Chemical Composition Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Influence of Phytohormones on Monosaccharide Composition of Polysaccharides from Wheat Suspension Culture

Plant polysaccharides with technical and physiologic traits attract researchers by their high physiological activity in regulation of the growth, development and protective reactions. Cell cultures allow to regulate chemical composition of synthesized substances by changing media composition and are widely used to enhance or change the biosynthesis of metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of phytohormones 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4 –D) and abscisic acid (ABA) of culture medium on chemical composition of polysaccharides (PS), extracted from cells and extracellular liquid of wheat suspension culture. It was shown for the medium with ABA that monosaccharide composition of extracellular PS mainly represented by glucose (87%), whereas PS isolated from cells were rich for xylose and glucuronic acid. Monosaccharide composition of extracellular PS from media with 2,4-D showed 6-fold increase of arabinose, 8-fold ‒ of galactose, 5-fold ‒ of xylose and glucuronic acid, compared to extracellular PS from ABA medium. Composition of cellular PS from media with 2,4-D were mainly similar to ABA and differed by the increased amount of mannose (3-fold), and galacturonic acid (2,5-fold). Thus, regulative effect of the use of two different types of phytohormones was demonstrated on the biosynthesis of variously composed polysaccharides.

Rapeseed polysaccharides as prebiotics on growth and acidifying activity of probiotics in vitro

In vitro digestibility, prebiotic activity and chemical composition of polysaccharides from rapeseed were deliberately studied in this paper. After preliminary treatments, two fractions of polysaccharides (RP1 and RP2) were obtained after purification by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. Their primary structural feature and molecule weights were characterized. Furthermore, their digestibility was also evaluated by artificial gastric juice and α-amylase. Finally, their proliferative effect on bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and acid production of the resulting probiotics in vitro were investigated. The results showed that RP1 and RP2 were homogeneously protein-bound polysaccharides with molecular weights of 28.51 and 6.55kDa, respectively. They were resistant to hydrolysis by artificial gastric juice and α-amylase. Moreover, they could also significantly stimulate the tested probiotics to proliferate and produce organic acids. These findings clearly suggest the polysaccharides from rapeseed are potential to be exploited as novel prebiotics.

Gum in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) shoots induced by methyl jasmonate

It has been well known that some fungal pathogens (<i>Monilia laxa, M. fructigena, Cytospora cincta</i>), larvae of <i>Grapholita molesta</i> and plant hormone - ethylene, induce gummosis in apricot shoots. Methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) was also found to induce gummosis in apricot shoots as well as biotic and abiotic factors mentioned above. In order to know the mode of action of JA-Me on gum induction and/or formation, chemical composition of polysaccharides (after hydrolysis) in gums of apricot shoots induced by JA-Me compared with those by ethephon and their mixture, and naturally occurring ones was studied, resulted in the succesful identification of monosaccharides, and the similarity of a composition consisting of xylose, arabinose and galactose at molar ratio 1:10:14, respectively. These results suggest that beside different inducers of gum in apricot the mechanism of polysaccharides biosynthesis of gums is the same or similar. The physiological role for JA-Me on gum induction and/or formation in apricot shoots, and other species are also discussed.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Different Polysaccharides from the Roots of Angelica dahurica

The total crude polysaccharides (CADPs), isolated from the roots of Angelica dahurica by H(2) O extraction, EtOH precipitation, and dialysis, and the four fractions ADP1, ADP2, ADP3, and ADP4, obtained by gel filtration of the CADPs, were analyzed to characterize their composition and evaluated for their antioxidant activity using different in vitro tests such as the malondialdehyde (MDA)-production, the ferrous ion (Fe(2+) )-chelating, and the HO(.) radical-scavenging assays. The predominant neutral monosaccharides in the four fractions were identified as arabinose, galactose, and glucose, while the composition and ratio of the monosaccharides were different between the fractions. The CADPs and its fractions were found to significantly inhibit lipid peroxidation, chelate Fe(2+) , and scavenge HO(.) radicals, indicating that these polysaccharides possessed antioxidant activity. Among the four fractions, ADP4 exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, which was stronger than that of the control antioxidant vitamin E (Vit E). Taken together, the chemical composition of these polysaccharides might affect their antioxidant activity, and ADP4 could be explored as a source of potential novel natural antioxidants for food and pharmaceutical purposes.

Chemical composition of polysaccharides of the red alga Tichocarpus crinitus (Tichocarpaseae) from different sites of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan

A comparative analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of polysaccharides in the red seaweed Tichocarpus crinitus, collected at different sites of Peter the Great Bay in the Japanese Sea (Sivuch’ya Bay, Risovaya Bay and Sobol’ Bay) was carried out. The sites differed in their biotopic and anthropogenic characteristics. The main monosaccharides of the investigated algal polysaccharides were galactose and 3.6-anhydrogalactose, which are structural components of carrageenan The highest contents of protein and glucose were found in the KCl-soluble fraction of algae from Sobol Bay that were experiencing increased anthropogenic pressure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the KCl-insoluble polysaccharide fractions of all investigated algae had an identical structure corresponding to κ/β-carrageenan, while the KCl-soluble polysaccharide fractions had differences in their structures. The content of heavy metals and micro- and macroelements in polysaccharide fractions differed among algae growing in areas with different biotopic and anthropogenic conditions.

Chemical composition and antitumor activity of different polysaccharides from the roots of Actinidia eriantha

Four polysaccharides (AEPA, AEPB, AEPC and AEPD) isolated and purified from the roots of Actinidia eriantha using gel filtration were subjected to composition analysis and valuated for the antitumor and immunomodulatory activity. The predominant neutral monosaccharides in four fractions were identified as galactose, arabinose and fucose, while the composition and ratio of the monosaccharides were different from one another. All four polysaccharides could significantly not only inhibit the growth of transplantable S180 sarcoma in mice, but promote splenocytes proliferation, natural killer cells activity, interleukin-2 production from splenocytes and serum tumor antigen-specific antibody levels in tumor-bearing mice, indicating that their antitumor activity might be achieved by improving immune response. Among four polysaccharides, AEPC and AEPD showed the higher antitumor and immunomodulatory activity. Taken together, the chemical composition of these polysaccharides could affect their antitumor and immunomodulatory activity, and AEPC and AEPD could be explored as antitumor agent with immunomodulatory activity.

Anti-peroxidative and anti-hyperlipidemic nature of Ulva lactuca crude polysaccharide on d-Galactosamine induced hepatitis in rats

To find whether pretreatment of Ulva lactuca polysaccharide (ULP) extract could be effective against d-Galactosamine (500 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) induced anomaly in rat. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), phospholipids (PL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), tissue lipoperoxides (LPO), hepatic protein thiols, non-enzymatic anti-oxidants glutathione (GSH) and vitamins (E and C) were examined using spectrophotometer. The ultra structural changes of liver during d-Galactosamine and protection offered by ULP were examined by electron microscopy. Seaweed histology and chemical composition of polysaccharides in seaweed were examined. Alcian blue staining showed the presence of sulphated polysaccharide with total sugar (65.4%), sulphate (17.4%), and uronic acid (17.2%) content. d-Galactosamine intoxicated rats showed significant ( p < 0.01) liver damage with acute aberration in serum lipid profile, hepatic protein thiols and tissue non-enzymatic anti-oxidants. Assorted deposits of lipid droplets and abnormal appearance of mitochondria was observed in electron microscopy study. Rats pretreated with ULP (30 mg/kg body weight/day/for 21 days) showed a significant inhibition ( p < 0.05) against abnormality induced by d-Galactosamine. U. lactuca exhibit anti-peroxidative and anti-hyperlipidemic property.

Heterofucans from Dictyota menstrualis have anticoagulant activity.

Fucan is a term used to denote a family of sulfated L-fucose-rich polysaccharides which are present in the extracellular matrix of brown seaweed and in the egg jelly coat of sea urchins. Plant fucans have several biological activities, including anticoagulant and antithrombotic, related to the structural and chemical composition of polysaccharides. We have extracted sulfated polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Dictyota menstrualis by proteolytic digestion, followed by separation into 5 fractions by sequential acetone precipitation. Gel electrophoresis using 0.05 M 1,3-diaminopropane-acetate buffer, pH 9.0, stained with 0.1% toluidine blue, showed the presence of sulfated polysaccharides in all fractions. The chemical analyses demonstrated that all fractions are composed mainly of fucose, xylose, galactose, uronic acid, and sulfate. The anticoagulant activity of these heterofucans was determined by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) using citrate normal human plasma. Only the fucans F1.0v and F1.5v showed anticoagulant activity. To prolong the coagulation time to double the baseline value in the APTT, the required concentration of fucan F1.0v (20 g/ml) was only 4.88-fold higher than that of the low molecular weight heparin Clexane (4.1 g/ml), whereas 80 g/ml fucan 1.5 was needed to obtain the same effect. For both fucans this effect was abolished by desulfation. These polymers are composed of fucose, xylose, uronic acid, galactose, and sulfate at molar ratios of 1.0:0.8:0.7:0.8:0.4 and 1.0:0.3:0.4:1.5:1.3, respectively. This is the fist report indicating the presence of a heterofucan with higher anticoagulant activity from brown seaweed.

Plant polysaccharides IV. Chemical composition of polysaccharides and their regulatory properties

Plant polysaccharides IV. Chemical composition of polysaccharides and their regulatory properties