Chemical Composition Of Methanolic Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Enarthrocarpus clavatus Delile ex Godr flowers extracts

The phytochemical profile of various plant species reveals that some compounds possess notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this study we investigated for the first time, the antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH and TAC), total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents of Enarthrocarpus clavatus Delile ex Godr flowers extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) as well as their antimicrobial activity. The results obtained showed that the methanol extract contained the highest content of total phenolics (346.7 mg GAE/g DE) and flavonoids (339.9 mg QE/g) as it exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, E. clavatus flower extracts have been tested for their activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and an interesting activity was obtained with methanol extract (MICs = 31.25 µg.mL−1). The chemical composition of methanol extract was investigated using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). Therefore, 28 compounds were detected among them 18 were identified as flavonoids, phenolic acids and fatty acids.

Chemical Composition of Methanol Extracts from Leaves and Flowers of Anemonopsis macrophylla (Ranunculaceae).

Anemonopsis Siebold et Zucc. is an unstudied single-species genus belonging to the tribe Cimicifugeae (Ranunculaceae). The only species of this genus-Anemonopsis macrophylla Siebold and Zucc.-is endemic to Japan. There are no data on its chemical composition. This work is the first to determine (with liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, LC-HRMS) the chemical composition of methanol extracts of leaves and flowers of A. macrophylla. More than 100 compounds were identified. In this plant, the classes of substances are coumarins (13 compounds), furocoumarins (3), furochromones (2), phenolic acids (21), flavonoids (27), and fatty acids and their derivatives (15 compounds). Isoferulic acid (detected in extracts from this plant) brings this species closer to plants of the genus Cimicifuga, one of the few genera containing this acid and ferulic acid at the same time. Isoferulic acid is regarded as a reference component of a quality indicator of Cimicifuga raw materials. The determined profiles of substances are identical between the leaf and flower methanol extracts. Differences in levels of some identified substances were revealed between the leaf and flower extracts of A. macrophylla; these differences may have a substantial impact on the manifestation of the biological and pharmacological effects of the extracts in question.

Characteristics, Chemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Methanol Extracts of Lichens Pleurosticta Acetabulum and Cladonia Subulata

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition of methanol extracts of the lichens Pleurosticta acetabulum and Cladonia subulata and their antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts of lichens was determined by HPLC-UV method. The predominant phenolic compounds in these extracts were norstictic acid and salazinic acids in P. acetabulum, while hypoprotocetraric acid and fumarprotocetraric acid were the major metabolites detected in C. subulata. Total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically, with the varied amount from 21.31 to 73.45 mg GA/g and from 8.48 to 15.42 mg RU/g, respectively. The lichen extracts showed comparable and strong antioxidant activity, exhibited higher DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavengings, inhibitory activity towards lipid peroxidation and reducing power. Cytotoxic effects of lichens were tested against HeLa S3 and LS174 cell lines using MTT method.The cytotoxic effects of P. acetabulum and C. subulata extracts toward two cancer cell lines were in the range from 39.17 to >200 μg/mL IC50 value. The present study showed that the tested extracts of lichens demonstrated important antioxidant and anticancer effects. That suggests that these lichens can be used as new sources of the natural antioxidants and anti-cancer compounds.

Phytochemical screening of Zanthoxylum armatum roots and exploring its polyphenol content and antioxidant activity

The objective of the article is to investigate the chemical composition of Zanthoxylum armatum roots methanolic extract and to evaluate the polyphenol content and antioxidant potential. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) techniques were used to characterize chemical composition of methanolic extract of roots. The GC-MS analysis extract resulted in the isolation of thirty-seven phytochemical constituents in methanol extracts. The root extracts were strongly characterized by 1-Propene, 2-nitro-3-(1-cyclooctenyl), (2E,4E)-N-Isobutyldodeca-2,4-dienamide, (+)- Seasmin and Paulowin. The phenolic composition of the root extract quantified by using HPLC revealed Ascorbic acid as most abundant polyphenol, followed by Gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Epigallocatechin gallate, Vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, while Caffeic acid was the recorded as least. In addition, root extract also showed the presence of antioxidant activity (DPPH Free radical scavenging, Metal Chelating and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Activity) and polyphenol content (Total Phenol, Flavonoid, and Tannin Content).

Fertility regulatory potential of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre methanolic root extract in female albino mice: An insight into the phytochemicals present and role of the extract in contraception

People from some parts of the world traditionally depend on different herbal medicines for fertility regulation. The Mishing women of Assam, India have been using the dry root powder of Persicaria hydropiper for years as a birth control medicine. The present study was designed to investigate the chemical composition of methanolic extract from the dry roots of P. hydropiper as well as to study its anti-implantation effect. P. hydropiper roots were collected from paddy fields and the methanolic extract was prepared using dry powdered roots. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the methanolic root extract was performed for phytochemical analysis. The estrous cycle of the female mice was monitored by observation of the cells in the vaginal smear. The estrogenic and anti-implantation effect was observed using routine histological procedures with Haematoxylin & Eosin staining performed in mice. Total serum cholesterol level was also measured. The GCMS analysis revealed the presence of stigmasterol and 3-deoxyestradiol, which are known to possess antifertility properties. The extract (1000 mg/kg bodyweight dose) altered the duration and sequence of the estrous cycle of cyclic females with a prolonged metestrous of 2 days, followed by an early estrous. There was hyperplasia in the endometrial epithelium and even shedding of the same on high duration treatment on day 6. There was a significant (p < 0.05) rise in total cholesterol levels in the treated groups. The highest rise was observed in the day 1 group (from 67.91 ± 1.98 to 147.53 ± 3.20 mg/dl) while the lowest change was there in the day 2 group (from 78.76 ± 2.04 to 103.26 ± 2.34 mg/dl). The presence of compounds like stigmasterol and 3-deoxyestradiol with profound antifertility properties possibly has an influence on the molecular pathway for embryo implantation. The changes in uterine histoarchitecture in the form of uterine hyperplasia on treatment with the extract point out towards the effect of the estrogenic compounds. Such implantation preventing results provides support to the traditional belief and opens the door for new drug discovery for reproduction regulation. A detailed molecular study is necessary in this regard.

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of the Vacuum Liquid Chromatography Fractions of Mentha pulegium Growing in Iraq

Mentha pulegium, a species of Lamiaceae family, is flowering plant native to Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Crushed M. pulegium leaves exhibit a very strong fragrance like spearmint. The objective of the study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of M. pulegium stems and leaves vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) fractions. The powdered leaves and stems were macerated with absolute methanol then filtered using Buchner system. The filtrate was evaporated, then submitted to VLC using different solvents, and their fractions were collected. Phytochemical screening tests were done to investigate the chemical composition of methanol extract. The antibacterial effect of both methanol crude and the five extracts was studied on gram positive (S. aureus and S. haemolyticus) and gram negative (P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae) bacteria using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results indicate the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins in plant aerial parts with the presence of alkaloids but in a lesser degree. The result of antibacterial assay showed that MICs of methanol fraction were approximately 900 µg/ml for gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. haemolyticus), 225 µg/mL for P. aeruginosa and 450 µg/mL for K. pneumonia. While the best MBCs of the five fractions along with MOHM extract gave, the bactericidal effect in concentrations 450 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa. Our study is the first report on phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of VLC fractions of Mentha pulegium.

Chemical Composition of Methanolic Extracts of Scutellaria orientalis L.: Digitoxin and Neocurdione Detection by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Background: Scutellaria orientalis subsp. virens is a species of Scutellaria genus (the Lamiaceae family). The aqueous root extract of S. orientalis has been traditionally used by Iranians to treat neurological disorders, dermatitis, and bronchitis. The active compounds in the roots and shoots of S. orientalis are mainly flavones such as baicalin, wogonoside, scutellarin, and their aglycons. These compounds have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial activities.&#x0D; Objectives: This study aimed to identify the root and shoot methanolic extracts components of S. orientalis.&#x0D; Methods: The Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) method was used to identify components of S. orientalis.&#x0D; Results: GC/MS analysis of methanolic root extract identified 63 components, such as flavonoids, fatty acids, ketones, glucosides, amino acids, steroids, and alkaloids, with flavonoids like wogonin (12.6%) as the main components. S. orientalis methanolic shoot extract analysis also identified 79 components such as ketones, alcohols, sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, steroids, vitamins, and diterpenoids, with digitoxin and neocurdione as the main components. In addition, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis of roots and shoots confirmed the presence of normal polymeric O-H stretch, aliphatic alkenes, aromatic alkenes, amides, ammonium ions, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and alkanes in the structure of identified compounds by GC/MS analysis.&#x0D; Conclusion: The obtained results revealed the presence of biologically active compounds that can be used for various herbal formulations.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Chemical compositions by using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from leaf and flower parts of Scabiosa columbaria subsp. columbaria var. columbaria L.

The members of the Scabiosa genus are one of the traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of many diseases, in particular the treatment of scabies. In this study, it was aimed to determine antioxidant activities and chemical composition of methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of Scabiosa columbaria subsp. columbaria var. columbaria. The phenolic contents of both parts of the plant were analyzed by LC–MS/MS. A total of 6 phenolic compounds were determined and chlorogenic acid was the major compound in both flower and leaf parts of the plants, with 5936.052 µg/g and 8021.666 µg/g, respectively. 6 different methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity of the plant parts. Both leaf and flower parts of the plant showed high antioxidant activity in all tested methods and the antioxidant activity values of the leaf part were measured higher than those of the flower part for four tests. The methanol extracts of the plant parts was analyzed with GC–MS and number of the essential oil compounds in the leaf and flower parts were determined as 17 and 13, respectively. Linalool compound was also found to be common in both parts of the plant. The major compounds of the essential oils were identified as 4-Octadecenal (30.01%) in the flower and carvone (35.44%) in the leaf. In addition, terpene derivatives was determined as 90.32% of the highest essential oil group in the leaf, while this value was determined as 1.42% in the flower. For the flower, aromatics were determined as the main component group with 21.31%.

Nutraceutical extracts from some endemic Onosma ( O. ci rcinnata , O. bornmuelleri , and O. angustissima ) species: LC–ESI‐MS/MS–based polyphenol profile, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of methanol extracts from Onosma circinnata, Onosma bornmuelleri, and Onosma angustissima and to investigate their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that the extracts were found to be rich in chlorogenic acid, luteolin 7-glucoside, rosmarinic acid, and apigenin 7-glucoside. While O. bornmuelleri showed the highest activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP tests, O. circinnata was more effective in CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and ferrous ion chelating tests. While O. angustissima showed significant inhibitory activities on AChE, BChE, and tyrosinase, O. bornmuelleri and O. circinnata showed the highest inhibitory activities on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. It was concluded that O. circinnata and O. bornmuelleri are effective antioxidant agents and O. angustissima can be considered as an alternative agent in the medical and cosmetic industries due to its ChE and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Novelty impact statement Biological activities of Onosma species were brought to the literature for the first time with this study. O. circinnata showed remarkable antioxidant activity. O. angustissima exhibited the highest AChE, BChE and tyrosinase inhibitory activity.

Proximate and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis

The present work was conducted to evaluate the proximate contents, phytochemical constituents and to screen the methanolic extract of the stem of Cissus quadrangularis for the presence of active compounds. Methanol was the solvent used for the soxhlet extraction. The dry matter content and the total ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, acid insoluble ash, carbohydrate content were determined. The chemical composition of methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis revealed the presence of alkaloids,, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, flavanoids, terpenoids, protein, amino acids, fixed oils, fats, tannins and cardiac glycosides. This work could be further useful to the structural elucidation and further quantification of bioactive compounds.

Phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of thirteen Eucalyptus species cultivated in North East of Tunisia

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of methanolic extracts of thirteen Eucalyptus species leaves cultivated in north east of Tunisia and their antioxidant activity was also investigated. Some of them were investigated for the first time. The total phenol and total condensed tannin contents varied significantly among species, E. lehmannii had the highest values. Significant difference was also found in total flavonoid contents and the highest one was observed in E. astringens. The HPLC analysis indicated that the main phenolic compounds were the flavonoid rutin in some species such as E. maidenii and acid gallic acid in other species as E. lehmanii. Different assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities; Total antioxidant activity test, DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS scavenging activity, reducing power, and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching. All these tests showed a high influence of the interspecific variation. However, all species exhibited interesting antioxidant activities, and DPPH radical scavenging was the most remarkable one whose all extracts were more active than the positive control. E. erythrocorys has the strongest activity with IC50 = 5.07 ± 0.54 µg/mL. All results confirmed that the secondary metabolites of these studied species could be used as a source of natural antioxidants.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial potentials and chemical composition of methanol extract of &lt;i&gt;Oscillatoria&lt;/i&gt; sp.

Background: Algae contains some useful phytochemicals and Oscillatoria sp. is a green microalga which has various applicationsObjectives: Phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibacterial potential and chemical composition of methanol extract of Oscillatoria sp. were evaluated.Materials and Methods: Extraction of bioactive compound from Oscillatoria sp., determination of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibacterial potential and chemical composition of the methanol extract.Results: Saponin, alkaloids and flavonoids were detected in the methanol extract while glycosides and phenols were absent. The scavenging assay for the antioxidant increased in a dose dependent (100 -1000 μg/mL) manner. The DPPH scavenging activity, Total phenolic content, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity ranged from 21.8 - 44.9%, 9.09 -21.46%, 0.43 - 42.49% and 19.4 - 74.4% respectively. The methanol extract had inhibitory activity against the test pathogens in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (24.0 mm) had the highest susceptibility. GCMS chromatogram of the methanol extract of Oscillatoria sp. shows fifteen major peaks which indicated the presence of Oleic acid, stearic acid, aracidic acid, methyl laurate, methyl myristate, oxirane and palmitic acid.Conclusion: Oscillatoria sp. methanol extract contain some phytochemicals and some heterocyclic compounds. The extract had good antioxidant capability and appreciable antibacterial activity against the test pathogens.Keywords: Oscillatoria sp.; methanol extract; Phytochemical; Antioxidant; GC-MS; Antibacterial

Cardioprotective effects of Galium verum L. extract against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

The aim of our study was to determine a chemical composition of methanol extract of Galium verum as well as to assess its effects on functional recovery and redox status of isolated rat heart after ischemia. Rats were divided into control and G. verum group, which included animals treated with 500 mg/kg of methanol extract of G. verum for 28 days. Parameters of heart function and oxidative stress markers were estimated. Cell morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Our results demonstrated for the first time that G. verum extract preserved cardiac contractility, systolic, and diastolic function as wells as structural damage of the heart after ischemia. Furthermore, G. verum extract modulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes and alleviated the production of pro-oxidants.

Simultaneous identification of phenolic and flavonoid contents in bee pollen by HPLC-ESI-MS data

A HPLC-MASS method has been developed for the characterization of secondary metabolites present in the methanol extract of honey bee pollen pallet. As a result, three new and five known compounds were identified or tentatively characterized by using ESIMS data. The chemical composition of methanol extract of pollen pallet is presented for the first time by using the LC-ESI-MS method. In conclusion, LC-MS/MS based chemical screening of diverse bioactive compounds in matrices of bee pollen pallet methanol extract would appear to be an effective approach for discovering new/known compounds. A high percentage of the detected compounds corresponded to glycosylated flavonoids and phenolic were identified.

Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells by Methanol Extract from the Calyx of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn

Objectives: This study focused on the antioxidant and anticancer activities of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx. Methods: In vitro methods were used to determine the different types of phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx as well as its cytotoxic effect against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. In vivo, the antineoplastic effect of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was also evaluated by determining the viable tumor cell count, survival time, body weight gain, and hematological profi les of experimental mice along with observing morphological changes of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by fl uorescence microscopy and determining the expression of p53 gene in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Chemical composition of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: Flavonoid rich methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx had showed remarkable antioxidant activity and in in vitro assay, methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx had potent inhibitory effect against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 28.16 µg/mL. Apoptotic morphological changes and increased expression of p53 gene in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells derived from methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx-treated (5 and 10 mg/kg/day) mice were also observed. Moreover, chemical constituents identifi ed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses were likely related to this activity. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx has promising antioxidant and antineoplastic potential and can be considered as a probable new source for antitumor agent.

Chemical composition of the methanolic extract from seeds, thorns and leaves of Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) (Rosaceae) grown in Al-Tafila, Jordan

In the present work, the chemical composition of methanolic extract from seeds, thorns and leaves of S. spinosum that growing in Jordan has been investigated, compared for the first time and analyzed by of GC-MS. These parts of S. spinosum were collected during the spring semester 2018. Results showed that seeds extract had't any phytoconstituents, while thorns and leaves extracts were a rich source of various bioactive phytochemicals. These compounds gave thorns and leaves an important role to use it as anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory due to the presence of linoleic acid and palmitic acid. Thorns were much interesting parts than leaves due to the availability of these bioactive compounds as major compounds more than leaves. Furthermore, other polar compounds were found in these parts but in limited amounts. Thus, the isolation of thorns and leaves phytochemical compounds will give fruitful results.

Identification of Flavonoid Glycosides of Methanol Extract from Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. (Fruit) by using HPLC-UV-ESI-MS Methods

The present work is to identify the Chemical Composition of methanolic extract from Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. (Fruit) by using HPLC-UV-ESI-MS Methods. It is very proficient method with amalgamation of liquid chromatography attached to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in tendem means with positive and negative ion recognition. This is a simple and rapid method for characterization of flavonoid glycosides by using Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Electrospray Ionization Quadropole Time – of – Flight Mass Spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS). The correctness of mass information generated by Q-TOF-MS jointly with the fragmentation blueprint of the complete scan sprint of MS/MS investigation has been a valuable tool to cautiously characterization of 12 flavonoid glycosides (Molecular weight: 497.04 (RT:3.586), 475.06 (RT:6.801), 393.48 (RT:12.594), 336.50 (RT:16.473), 723.00 (RT:17.774), 452.52(RT:18.253), 978.95 (RT: 25.665), 836.20 (RT: 26.889), 893.00 (RT: 27.925), 838.32 (RT: 31.592), 507.44 (RT: 31.592), 415.18, (RT:33.849) in the methanol extract of this fruit. All these flavonoid glycosides are the first time reported from fruit of Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb., and also highlighting the importance of this fruit as a rich source of likely flavonoid glycosides as antioxidants and hepatoprotective agent. It was concluded that these flavonoid glycosides were Myceritin -3-O- β -D-glucopyranoside (497), Apigenin 7 – O – 6’’ – O acetyl – β – D - glucopyranoside (475), 5,6 Dihydroxy 7,8 – dimethoxyapigenin - 6 – O – sulfate (393), 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid (336 or 338), 6’’ -O-(3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaroyl)-2’’ - O - pentosyl-C - hexosyl-luteolin (723), Catechin-3-O-glucoside (452), 3’,4’,5’,5,7 – Methyl derivative of quercetin 3 – O – (2” - feruloylglucosyl)(1-&gt;6) – [apiosyl1-&gt;2)] glucoside (978.859), Quercetin 3 – O – β – D -(6 – O – sinnapoyl – 2 – O - – O – β – D glucopyranosyl) glucopyranoside (833), Apigenin 7-O-(6''-dihydrogalloyl)-glucosyl-8-C-rhamnosyl-6-C-glucoside (893), precursor or isomer ion of Quercetin 3 – O – β – D -(6 – O – sinnapoyl – 2 – O - – O – β – D glucopyranosyl) glucopyranoside 838.32 , 3’,4’,7 – Methyl derivative of quercetin 3 – O – β – D - glucopyranoside (507) and 415 (Daidzein 7 – O – glucoside).

Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition of Methanolic Extract from Arum Dioscoridis Sm. var. Dioscoridis and Determination of Mineral and Trace Elements

Arum dioscoridis SM. var. dioscoridis ( A. dioscoridis ) which is a member of Arum L. genus and belonging to Araceae family was extensively analyzed in detail. DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of A. dioscoridis was obtained as 0.01091 mg gallic acid (GA) and 0.0929 mg Trolox (Tr) equivalent per mg of extract, respectively, based on DPPH free radical scavenging activity analysis. Chemical composition of A. dioscoridis was evaluated and 16 compounds were detected in the methanolic extract using GC-MS. Obtained compounds were assessed for their health benefits according to literature works. 20 elements were obtained in the m ineral and trace element analysis by ICP-MS using microwave digestion procedure .

Gastroprotective effect and mode of action of methanol extract of Sphenodesme involucrata var. paniculata (C.B. Clarke) Munir (Lamiaceae) leaves on experimental gastric ulcer models

Sphenodesme involucrata var. paniculata (C. B. Clarke) Munir, endemic to South Asia, is used by tribal for alleviation from abdominal disorders, inflammation and body pain. However, the gastroprotective properties of this species have not yet been studied. The leaves of S. involucrata were extracted by Soxhlet extraction using different solvents successively and the extracts were analyzed for antioxidant and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities using different in vitro assays. The chemical composition of methanol extract of S. involucrata (MESi) was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The gastroprotective action of the MESi at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg were evaluated in absolute ethanol, acidified ethanol (EtOH/HCl) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) induced rat experimental models. To elucidate the mode of antiulcerogenic action, the antisecretory parameters (gastric juice volume, pH, and total acidity) and the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were evaluated in gastric ulcer tissue. Also the stomachs of the animals were subjected to histological assessment. MESi presented a high antioxidant activity in several oxidants in vitro systems (DPPH•, ABTS•+ and FRAP) and it demonstrated a good spectrum of inhibitory activity against H. pylori growth (MIC, 100 μg/mL). GC–MS analysis of MESi indicated the presence of twenty one compounds, among them phenol (21.84%), hexadecanoic acid (15.96%), (9E, 12E)-9, 12-octadecadienoyl chloride (11.15%) and palmitic acid-β-monoglyceride (8.80%) were found higher. MESi (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced significant reduction (p < 0.01) of lesion area in the ethanol, acidified ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcer models. In the pylorus ligation induced ulcer model, the treatment with MESi significantly altered the gastric secretion by decreasing total gastric juice volume and gastric acidity as well as by increasing the gastric pH. MESi pre-treatment significantly (p < 0.05) restored the depleted activity of SOD, CAT enzymes and reduced MDA levels in the gastric tissue as well as the histological analysis of the stomachs of the animals showed that the MESi also prevents local action of offensive factors. Collectively, the present study results suggest that the methanol extract of S. involucrata leaves demonstrates gastroprotective action, supporting the folkloric usage of the plant to treat gastro-intestinal disturbances.

Evaluation of Total Polyphenol Content, Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition of Methanolic Extract from Allium Kharputense Freyn et. Sint. and Determination of Mineral and Trace Elements

Allium kharputense Freyn Et. Sint. ( A. kharputense ) was analyzed for total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, chemical composition and mineral and trace element composition. Total polyphenol content was determined as 257 mg GA 100 g -1 dried weight by using Folin-Ciocalteu method. DPPH test was performed for antioxidant activity analysis. IC 50 values of gallic acid and Trolox were determined as 0.02642 mg mL -1 and 0.225 mg mL -1 , respectively. IC 50 value of A. kharputense was found as 2.186 mg mL -1 . DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of extract from 1 mg of A. kharputense was determined 0.01207 mg GAE and 0.1029 mg TrE, respectively. GC-MS was used to determine chemical composition. Dimethyl trisulfide, methyl (methylthio)methyl disulfide, 2-Pyrrolidinone, 4-vinylphenol, 2-Phenylpyrrole , norharmane , linoleic acid, palmitic acid, γ-Tocopherol and α-Tocopherol are some of 40 compounds which were detected in methanolic extracts of A. Kharputense. 20 Mineral and trace elements were determined along with their levels by ICP-MS using microwave digestion procedure for preparing acid extracts.