Chemical Composition Of Soybean Research Articles

The feasibility of using soybean raw materials

The most important determinant of public health is a balanced, nutritious diet that ensures normal human growth and development, life expectancy, increases the body's resistance to adverse environmental conditions, and leads to progress and improvement of the quality of life. The article presents the reasonable reasons for the expediency of using soybean raw materials, which led to the emergence of mass consumption products available to all groups of the population, which can be used regularly in everyday, dietary, therapeutic or preventive nutrition with a high degree of digestibility and assimilation of food, in accordance with the recommendations, while maintaining an adequate level of energy intake per day. Given the difficulties our country is experiencing due to martial law, there is a problem of expanding and, in some regions, providing a sufficient range of domestic food products that include energy components: proteins, fats and carbohydrates. There is a decrease in the production of domestic meat raw materials due to the problems faced by farms in today's difficult conditions. The article investigates the chemical composition and energy value of soybeans and soy products. The comparative characterization of soybeans and soybean products is also carried out. The proposal to enrich the range of food products with soybean processing products is also substantiated. With the further prospect of developing technologies for adding and enriching soybean processing products to raw materials of animal origin. The feasibility of these technologies is based on the chemical composition of soybeans. After all, soybeans and soy products are protein components, the value of which is primarily represented by polyunsaturated fatty acids, isoflavonoids, phospholipids, enzymes, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, minerals, as well as vitamins E, B, PP and other physiologically valuable nutrients. It is clear that in order to maximize the extraction of native nutrients, it is important to use special methods and economical modes of technological processing of raw materials. The article also describes the main types of soybean seed processing products with high nutritional and biological value available on the Ukrainian market.

SELECTION OF SOYBEAN LINES BASED ON A NUTRACEUTICAL IDEOTYPE

This study aims to select soybean lines with desirable nutraceutical characteristics under specific meteorological conditions in the selection environments. The experiment was conducted during the 2021/2022 harvest at Escola Fazenda, Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, located in Augusto Pestana- RS, Brazil. The experimental design was augmented blocks, with 27 populations of F2 generation, 118 lines of F5 generation, 70 lines of F8 generation, and 15 soybean cultivars as interim checks, arranged in three replications. The chemical composition of soybeans was evaluated using Near Infrared Spectroscopy - NIRS method to analyze various nutritional components. The IRC050 genotype exhibited a nutraceutical profile characterized by an increment in stearic fatty acid (STEAR) and reduction in fiber (FB) and mineral material (MM) contents. Among the F5 generation, the following genotypes were selected based on their nutraceutical traits: L174F5, L307F5, L322F5, L205F5, L190F5, L196F5, L219F5, L183F5, L301F5, L172F5, L198F5, L182F5, L319F5, L21F5, L188F5, L217F5, L302F5, L315F5, L36F5, L318F5, L211F5, L165F5, L321F5, and L179F5. The indirect selection of genotypes with higher levels of linoleic acid and protein was facilitated using the enzyme peroxidase.

Complementary Photostimulation of Seeds and Plants as an Effective Tool for Increasing Crop Productivity and Quality in Light of New Challenges Facing Agriculture in the 21st Century-A Case Study.

Climate change has prompted the search for new methods for improving agricultural practices for legume crops. The aim of the study was to test an innovative method of complementary photostimulation of seeds and plants aimed to improve the quantitative and qualitative features of soybean (Glycine hispida L. (Merr.)) yield. Complementary photostimulation of plants was shown to positively affect the yield and chemical composition of soybeans, significantly increasing the content of protein and fat in seeds of the Merlin cultivar. Significant positive effects compared to the control were obtained following irradiation of seeds and plants for 3 s (the shorter of the analyzed exposure times). The results clearly indicate the need to improve the proposed new HUGO (High Utility for Optimal Growth) technology to optimize soybean yield.

Chemical Profile and Chemometric Analysis of Genetically Modified Soybeans Produced in the Triângulo Mineiro Region (MG), Brazil

Soy production in Brazil is an important factor for the agro-industrial, economic, and social development of the country. The expansion of soy in the Brazilian territory is mainly due to the incorporation of new genetic characteristics into cultivars that granted resistance to the Cerrado conditions and to herbicides. Currently, Brazilian soy production is the result of genetically modified cultivars. Studies regarding the chemical composition of soybeans show that qualitative and quantitative variations can occur, depending on the region of production. This work aimed to investigate the chemical composition of soybeans produced in different cities of the Triângulo Mineiro region/MG, Brazil (Harvest 2017/2018) and stored in three warehouses located in the city of Uberaba/MG. The grain analysis was made by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS-ESI). The classes of metabolites identified from methanolic extraction were organic acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, sugars, amino acids, dipeptides, nitrogenous bases, nucleosides, sphingolipids, and fatty acids. The isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycitein, genistin, acetyldaidzin, and acetylgenistin were identified in soybeans from the three warehouses. The flavonoid eriodictyol-O-hexoside was also found. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from the mass spectrum data obtained by direct injection in the negative and positive modes evidenced the well-defined separation of three groups, indicating that there was variance among the soy samples from each warehouse. The samples from warehouses 1 and 3 showed greater similarity in the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) in negative mode, while in positive mode, the samples from warehouses 2 and 3 presented greater similarity.

Effect of Bio-regulator and Foliar Fertilizers on Chemical Composition and Yield of Soybean

Current study evaluates the effects of bio-regulator associated with foliar fertilizers on the yield components, productivity and chemical composition of soybean. The experimental design was entirely randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments consisted of: T1-absolute control, T2-application of 0.25 L h(-1) Stimulate in R1 stage of development, T3-application of 0.25 L h(-1) Stimulate and 3 L h(-1) Sett in R1, T4-application of 0.25 L h(-1) Stimulate and 3 L h(-1) Sett in R1 and 0.25 L h(-1) Stimulate and 2 L h(-1) Mover in R5.1; T5-application of 0.25 L h(-1) Stimulate and 3 L h(-1) Sett in R1 and 2 L h(-1) Mover in R5.1, T6-application of 3 L h(-1) Sett in R1 and 0.25 L h(-1) Stimulate and 2 L h(-1) Mover in R5.1 and T7-application of 0.25 L h(-1) Stimulate and 2 L h(-1) Mover in R1. Application of Sett and Mover is a potentially efficient handling as it favors the soybean agronomic performance in R1 stage. Chemical composition of processed grains has influence with applying bio-regulator and foliar fertilizers.

Effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and foliar-applied iron (Fe) fertilizer at various reproductive stages on yield, yield component and chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seed

Effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and foliar-applied iron (Fe) fertilizer at various reproductive stages on yield, yield component and chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seed

Experimental Study on the Effects of Natural Zeolite on Lead Toxicity, Growth, Nodulation, and Chemical Composition of Soybean

Lead (Pb) is one of the most dangerous contaminants that has been released into the environment over many years by anthropogenic activities. In the present study, the effect of zeolite on the Pb toxicity, growth, nodulation, and chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L. var. Williams) was evaluated. Treatments consisted of factorial combination of three levels of zeolite (0, 2, and 5 g kg−1) and three levels of Pb (0, 10, and 25 mg kg−1) with three replicates in a completely randomized design. Lead application decreased shoot and root dry weights. Without any use of Pb, addition of zeolite increased shoot dry weight, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations and the number and dry weight of root nodules. Moreover, the greatest value for these parameters was obtained by greatest level of zeolite application (5 g zeolite kg−1 soil). It is suggested that zeolite has positive effects on growth and chemical composition of soybean and reduces Pb toxicity in plant parts.

Effect of Mycorrhizae, Thiobacillus and Sulfur Nutrition on the Chemical Composition of Soybean [Glycine max (L.)] Merr. Seed

A field experiment carried out in a calcareous soil with a low available phosphorus to evaluate effectiveness of biofertilizers, mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradices) and Thiobacillus sp. inoculation individually or in combination on seed yield, oil, protein and some elements (P, Fe, Mn, Zn) concentration in two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. The applied treatments were different fertilizers with 6 levels (including: NP (control, 12 kg N ha(-1) as urea, 46 kg P2O5 ha(-1) as triple super phosphate); NPK (NP + 75 kg K2O ha(-1) as potassium sulphate); NPKS [NPK+ S (100 kg S ha(-1))]; NPKST (NPKS + seed inoculation with Thiobacillus bacteria); NPKM (NPK + Seed inoculation with mycorrhizae fungi) and NPKSTM (NPKS + seed inoculation with Thiobacillus and mycorrhizae) and two cultivars (JK and 032). Before planting, soybean seeds were inoculated by Bradyrhizobium japonicum in all treatments. Results showed that combined inoculation of biofertilizers increased yield, however the highest yield was observed in treatment NPKST. Increasing oil content (percentage) was more pronounced in treatments NPKM, while most protein content (percentage) increasing was observed in NPKS and NPKM. Fe and Zn concentrations were unaffected significantly by fertilizer treatments, but NPKSTM showed significantly higher value of seed's Mn concentration compared to treatments NP and NPK. Although no significant difference was observed in terms ofP concentration of 032 line among fertilizer treatments, JK cultivar and NPKSTM caused a significant increasing in P concentration compared to NP, NPKS and NPKM. Present results suggested that applying biofertilizers i.e., mycorrhizae and Thiobacillus increased soybean yield compared to control (NP). Overall, this study demonstrated that soybean seed yield and its chemical composition could be affected by biofertilizer inoculation.

Effect of germination of legume seeds on chemical composition and on protein and energy utilization in rats

Chemical composition of soybeans, lupin seeds and black beans, and protein utilization and energy digestibility of soybeans and lupin seeds determined in a rat model, were compared before and after a 48-h germination. Black beans had a much higher starch content and lower levels of low-molecular-weight (LMW) sugars than soybeans and lupin seeds. Lupin seeds had about twice as much non-starch polysaccharides than the other legumes and higher insoluble dietary fiber. Soluble dietary fiber represented over one third of total dietary fiber in all legumes. After germination, LMW α-galactosides decreased in all seeds, particularly in lupins. Sucrose levels increased in lupins and black beans but decreased in soybeans. Biological indices were significantly higher in lupin seeds than in soybeans. Germination produced a small increase in protein utilization in both legumes. These results indicate that the main advantage of a 48-h germination of legume seeds is the reduction in the α-galactosides.

Comparative yield and chemical composition of soybean and fababean grown on chernozemic soils on the Canadian prairies

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and fababean (Vicar faba (L.)) were grown under field conditions on six Orthic Black Chernozemic soils over three years at two levels of fertility. At flowering, full pod and maturity the yield and N, P, K and S composition of harvested plant materials were compared. Application of fertilizer (P, K and S) increased dry matter and seed yields of both crops. At all, growth stages fababeans produced more dry matter than soybean, and at maturity produced higher yields of seed, hull and stalk. However, the ratio of seed: hull: stalk for both crops was similar and constant at 3.8: 1: 4.7 on all soils and at both levels of soil fertility. At the high level of soil fertility, at the flowering and full pod stages, the concentration of N, P, and K in fababean was higher than that in soybean, but both crops had a similar concentration of S. At low fertility both crops had similar concentrations of P, K and S. At maturity, soybean seed had the higher concentrations of the f...

Growth and chemical composition of soybeans as affected by trifluralin and soil salinity

SummaryThe combined effects of 0, 1 and 2 ppm trifluralin and five soil salinity levels (0.35, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mS/cm) on growth and chemical composition of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were studied in a glasshouse experiment. Analyses of variance indicated that the interaction of soil salinity and trifluralin was not significant for root and top dry weights and root nodulation. Root dry weight was not affected by trifluralin, whereas 2 ppm trifluralin significantly reduced top dry yield and root nodulation. Shoot and root yields and root nodulation were reduced with increasing soil salinity.Trifluralin at 1 ppm significantly decreased P concentration and at 2 ppm substantially increased N concentration. Moreover, there was a general trend of an increase in N concentration and a decrease in P concentration with salinity.The concentration and uptake of Cl and Na increased with increasing soil salinity. Probably large accumulations of Cl and Na and/or water stress caused by high salinity were responsible for growth reductions in salinized media.

Effects of deep placement of limestone and fertility treatments on the chemical composition of soybeans and on certain properties of a Tatum soil

Abstract The effects of plow sole placement (30.5 cm deep) of dolomitic limestone and various P and K treatments on the chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) leaves and on certain properties of a Tatum soil were determined. Rates of lime were 0, 22.4, and 44.8 mt/ha. Various rates of P and K were surface applied and disked in annually. Leaf P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in 1971, Ca and Mg concentrations in 1972, and Mg concentration of soybean leaves in 1973 were unaffected by rates of lime. Lime decreased the P and K concentrations in 1972 and 1973 and increased the Ca concentration in 1973. The P concentration increased each year with increased rate of applied P. Without added K, the K concentration decreased as the rate of P increased. The Ca concentration was unaffected by P and K treatments during the first two years but decreased the last year where K was applied. The Mg concentration was unaffected by P and K treatments in 1972 but in the other two years it increased with increased rate of P applied without K. Yields were not significantly increased with lime but were significantly increased with P and K applications. The amounts of available P in the 0‐to 15‐cm soil depth increased with increased rates of applied P. Available K content was unaffected by rates of applied K. Plow sole placement of lime increased the soil pH in the 0‐to 15, 15‐to 30, and 30‐to 45‐cm depths. Available P and K in the 0‐to 90‐cm depth were not affected by rate of lime. Available Ca and Mg in the 0‐to 90‐cm depth were increased with increased rates of applied lime.

Physiological Study on the Mechanism of Seed Production of Soybean Plant : III. Effect of nutrient element deficiency during the early plant growth stage on the chemical composition of soybeans and the seed production

[in Japanese]

The influence of soil micro-organisms on the growth and chemical composition of soybean

A plastic film isolator was adapted for the growth of soybeans in sterile soil, sterile reinoculated soil, and unsterilized soil. The presence of micro-organisms significantly increased the mass of tops and roots as well as the plant content of Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, and Mo. Plant content of N, P, and K was not affected by microbial activity, while manganese, made available by steam-sterilization, was oxidized to unavailable forms by the soil microflora. The mixed microflora influenced the quantity and distribution of free amino acids within the plant but did not affect the distribution of amino acids within the crude protein fraction.

The comparative morphology, specific status and host compatibility of two geographical strains of Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera, Bruchudae)

Abstract Strains of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) from Israel and Japan which had been in culture for several years were compared. The main morphological differences were that the Japanese strain had the male antennae pectinate, the pubescence of the median lobes of the prothorax completely white, and a dark patch on each of the hind femora. The israeli strain had the male antennae strongly serrate, golden pubescence on the anterior part of the prothoracic median lobes, and the hind femora completely testaceous. In inter-strain crosses the F 1 and F 2 generations were both fertile, and inter-strain fertility and F 1 viability was high, without significant differences in reciprocal crosses. No evidence of intra-strain preference in mating was obtained. Attempts to breed both strains on a number of soybean varieties failed, but the Israeli strain showed partial larval development although none reached pupation. An evaluation of the known chemical composition of soybean was undertaken and by compounding artificial beans and attempting to breed C. chinensis in them, further evidence on the incompatibility of the species with this legume was obtained. This was compared with the breeding rate of Tribolium castaneum , an insect known to be insensitive to the extremes of protein and carbohydrate concentration as are found in soybeans. The evidence indicates that C. chinensis does not present a hazard to soybean production, but the genetic nature of the Israeli strain may have economic implications.

Letters to the Editor

As Dr. Rapkin has stated, a high dose of raffinose given by mouth did produce diarrhea in a healthy boy. However, it would be hard to administer the same quantity of raffinose in the form of soybean formula. This is best demonstrated by the following table of the chemical composition of soybeans in weight percentage (compiled from K. Täufel et al., Zschr. Lebensmittel-Unters. und-Forschung, 112:31, 1960): [See Table in Source Pdf.] As can be seen, stachyose and raffinose together compose about 5% of the wet weight of the beans.

Effect of Foliage Insecticides on Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition of Soybeans1

SynopsisA number of the newer organic insecticides were used satisfactorily on soybeans. Care should be exercised to apply these insecticides at the recommended dosages as higher rates of application may cause foliage injury to the extent of decreasing yield. Populations of injurious insects were at sub‐economic levels in each year of this study and were not an important factor in affecting growth or yield. Seed size, protein and oil content, and iodine number of the oil were affected very little or none by the various insecticides.

Effect of Soil Insecticides on Emergence, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition of Soybeans1

SynopsisOf ten insecticides studied, only BHC and DDT at high rates caused deleterious effects on soybean emergence. High rates of BHC caused significant reductions in yield. There were no noticeable effects on height, lodging, seed quality, maturity, protein content, or iodine number of the oil. There was very little effect on oil content. Soybeans can be planted safely following crops where soil insecticides have been used, since the dosages used in these tests were much greater than present recommendations for the control of soil insects.

Effect of the Bacterial Pustule Disease on Yield and Chemical Composition of Soybeans1

Effect of the Bacterial Pustule Disease on Yield and Chemical Composition of Soybeans¹

Effect of weather damage on the chemical composition of soybeans

SummarySoybean samples containing a large proportion of damaged seed were separated into sound and damaged portions and these portions were then analyzed chemically.Analysis of these samples indicated that damage to the seed caused considerable variation in percentages of oil, protein, ash, and in iodine number and acid of the oil. Sugars in the damaged portions of the soybean samples were generally low when compared with the sound portions.Weather damaging of soybean seed caused a marked increase in percentage of crude protein. Oil percentages were sometimes higher and sometimes lower in the damaged portions. The iodine number of the oil was usually but slightly affected, and the acid number was higher in the damaged portions.In order that the chemical analysis of the samples may be representative of the true composition of a strain, the seed analyzed should be of good quality and contain no more than a small proportion of damaged seed.