38.457, and 119.420–133.027 Gpa for Young, bulk, shear, and longitudinal moduli. Other mechanical properties like Poisson ratio, microhardness, fractal bond conductivity, and softening temperature were predicted based on the fabricated glass samples' elastic moduli. Moreover, experimental measurements were applied to evaluate the linear attenuation coefficient at energies 662, 1173, and 1332 keV. The experimental measurements were confirmed with the theoretical XCOM program. Monte Carlo N- particle transport code version 5, XCOM, and BXCOM programs were used to evaluate the fabricated glass samples' radiation shielding properties.

An Insight into the Correlation between Chemical Composition Changes of Aluminum-Iron-Polyphosphate Glasses and Thermal Properties.

The present study aimed to investigate the influence of the gradual substitution of Fe2O3 by Al2O3 on the thermal properties of polyphosphate glasses. The conducted considerations based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and heating microscopy thermal analysis provided much essential information about the correlation between glass chemical composition and its characteristic parameters, such as transformation temperature, specific heat, crystallization temperature, crystallization enthalpy, the activation energy of crystal growth, melting temperature, and Angell glass thermal stability. The obtained estimation of viscosity changes as a function of temperature could be very helpful for researchers to correctly plan the vitrification process and thus radioactive waste immobilization. A precise analysis of DSC curves and X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the possibility of crystallization process design in order to create materials with different levels of crystallinity and phase composition. The drawn conclusions allow choosing the glass with the optimal concentration of Al2O3 and Fe2O3, which ensures the relatively low melting temperature, viscosity, and glass crystallization ability, with application potential in nuclear waste immobilization.